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Subtopics - : Functions Function Declaration Function Arguments Return Statements and Values

This document discusses functions in C++. It defines functions as building blocks of programs that make code more modular and manageable. It then covers key aspects of functions like declaration, definition, arguments, return values, different ways of passing arguments (pass by value, pass by reference), inline functions, default arguments, and function overloading.

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Stanley Jobson
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
48 views

Subtopics - : Functions Function Declaration Function Arguments Return Statements and Values

This document discusses functions in C++. It defines functions as building blocks of programs that make code more modular and manageable. It then covers key aspects of functions like declaration, definition, arguments, return values, different ways of passing arguments (pass by value, pass by reference), inline functions, default arguments, and function overloading.

Uploaded by

Stanley Jobson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Subtopics Functions

Function Declaration
Function Arguments
Return Statements and values

By Hardeep Singh

FUNCTIONS
Functions are building blocks of the

programs.
They make the programs more modular and
easy to read and manage.
All C++ programs must contain the function
main( ).
The execution of the program starts from
the function main( ).
By Hardeep Singh

Function is divided into three


sections
Function Declaration
Function Call
Function Definition

By Hardeep Singh

Form of Function
Syntax: Function Declaration
return_type function_name(parameter list) ;
Syntax : Function Call
int main()
{
Function_name(parameter list);
}
Syntax: Function Definition
{
______
__ ____
}
By Hardeep Singh

Function Declaration
A function declaration is made by declaring the return
type of the function, name of the function and the
data types of the parameters of the function.
Always terminated by semicolon.
The general form of function

declaration :return_type function_name(parameter list);

By Hardeep Singh

The return_type specifies the type of the

data the function returns.


The parameter list could be empty .
The parameter list should contain both data
type and name of the variable.
For example,
int factorial(int n, float j)
By Hardeep Singh

Function Arguments
Arguments contain the actual value which is to be

passed to the function when it is called.


The sequence of the arguments in the call of the
function should be same as the sequence of the
parameters in the parameter list of the declaration
of the function.
When a function call is made arguments replace
the parameters of the function.

By Hardeep Singh

The Return Statement and Return values


A return statement is used to exit from the

function where it is.


It returns a value to the calling code.
The general form of the return statement
is:return expression;

By Hardeep Singh

Example
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int factorial(int n);
int main ()
{
int n1,fact;
cout <<"Enter the number whose factorial has to be calculated"
<< endl;
cin >> n1;
fact=factorial(n1);
cout << "The factorial of " << n1 << " is : " << fact << endl;
getch();
return(0);
By Hardeep Singh

}
int factorial(int n)
{
int i=0,fact=1;
if(n<=1)
{
return(1);
}
else
{
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
fact=fact*i;
}
return(fact);
}

By Hardeep Singh

Subtopics Parameters Pass/Call by Value


Parameters Pass/Call by Reference
Return by Reference

By Hardeep Singh

Pass/Call by value
Copies of

the arguments are created .


The parameters are mapped to the copies of
the arguments created.
The changes made to the parameter do not
affect the arguments.

By Hardeep Singh

Example
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int add(int n);
int main()
{
int number,result;
number=5;
cout << " The initial value of number : " << number <<
endl;
result=add(number);
By Hardeep Singh

cout << " The final value of number : " << number << endl;
cout << " The result is : " << result << endl;
getch();
return(0);
}
int add(int number)
{
number=number+100;
return(number);
}
By Hardeep Singh

Pass/Call by reference
Pass by reference is the second way of

passing parameters to the function.


The address of the argument is copied into
the parameter.
The changes made to the parameter affect
the arguments.
By Hardeep Singh

Example#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void swap(int &a,int &b)
{
int t=a;
a=b;
b=t;
}
int main()
{
int m=1,n=2;
By Hardeep Singh

cout<<"Value of m before swaping\t"<<m<<endl;


cout<<"Value of n before swaping\t"<<n<<endl;
swap(m,n);
cout<<"Value of m after swaping\t"<<m<<endl;
cout<<"Value of n after swaping\t"<<n<<endl;
getch();
}

By Hardeep Singh

Return by reference
A function can also return a reference.
Example:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int &max(int &x,int &y)
{
if(x>y)
return x;
else
return y;
By Hardeep Singh

}
int main()
{
int m=1,n=2;
max(m,n)=4;
cout<<"Value of m"<<m<<endl;
cout<<"value of n"<<n<<endl;
getch();
return 0;
}
By Hardeep Singh

SubtopicsInline functions
Default arguments

Function overloading

By Hardeep Singh

Inline Functions
An inline function is a function that

expanded in line when it is invoked.


That is the compiler replaces the function
call with the corresponding function code .
Syntax:
inline function-header
{
Function body
}
By Hardeep Singh

Example:
#include <iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>
int multiply(int);
int main( )
{
int x;
cout<< "\n Enter the Input Value: ";
cin>>x;

By Hardeep Singh

cout<<"\n The Output is: " << multiply(x);


getch();
}
inline int multiply(int x1)
{
return 5*x1;
}

By Hardeep Singh

Default Arguments
Default values are specified when the

function is declared.
Compier looks at the prototype to see how
many arguments function uses.
Default arguments are useful in situations
where some arguments always have the
same value.
By Hardeep Singh

Example
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
float amount;
float value(float p,int n,float r=0.15); //prototype
void printline(char ch='*',int len=40); //prototype
printline();
//uses default values for argumennts
amount = value(5000.00,5); //default for 3rd argument
By Hardeep Singh

cout<<"\n Final value = "<<amount<<"\n\n";


printline('=');
//use default value for 2nd argument
return 0;
}
float value(float p, int n, float r)
{
int year =1;
float sum = p;
while(year <= n)
{
sum = sum*(1+r);
year = year+1;
}
By Hardeep Singh

getch();
return(sum);
}
void printline(char ch, int len)
{
for(int i=1;i<=len;i++)
printf("%ch",ch);
printf("\n");
}
By Hardeep Singh

Function Overloading
A function is overloaded when same name is

given to different function.


The two functions with the same name will
differ at least in one of the following.
a) The number of parameters
b) The data type of parameters
c) The order of appearance
By Hardeep Singh

Example
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class arithmetic {
public:
void calc(int num1)
{
cout<<"Square of a given number: " <<num1*num1 <<endl;
}
void calc(int num1, int num2 )
{
By Hardeep Singh

cout<<"Product of two whole numbers: "


<<num1*num2 <<endl;
}
};
int main() //begin of main function
{
arithmetic a;
a.calc(4);
a.calc(6,7);
getch();
}
By Hardeep Singh

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