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HW#2

The document provides instructions for four problems related to risk analysis and environmental modeling. Problem 1 involves deriving a first order removal equation from mass balance principles. Problem 2 examines an advection equation and signs of derivatives for a pollutant profile. Problem 3 calculates steady state concentration and time to half concentration for a dry cleaning chemical in a pond. Problem 4 considers partitioning of a contaminant among air, water, sediment and fish compartments.

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Ahmed Ali Khan
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42 views3 pages

HW#2

The document provides instructions for four problems related to risk analysis and environmental modeling. Problem 1 involves deriving a first order removal equation from mass balance principles. Problem 2 examines an advection equation and signs of derivatives for a pollutant profile. Problem 3 calculates steady state concentration and time to half concentration for a dry cleaning chemical in a pond. Problem 4 considers partitioning of a contaminant among air, water, sediment and fish compartments.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Ali Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HW#2

Risk Analysis

Fall 2016

The problem set is due Tuesday, September 13th , hardcopy turned in during class
or under my door by 4pm. Show equations and intermediate steps needed to solve
problem. Write clearly, be sure the write the units for the answer. Do not write more
significant figures than are relevant. Partial credit will be given for correctly setting
up and correct parts of solutions.

1. Deriving the first order removal equation with constant source from
Figure 2.3
first principles
Mass conservation in a control volume

Mass Balance Equation


The principle of conservation of
mass applied to a control
volume, yields two forms of the mass balance equation:
Starting from the basic idea of a tracking change in mass in a sample cube, use the
symbolic equation:
Eq. 2.1:
Contains Copyrighted Material - For Exclusive Use with Quantitative Environmental Risk Analysis for Human Health

change
in stored
mass

mass
transported
in

19

mass
transported
out

mass
generated
from sources

mass
destroyed
by sinks

for the case of a well-mixed constant volume with a constant source input of water
Eq. 2.2:
(flow Q) containing a pollutant (concentration C0 ). The final answer is

timerateof
!
!
rateof!(!) = !!
rateof
generation
destruction

!(!)

changeof
!
!
massinput
massoutput
rate
rate
stored
mass
This is the same equation derived in class. Your task is to reproduce the logic and
math to arrive here starting from the diagram.

Contains Copyrighted Material - For Exclusive Use with Quantitative Environmental Risk Analysis for Human Health

20

2. Understanding advection equation


Consider a bell-shaped concentration at of pollution centered at x=0.
! !, ! = 0 = ! !!

Advection moves the profile according to


!"
!"
= !
!"
!"
where v is the velocity of the medium (i.e. stream) of the pollutant. Consider v to
!"
!"
be positive, i.e. moving to the right. Find !" (!, ! = 0). Find the signs of !" for
different regions on the x-axis. Sketch C(x,0) and show previous results for the
!"
signs of !" on the graph. Explain how these results match physical intuition on
how the profile is moving/changing.

3. Dry cleaning the pond


A dry cleaning establishment emits tetrachlorethylene (=PCE = perchloroethylene
=PERC) at a rate of 1.0 kg/day, which goes into a stream that feeds into a nearby
pond with volume of two million liters. Assume the flow into and out of the pond is
0.05 m3/s and that there is a decomposition of PCE into tricholorethylene (TCE) in
the pond that acts as a first order removal process with k = 3 x 10-3 days-1.
(a) What is the steady state concentration of PCE in the pond in mg/L? Which
process, water flow or decomposition, has a larger effect on removal?
(b) How many days does it take for the concentration to reach 50% of its steady
state value?

4. Partitioning among multiple compartments: Consider an ecosystem


covering an area of 1km2 consisting of four compartments: air, water, bottom
sediment and fish. Only water is in contact with all the other compartments.
Consider 1 kg of a contaminant that is introduced into the ecosystem. The partition
coefficients for the contaminants are as follows:
!"(!)

PFaw =20

!"(!)
!"(!)

PFbw =80

!!
!(!)
!"(!)

!"(!)

!(!)

!"(!)

PFfw =900

!"(!)

!"(!)
!(!)

compartment

dimension

Mass density

Air

1000m x 1000m x700m

1.3 kg/m3

Water

1000m x 1000m x 4m

1000 kg/m3

Bottom sediment(b)

1000m x 1000m x.125m

1500 kg/m3

Fish (f)

1 ppm by volume in water

500 kg/m3

(a) Draw a rough diagram of the system with the four compartments. Which
compartment is connected to which?
(b) Write an expression relating the total mass of contaminant as a function of
concentrations in each compartment.
(c) Use partition factors to derive an expression of the concentration in water
(Cw ) as a function of known constants. Calculate Cw (mg/L)
(d) Do calculations to fill in the table below:
Compartment

Concentration
[mg(c)/m3 or mg(c)/kg or mg(c)/L]

Air
Water
Bottom Sediment
Fish





Total mass

Fractional
Inventory (% of
1kg in
compartment)

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