ABSTRACT

The main goal of the project work is to removing of interference in MIMO system using
some of equalization techniques to meet the fast information rate, low density requirements
of the future mobile communication systems. Algorithms, equalization techniques and
analysis for finding, channel calculation and interference reduction in the multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) systems are presented.

A definitive objective is to give general individual and interactive media correspondence

without respect to versatility or area with high information rates. To accomplish such a target
we require solid evening out systems to remunerate impedance. Taking after are the diverse
leveling procedures to decrease the obstruction.

Zero Forcing (ZF).

Zero Forcing-SIC
MIMO with MRC.

This paper consists of techniques for the analysis of BER in MIMO Systems equalizer like
ZF, ZF-SIC, MRC.

An equalizer, called successive interference cancellation zero-forcing equalizer (SIC-ZFE) is

proposed. A simulation result shows the performances in terms of BER still satisfactory. For
the simulation purpose MATLAB software is used.

Chapter 1.
INTRODUCTION.
In the general cases, a wireless communication system is any combination of subsystems that
operate interdependently and use Radio frequency-wave propagation to perform some
particular work. Systems that exchange messages between two or more places, such as
personal communication systems (PCS), fire department radio systems, commercial systems,
satellite broadcast systems, and remote monitoring systems are example of wireless system.
Multi-carrier modulation (MCM) is a method of transmitting data by splitting it into several
components, and sending each of these components over separate carrier signals. The
individual carriers have narrow bandwidth, but the composite signal can have broad
bandwidth.

1.1 MIMO SYSTEM.

MIMO is an important a part of the IEEE802.11n widespread and is also commonly used in
todays mobile communique. by means of the use of some of antennas on the transmitter and
the receiver, every the throughput and the variety of the reception can be stepped forward.
MIMO also can gives better ability and capability of advanced reliability in comparison to
single antenna channels. And the mixture of MIMO and OFDM is a completely helpful way
to obtain high performance spectral wideband structures.

Figure 1: MIMO System

Multipath propagation can lead to fading troubles. Components with the same section could
be delivered constructively, while components with opposite segment may be brought
destructively. For MIMO, generally there are approaches to resolve the problem, Spatial
variety and Spatial Multiplexing.
Spatial variety is the concept that, in case the antennas are spaced aside enough, the fading
hassle will occur independently. by means of continually deciding on the antenna with the
exceptional channel, or (higher) combining the one with appropriate weights, the opportunity
of a poor reception (signal outage) is dramatically reduced[3]. The verbal exchange will be
more solid, but the records fee cant be improved a lot this manner. In this example, Spatial
range is normally utilized in decrease signal to noise ratio conditions. To get a redundant
signal, space- time code can be used.
Spatial multiplexing, at the contrary, will increase the information price however do now not
make the transmission machine more robust. The data could be separated into several
streams, after which those streams could be transmitted independently thru separate antennas.
Due to the fact they share the same channel, it's far feasible that during the transmission they
will at the same time have an effect on each different. To solve the hassle, the receiver can
both make channel estimation and broadcast the channel performance via a special remarks
loop.
1.2 Types of MIMO CHANNEL
MIMO channel are classified based on how many antenna are there at transmitter and
receiver side.
1.2.1 SISO Channel.

Figure 2: SISO Channel.

In single input single output channel system, one antenna is used at both transmitter side and
receiver side. This is very simple technology.

1.2.2 MISO Channel.

Figure 3: MISO Channel.

In multiple input single output channel system, many antennas are used at transmitter side
and one antenna at receiver side. This is very simple technology.

1.2.3 SIMO Channel.

Figure 4: SIMO (Single-Input Multiple-Output)

In single input multiple output channel system, one antenna is used at transmitter side and
many at receiver side. This is very simple technology.

1.3 Characteristics of MIMO.

Beam forming, spatial multiplexing, Diversity are characteristics of MIMO system.

1.3.1 Beam Forming

In beam forming indistinguishable signal is discharged from every transmit reception with
appropriate segment (and every so often gain) weighting that the sign energy is maximized at
the recipient enter.
The benefits of beam forming are to boom the acquired signal gain, by using making
indicators emitted from exclusive antennas upload, and to minimize the multipath fading
impact. Inside the absence of scattering, beam forming results in a nicely-defined directional
pattern, but in traditional cellular conventional beams aren't a great analogy. Whilst the
receiver has multiple antennas, the transmit beam forming can't concurrently maximize the
sign level at all the acquire antennas.

Figure 5: Beam forming

1.3.2 Spatial Multiplexing

A high price signal is split into multiple decrease price streams and each circulate is
transmitted from a unique transmit antenna within the equal frequency channel. If those alerts
arrive on the receiver antenna array with sufficiently specific spatial signatures, the receiver
can separate these streams into (almost) parallel channels.
Spatial multiplexing is a completely powerful approach for increasing channel potential at
higher sign-to-noise ratios (SNR). Spatial multiplexing may be used with or without transmit
channel.

1.3.3 Diversity
Each pair of transmit-receive antennas provides a signal path from transmitter to receiver. By
sending the same information through different paths, multiple independently-faded replicas
of the data symbol can be obtained at the receiver end. Hence, more reliable reception is
achieved diversity gain d implies that in the high SNR region, my Pe decays at a rate of
d

1/SNR as opposed to 1/SNR for a SISO system The maximal diversity gain dmax is the total
number of independent signal paths that exist between the transmitter and receiver .For an
(MR,MT) system, the total number of signal paths is MRMT

1 d dmax= MRMT

The higher my diversity gain, the lower my Pe

1.4 MIMO-OFDM.

An immense amount of research interest has recently been concentrated on the modulation
techniques that exhibit a high potential to satisfy the challenging requirements such as high
information rates, imposed by the rapidly evolving wireless communication applications.
OFDM is a promising digital multiplexing scheme to analyze the equalization in frequency
selective channels and provide simpler implementations. As detailed in the previous section,
MIMO communications technology, can achieve significant increases in the channel
capacity.

Therefore,

the

combination

of

OFDM

with

MIMO

communications,

which is MIMO-OFDM systems, can realize high-performance transmissions. Although,

multi-path propagation causes frequency selectivity in broadband wireless channels, most
MIMO systems are used for channels with at fading. Therefore, the MIMO-OFDM technique
has initially been proposed to use OFDM to alleviate ISI in MIMO systems and found to be a
propitious selection for high data rate wireless broadband communications. However, as
stated in, systems knowledge pertaining to the channel conditions encountered is crucial in
achieving high capacity and the realisable integrity of communication systems. Therefore, the
provision of an accurate and efficient channel estimation approach is a critical feature in
accomplishing high performance wireless systems.

1.4.1 MIMO-OFDM system.

Figure 8: MIMO-OFDM System.

Figure 8 shows a MIMO-OFDM system with J transmit antennas and R receiver antennas.
The module space-time processing performs the space-time methods developed for at fading
channels. It actually, processes the signals of the space-frequency domain in MIMO-OFDM,
although it is called space-time processing. The transmitted data stream or symbol x d is
converted into J sub-streams xjn via a simple multiplexing method or STC in the ST
processing module. Then, OFDM modulation is performed and the data is transmitted
through J different antennas. If the cyclic prefix is long enough and a multi-path wireless
channel is considered, the demodulated obtained signal at every receiver antenna r (r = i,
.,R) will be a superposition of those from different transmit antennas j (j = 1,, J). It is
given as

where
Hnr;j

frequency response in between the jth transmitter and rth receiver antenna.

znr

impact of channel noise at the nth subcarrier of the rth receiver antenna,.

Above equation can also be write in matrix format as:

Yn = HnXn + Zn
Where Yn, Hn, Xn and Zn are the obtained signal vector, channel matrix, transmitted signal
vector and noise vector at the nth subcarrier in the frequency domain, respectively and are
defined as:
n

n T

Y = [Y1 ,Y2 ,., YR ]

n

n T

X = [X1 , X2 ,,XJ ]

n T

Z = [Z1 , Z2 ,., ZR ]

Hn

H n H n
11
1J

H n H n
R1
RJ

1.4.2 Major contributions in MIMO-OFDM literature.

Year
1999

Authors
Contribution
Li,
Seshadri, Investigation of channel calculation for OFDM systems with transmitAnd
Ariyavisi- ter diversity using space-time coding
takul

2001

Blum et al.

Study of improved STC methods for MIMO-OFDM systems

2002

Lis

Proposal to increase the performance and decreases the complexity of

channel parameter calculation in MIMO-OFDM systems by designing
an optimum sequence and simpli ed channel estimation
Method

Bolcskei,
bert,
Paulraj

Ges- Study of capacity behaviour of OFDM-based spatial multiplexing

and systems for the case where the CSI is unknown at the transmitter and

known at the receiver

Sampath et

al. The rst MIMO-OFDM system eld tests to substantiate the perfor-

mance of the MIMO-OFDM communications system

Piechocki et

al. Performance evaluation of SM and space-frequency coded modulation

Techniques
Doufexi et

al. Evaluation of performance in outdoor MIMO-OFDM channels using

ST processing methods
2003

Bolcskei,
Borgmann, and
Paulraj
Barhumi,
And
nen

Study of the impact of the propagation environment on the performance of space-frequency coded MIMO-OFDM systems

Leus, Proposal of an LS channel estimation scheme for MIMO-OFDM

Moo- systems using pilot tones

Cai,Song and Li

Study of Doppler spread estimation in Rayleigh fading channels for

mobile MIMO-OFDM systems

Leus, and Moonen

Development of a tone-by-tone based equalizer for MIMO-OFDM

Systems

Piechocki et

al. Development of a joint detection and channel estimation technique

for ST coded MIMO-OFDM systems

2004

Stber et al.

Summary of a variety of research challenges in MIMO-OFDM system

Shin, H. Lee and

C. Lee

Butler
Collings

Zeng and

Implementation
Suggestion of a cyclic combo-type training structure for channel estimation while reducing mean squared error (MSE) at edge subcarriers
in MIMO-OFDM

and Proposal of an approximate log-likelihood decoding technique based

on a zero-forcing MIMO-OFDM receiver with bit-interleaved coded modulation

Ng Suggestion of a subspace-based blind method for channel estimation

for multi-user MIMO-OFDM uplink system

Baek et al.
2005

Yang

2005

Ma et al.

2006

Discussion of a time-domain semi-blind channel estimation method in

MIMO-OFDM systems
Review of the state of the art techniques in MIMO-OFDM physical
Layer
Design of pilot symbol based modulation for carrier frequency o set
(CFO) and channel estimation in OFDM transmissions over MIMO
frequency-selective fading channels

Qiao et al.

Proposal of an iterative LS channel estimation algorithm in MIMO

OFDM systems

Bolcskei

Overview of a variety of aspects in MIMO-OFDM technology

Cicerone, Sime- Investigation of advantages of using a priori information about the

one, and Spagno- multi-path channel on the performance of channel estimation in MIMOlini
OFDM systems
Kashima,
Fukawa,
Suzuki
2007

Suggestions of maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) receivers for

and MIMO-OFDM communications with a channel coding

Jiang and Hanzo

State of the study of multi-user MIMO-OFDM systems

Zamiri-Jafarian
Design of an improved LS based channel estimation method by emand
Pasupa- ploying the noise correlation in MIMO-OFDM systems
thy
2010

Lui et al.

Design of a minimum-complexity channel estimation method for

MIMO-OFDM systems

2011

Yoon and Moon

et al.

Development of a soft decision driven sequential channel estimation

algorithm for pipelined turbo receivers in MIMO-OFDM systems

2012

Chen, Yang and

Liao

Suggestion of a channel estimation algorithm employing a TakagiSugeno (T-S) fuzzy-based Kalman lter under the time varying velocity of the mobile station in a MIMO-OFDM system

1.5 Motivation.
In the light of the above description of the current wireless networks, one can conclude that
despite significant improvement on the provision of wireless services, there is an underlying
strong demand for higher date rate wireless services, mainly driven by wireless data
applications, as well as users expectation of wire-equivalent quality wireless service.
Providing such high-rate high-quality wireless services is extremely challenging due to the
inherent harsh wireless propagation environment.
In addition, wireless communication is required to carefully address the resource
management problem, i.e. how to efficiently allocate and utilize power and spectrum (two
principle resources in wireless communication). Responding to these challenges, multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems were proposed independently by Telatar and
Foschini and Gans. By introducing multiple antennas at two sides of the communication link,
MIMO systems are able to substantially increase date rate and improve reliability without
extra spectrum and power resources.
The remarkable prospect of MIMO systems has not only sparked huge research interests in
the research community, but also attracted enormous attentions from the industry and has led
to practical implementation in real communication systems. For instance, MIMO technology
has already been incorporated into various industry standards, In general, MIMO technology
is likely to become a prominent feature of future wireless communication systems. The huge
potential of MIMO technology has sparked a surge of research activities, which greatly
strengthen our understanding of the fundamental limits and performance of MIMO channels.

1.6 Gaps.
As number of transmitter and receiver increases there is increase in channel capacity and
reduction in BER but due to increase in channel capacity complexity of system increase
because there are increase in RF link. More power is required for more number of transmitter

and receiver. Water pouring principle can be used when transmitter know the CSI. But at
higher SNR capacity become equal with and without CSI using water pouring principle.
Multiuser MIMO user system is largely unexplored and need to be explored. Transmitter
synchronization in multiuser communication is very difficult and need attention either by
linear or non- linear preceding methods.

1.7 Methodology of Thesis.

In this thesis, the overview of MIMO system as well as the capacity and bit-error-rate has
been thoroughly investigated. Further, the techniques have been described with mathematical
modeling and closed form expressions capacity for Rayleigh Channels, have been described.
Capacity under Rayleigh fading channels been experimentally computed with and without
CSI at transmitter. Then linear and non-linear detection based techniques are utilized for
calculating and analysis of bit error rate.

1.8 Organization of Thesis.

The objective of this project work is to test various equalization techniques for reducing the
interference. Many techniques are available to reduce the interference in MIMO system. In
this project I have focused on the problem of interference reduction using Zero Forcing, ZFSuccessive Interference Cancellation and Maximum Ratio Combing
The thesis is organized into six chapters.
Chapter 1: introduces the MIMO system and Brief idea of diversity, spatial multiplexing and
beamforming.
Chapter 2: discusses the literature survey of MIMO capacity and BER.
Chapter 3: The overview of MIMO system with diversity, fading has been discussed.
Chapter 4: discusses the analysis and of MIMO capacity under Rayleigh fading channel. It
discusses the bit error rate for MIMO detection techniques.

Chapter 5: Gives the Methodology of Interference Cancelling Techniques.

Chapter 6: discusses the analysis and simulation of MIMO and equalization techniques.
Finally the Thesis is completed with Conclusion, and References.

Chapter 2.
Literature Survey.
2.1 Literature Survey.
H.Foschini et al. Analyzed that capacity of a multiple-antenna point to point wireless
system in a narrow-band slowly Rayleigh-fading environment. Suppose independent and
identically allotted (i.i.d.) fading at one-of-a-kind antenna elements, and assume that the
transmitter does not recognize the channel even as the receiver is able to find out the channel.
With T transmit and R obtain (receive) antennas, the system is given by matrix equation
Y=

Es
Hx+n
T

The capacity for this system is shown to be

[ (

C=log 2 EH det I n + V
Nt

)]
V=HHHNr Nt
V=HHHNr > Nt

ES
2

The above equation can be decomposed using singular value decomposition (SVD)

C=E H log 2 I n + i
Nt
i=1

Teletar et al. [9] proposed that when the (CSI) is to be had at the transmitter, the capability
given can be increased with the aid of given the transmitted strength to numerous antennas
steady with the water-filling set of rules

log2 ( i )

i=1

C=E H
is choosen
+

( 1
i )
k

=
i=1

While Da-Shan et al. given as the MIMO correlated fading as

1/ 2
H corr=R 1/2
r Hw Rt

Where
Rt

matrix at the transmitter side.

Rr

matrix at the receiver side.

Using uniform correlation matrix model, the matrix R is defined as.

r ij =r i j
1 i j

,|r<1|

While using exponential correlation model, the correlation matrix R is defined as

i j

r ij =r
rj

i j
i> j

Farrokh et al. [12] modeled the Rician fading channel as

H=a+
is a matrix denoted as.
H=

k
k +1

Hs

1
k+1

1
2
r

R Hd

Ayadis et al. Given that they for Rician fading and with CSI being available
only at the receiver

Raise in Rician factor reduces the ability of the system.

Raise in Rician factor raises the capacity of the SIMO system.

At low SNR, the MIMO capacity is less than that of beamforming system, and vice versa in
independent MIMO channel.But in highly correlated channel, the capacity of beamforming is
larger than that of MIMO system, and MIMO capacity is same with that of STBC. It is
proven that beamforming is robust at both independent and correlated channels, and STBC is
optimal with respect to capacity when it is code rate one over a channel of rank one.

Peter J. Smith et al. To date most analytical work has concentrated on Rayleigh fading
channels. They consider the capacity outage performance of MIMO systems in Rician
channels. Due to analytical complexity they concentrate on dual antenna systems (either two
transmit or two receive antennas) and derive exact densities and distribution functions for the
capacity.

Ligang Ren et al. A novel Improved Rate Quantization (IRQ) algorithm using water filling
theory for power allocation and adaptive modulation is proposed by them. They show that,
with low complexity, IRQ can obtain higher transmit power utilization and greater spectral
efficiency than other present rate quantization and power allocation scheme.

Z. Xinyu et al. [20] analyze the capacity of the channel in MIMO system through the
uniform angular energy distribution and correlation matrix that give the higher value of
correlation between the channels and the smaller value of SNR. The expansion of radius and
angle of the receiving antenna array is the key point of capacity of channel in MIMO system.

G. Taricco et al. provided an asymptotic method to derive a very good approximation to the
ergodic capacity of a MIMO communication system that was affected by additive noise,
interference, Rician fading and spatial correlation (Kronecker model). The ergodic capacities
are highly suboptimal if the interference power level is relatively high compared to the signal
power level. The main reasons for the difficulty in analyzing MIMO system is the large
number of parameters involved, which can affect the system performance in an unpredictable
way. Therefore, the proposed algorithms to calculate the mutual information and the capacity
give a valuable tool for the MIMO system design and pave the way to parameter
optimization in the complex distributed MIMO environment.
Distributed relays in which each terminal equipped with multiple antennas. 2nd one-relay
scenario i.e. a single relay in a sector where each relay is equipped with at least one antenna.
The throughput of the single link showing the AF relay matched filter based performs best in
the multi-relay scenario.
Y. Rong et al. [24] derive the structure of the optimal user pre-coding matrix and relay
amplifying matrix that maximizes the users destination mutual information. The optimal
structure of user pre-coding matrix and relay amplifying matrix has been proposed to
optimize the mutual information of multiuser multihop MIMO relay system. The proposed
power loading algorithm only has a small performance degradation compared with the
optimal user and relay design using the instantaneous CSI, but greatly reduced computational
complexity and signaling overhead.

Chao-Kai et al. ] they look at the potential-achieving enter covariance matrices for the
collectively-correlated Rician fading multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna
channel whilst perfect channel country facts (CSI) is understood at the receiver even as most
effective statistical CSI on the transmitter is to be had. Based on this expression, an efficient
algorithm is proposed to get the capacity-achieving input covariance matrix.
An asymptotic method to derive the ergodic capacity achieving covariance matrix for a
multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) channel is presented by Giorgio Taricco et.al The
method is applicable to MIMO channels affected by separately correlated Rician fading and
co-channel interference. They assumed that the number of transmit, receive and interfering
antennas grows asymptotically while their ratios, as well as the SNR and the SIR, approach
finite constants.

Xiwu Lv et.al. they mainly focus on the information theoretic capacity of multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Rayleigh flat fading
channels assuming equal power allocation to each of the transmit antennas.

2.2 Objectives of Thesis

Primary objectives of this thesis are:

To study and Simulate the MIMO System and Bit Error Rate.
To Study and Analyse the Performance of capacity gain of MIMO System in
correlation Rayleigh channel.

Chapter 3.
MIMO System.

3.1 MIMO SYSTEM BASIC.

A couple of antennas can be used on the transmitter and receiver, an association referred to as
a MIMO machine. A MIMO device takes gain of the spatial range this is obtained by way of
spatially separated antennas in dense multipath scattering surroundings. MIMO structures
can be benefit to combat sign fading or to gain a capacity benefit. Generally, there are three
unique kinds of MIMO techniques, they pursuits to offer exact strength efficiency via
increasing spatial variety. Such strategies include postpone diversity, STBC, and STTC. The
second magnificence uses a layered method to increase capability. One popular instance of
the sort of system is V-Blast., wherein complete spatial variety is usually not completed.
Finally, the 1/3 type exploits the understanding of channel at the transmitter. It decomposes
the channel coefficient matrix the usage of SVD.

Figure 9: MIMO System

3.2 MIMO Transmission.

Figure 10: Data transmission in MIMO system

The figure shown above demonstrates how data is transmitted in a MIMO device. Recollect
the 6-bit statistics circulate shown in discern-10. This statistics flow is split (de-multiplexed)
into N same fee facts streams, in which N is the variety of transmitting antennas. Every of the
decrease bit fee sub streams are transmitted from one of the antennas. All are transmitted at
the equal time and on the same frequency, consequently they blend together inside the
channel. Considering all sub streams are being transmitted at the equal frequency, it's miles
very spectrally efficient.

Every of the receive antennas alternatives up all the transmitted alerts superimposed upon
one another. If the channel H is sufficiently rich scattering surroundings, each of the
superimposed signals will have propagated over slightly extraordinary paths and as a result
could have differing spatial signatures. The spatial signatures exist due to the spatial variety
at both ends of the link, and consequently create independent propagation channels.
each transmit get hold of antenna pair can be dealt with as parallel sub channels (i.e. a
unmarried-enter unmarried-output (SISO) channel), this will come to be clearer whilst talk
the evaluation of the channel H. since the information is being transmitted over parallel
channels, one channel for every antenna pair, the channel capability increases in share to the
number of transmitter-receiver pairs.

3.3 MIMO Diversity Techniques

The key idea in MIMO diversity techniques is that the same data stream is transmitted from
multiple antennas or received at more than one antenna. MIMO diversity schemes are
impressively effective in increasing the diversity gain where consequently performance is
improved. Diversity can be implemented at the transmit end (transmit diversity), at the
receive end (receive diversity) or at both ends of the wireless link. Generally, MIMO
diversity techniques can provide higher SNR and improve transmission reliability as a result.

3.3.1 Transmit Diversity

Figure 11: Transmit Diversity

Transmit variety improves the sign pleasant and achieves a higher SNR ratio at the receiver
side; it entails transmitting records move via a couple of antennas and receiving via single
antenna or greater. Transmit variety can efficaciously mitigate multipath fading consequences
as more than one antennas come up with the money for a receiver numerous observations of
the equal statistics stream. Each antenna will revel in a distinctive interference environment
and if one antenna experienced a deep fade, and then it is possibly that every other has a
sufficient sign. for that reason, transmit variety can help improve the reliability of the records
reception and records deciphering as well.
The most famous examples of these transmit variety strategies consist of Alamouti code and
orthogonal j codes proposed through Taroukh et al figure 12 depicts the whole machine for
an exemplary Nt transmit antenna system.

3.3.2 Receive Diversity

Receive diversity are extensively utilized in wireless communique structures; it can be
accomplished by means of receiving redundant copies of the identical sign. The concept in
the back of get hold of diversity is that each antenna at the receive cease can observe an
independent replica of the same signal. Consequently the opportunity that all signals are in
deep fade simultaneously is appreciably decreased. This form of diversity hasn't precise
settings or requirements on the transmit stop, but calls for a receiver that would concurrently
process all received alerts and combines them by way of a right combining approach. There
are numerous classical techniques for combining the different diversity branches at the
receiver, the most crucial of which and most extensively used are selection Combining (SC),
Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) and identical gain Combining (EGC).Selection
Combining

Figure 12: Receive Diversity: Selection Combining

Selection combining shown in Figure 14 is the simplest form of receive diversity combining
methods. Fundamentally it estimates the instantaneous SNR for each of the received signals
and selects the particular receiver output with the strongest SNR among Nt diversity
branches; where Nt is given by the no.of receive(obtained) antennas in the system. Selection
Diversity is simple and cheap .in this receiver selects branch with highest instantaneous SNR.
New election made at a time that is the reciprocal of the fading rate. This will cause the
system to stay with the current signal until it is likely the signal has faded. In selection
diversity there is improvement in SNR. Let is new average signal SNR. : avg. SNR in
each branch.

Then

1
1 1 1
1
= = 1+ + + + >
2 3 4
m
k=1 k

Figure 13: BER as opposed to SNR for choice combining using BPSK modulation.

Figure 15 shows average BER using selection combining. Around 35 dB of SNR is wanted in
an effort to get BER of 10-4 using one receive antenna. At the same time, 20 dB of SNR is
wanted to get same BER in case of the usage of get hold of antennas (i.e. approximately 15
dB improvement in the typical overall performance).

Maximal Ratio Combining.

Figure 14: Receive Diversity: maximal ratio combining

The selection combining technique ignores information from all diversity branches except
the particular branch that has the highest SNR. This drawback is mitigated by using Maximal
Ratio Combining, in which the information from all branches is combined in order to
maximize the output SNR.
MRC works by weighting each branch with the complex conjugate of their particular channel
coefficients and then do summation to produce the received signal as shown in Figure 18.
The resulting signal envelop applied to detector:

r m= G i r
I =1

Total noise Power

M

N T =N G I

I=1

SNR applied to detector

m=

r 2m
2 Nt

The SNR out of the diversity combiner is the sum of the SNRs in each branch.

2 2

1
m=
2

( )
( )

P m =

ri
N

M1
e
M

M ( M 1)!

m 0

P ( m < )= P ( m ) d m
0

MRC gives optimal SNR improvement:

r
1
= i = I
2 2
2 i=1 N I=1
ri
N

i: avg. SNR of each individual branch

i = if the avg. SNR is the same for each branch

m
=M

Figure 15: BER as opposed to SNR for MRC the use of BPSK modulation.

3.6 Advantages of MIMO Systems.

The increased demand on higher transmission rate for the cutting edge wireless applications
makes MIMO technology very important for the future wireless communication systems.
MIMO systems can provide different advantages over single input single out output
conventional

system.

MIMO

systems

exploit

multiple

antennas

diversity

at

transmitter/receiver. Different copies of the signal can be observed at the receiver and the
probability that at least one of the copies is not experiencing a deep fade increases. Thus the
receiver can successfully recover the signal with decreased bit/symbol error rate and overall
system performance is improved as well.

Despite the fact that these gains compete each other, they may combined to increase the
coverage area and to reduce the required transmit power. Assume that there are N r receive
antennas and only one transmit antenna, then the average SNR is approximately N r , then it
can be found that the coverage area is increased by a multiplicative factor , where is the
average SNR per branch. The most benefit behind using MIMO technology is that all above
advantages are achieved without requiring any additional bandwidth for the wireless system.

Chapter 4.
Interference Cancellation Techniques.
4.1. Introduction
This chapter explains about a few techniques used currently to reduce the noise in MIMO
System.

4.2. Historical Past (Background).

In wireless and cellular communication systems, data capacity may be expanded
dramatically via the usage of more than one antenna in both transmit and receive facets. But,
the deciphering complexity increases variably with the transmission rate when the no. of
transmit antenna is constant.
A fundamental technical assignment that influences the reliability of communication system
is the physical limitations on wireless channels. Noise interference, propagation loss,
bandwidth drawback, and multipath fading make the wireless channel as a limited pipe
influences the flow of statistics.
The improvement of wireless and cellular communication has acquired a whole lot of
engineers interest to layout a easy receiver which could detect on multi-user scheme.
Similarly, multiple transmit and reap antennas have been used to decorate the reliability
ordinary overall performance with a view to growth the information rate of the wi-fi
machine. While the channel information is understood, more than one antenna on the receiver

can be applied to suppress the interference from other customers.

In more than one antennas were used to cancel the interference produced with the aid of
different users while the channel records are known on the transmitter. In extra specific
information, whilst J customers prepared with N transmit antennas, interference cancellation
can be achieved by way of using JN achieve antennas. but, this may increase the complexity
of the system due to the fact the extensive sort of clients increase. To lessen the range of get
keep of antennas, offers a manner of interference cancellation for customers with transmit
antennas counting on the residences of the orthogonal area Time Blocks Codes (OSTBCs).
but, this technique is restricted to a unmarried interference nice the usage of Alamoutis code.
The crucial drawback of this method is that it wishes the channel estimation amongst all
transmitting antennas and the receiver of interest. The artwork of become prolonged in term
of increasing the quantity of transmit antennas, but handiest for two customers. Despite the
reality that, STBCs can't collect entire variety whilst the quantity of transmit antennas is extra
than antennas. Stamoulis and et al suggests that:

4.3. Interference Cancellation Techniques:

4.3.1. Zero-Forcing Technique (ZF):
Zero forcing equalizer refers to a type of linear equalization algorithm carried out in
conversation structures which applies the inverse of the frequency response of the channel.
This type of equalizer turned into first proposed through Robert fortunate. The zero-forcing
equalizer applies the inverse of the channel frequency reaction to the acquired sign, to restore
the signal after the channel. It has many beneficial applications. for instance, it is studied
closely for IEEE 802.11n (mimo) in which in knowledge the channel lets in healing of the
two or more streams as a manner to be acquired on pinnacle of every special on every
antenna. The call zero forcing corresponds to bringing down the inter-symbol interference
(ISI) to 0 in a noise loose case. This will be useful while ISI is huge in assessment to noise.
For a channel with frequency response () the 0 forcing equalizer () is constructed through
() =1/f (). For this reason the combination of channel and equalizer offers a flat frequency

reaction and linear segment f () c () =1. In fact, 0-forcing equalization does now not art
work in maximum programs, for the following motives:
Let us now attempt to apprehend the mathematics for extracting the two symbols which
interfered with every unique. Within the first time slot, the obtained signal at the primary
acquire antenna is,
y 1=h1,1 x 1+ h1,2 x 2 +n1 =[ h1,1 h1,2 ]

[]

x1
+ n1
x2

The obtained signal on the second acquire antenna is,

y 2=h2,1 x 1+ h2,2 x2 +n 2=[ h2,1 h2,2 ]

[]

x1
+n2
x2

Where

y1, y2

obtained symbol on the first and second antenna.

h1,1

from 1st transmit antenna channel to 1st obtained antenna,

h1,2

from 2nd transmit antenna channel to 1st obtained antenna,

h2,1

from 1st transmit antenna channel to 2nd obtained antenna,

h2,2

from 2nd transmit antenna channel to 2nd obtained antenna,

x1, x2

transmitted informations and

n1, n2

noise on 1st, 2nd receive antennas.

We know that the receiver knows h1, 1, h1,2, h2,1 and h1,2. The receiver also knows y1 and
y2. The unknowns are x1and x2. With two equations and two unknowns we can solve it.
The previous equation also written in matrix notation as follows:

[][

][ ] [ ]

y 1 h 1,1 h1,2 x 1 n1
=
+
y 2 h 2,1 h2,2 x 2 n2

Equivalently,

y=H X + n

The ZF equalizer for meeting this condition is given by,

][

][

h1,1 h 2,1 h1,1 h2,1

[ h1,1 ] + [ h2,1 ] h1,1 h1,2 +h2,1 h2,2
=
h1,2 h 2,2 h1,2 h2,2 h1,1 h1,2 +h2,1 h2,2 [ h1,2 ] 2 + [ h2,2 ]2

4.3.2 Zero forcing (ZF) equalizer for 33 MIMO channel

Let us now try and locate the math equation for getting the 2 symbols which mixed with
every different for 3X3 MIMO channel. Inside first time period, the acquired signal on the
primary acquire antenna is,
y 1=h1,1 x 1+ h1,2 x 2 +h1,3 x 3 +n1=[ h1,1 h 1,2 h 1,3 ]

[]

x1
x2 + n1
x3

The obtained signals on the 2nd and 3rd receive antenna are,

y 2=h2,1 x 1+ h2,2 x2 +h 2,3 x 3 +n2= [ h1,1 h1,2 h1,3 ]

y 3=h 3,1 x 1+ h3,2 x2 +h 3,3 x 3 +n3= [ h1,1 h1,2 h1,3 ]

[]
[]

x1
x 2 + n2
x3

x1
x 2 + n3
x3

Where
y1, y2 and y3

obtained symbol on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd antenna

h1,1

channel from 1st transmit antenna to 1st receive antenna

h1,2

channel from 2nd transmit antenna to 1st receive antenna

h1,3

channel from 3rd transmit antenna to 1st receive antenna

h2,1

channel from 1st transmit antenna to 2nd receive antenna

h2,2

channel from 2nd transmit antenna to 2nd receive antenna

h2,3

channel from 3rd transmit antenna to 2nd receive antenna

channel from 1st transmit antenna to 3rd receive antenna

h3,1
h3,2

channel from 2nd transmit antenna to 3rd receive antenna

h3,3

channel from 3rd transmit antenna to 3rd receive antenna

x1, x2 and x3
n1, n2 and n3

transmitted symbols
noise on 1st, 2nd and 3rd receive antennas.

We expect that the receiver knows h1,1, h1,2, h1,3 ,h2,1 ,h2,2 ,h2,3 ,h3,1 ,h3,2 , and h3,3. The
receiver additionally knows y1, y2 and y3. The unknowns are x1, x2 and x3. With three
equations and three unknowns we are able to solve it.
W = ( H H H )1 H H
The previous equation can be represented in matrix form as follows:

[][

][ ]

y1
h1,1 h1,2 h1,3 x 1
y 2 = h2,1 h 2,2 h2,3 x 2
y3
h3,1 h2,3 h3,3 x 3

Equivalently
y=H X + n
The Zero Forcing (ZF) equilizer for meeting this constraint is given by,

W = ( H H H )1 H H
In BPSK modulation for Rayleigh fading channel, the bit error is derived as,

Eb
N0
P b=
Eb
+1
N0

4.3.3 Flow Chart of ZF Equalizer:

Model of MIMO System

Y =H X + N

Y H =X
+ N H the Channel
Inverting
Matrix

Solve
for X by
choosing
2
W

=|Ymin.
H Error
|Y H X| the
X| |Y H
X|
vector

Differentiate the min.

Error vector

-2

H w Y + 2 H W H X =0

Approximate solution of
the min. Error vector

X =( H H H ) H H Y
2

G=( H H H ) H H

4.3.4. ZF-Successive Interference Cancellation Technique:

a)

Simple:
Successive Interference Cancellation method is used to reduce noise for 2*2 MIMO

devices using zero forcing (ZF) technique.

Consider that we've got a transmission sequence, as an instance x 1, x2, x3, x4 we can be
sending x1 in the first time slot, x2 in the second time slot, x3 and so forth. However, as we
now have 2 transmit antennas, we may also institution the symbols into businesses of two.

.
Figure 16: Transmit or Receive (2*2).

The below equations are used to understand the math equations for getting the 2 symbols
which combined with each different. In the first time period, the acquired (received) signal
on the primary acquire antenna is
y 1=h1,1 x 1+ h1,2 x 2 +n1 =[ h1,1 h1,2 ]

[]

x1
+ n1
x2

The obtained signal on the second receive antenna is

y 2=h2,1 x 1+ h2,2 x2 +n 2=[ h2,1 h2,2 ]

[]

x1
+n2
x2

Where

y1, y2
h1,1

obtained symbol on the primary and secondary antenna

channel from 1st transmit antenna to 1st receive antenna,

h1,2

channel from 2nd transmit antenna to 1st receive antenna,

h2,1

channel from 1st transmit antenna to 2nd receive antenna,

h2,2

channel from 2nd transmit antenna to 2nd receive antenna,

x1, x2

transmitted symbols

n1, n2

noise on 1st, 2nd receive antennas.

The previous equation can be written in matrix form as given below:

[][

][ ] [ ]

y 1 h 1,1 h1,2 x 1 n1
=
+
y 2 h 2,1 h2,2 x 2 n2

The Zero Forcing (ZF) equalizer for meeting this condition WH+I is given by
W = ( H H H )1 H H

With the aid of using the zero Forcing (ZF) equalization technique defined above, the
receiver can achieve calculations of the 2 transmitted symbols x1, x2

y2

[]

[]

x^1
y
=( H H H )1 H H 1
x^2
y2

If we take one of the estimated data (for example x^2 ) and difference its effect from the
received data y1 and, then

[][

][

r1
y h1,2 x^2
h x +n
= 1
= 1,1 1 1
r2
y 2 h2,2 ^
x2
h2,1 x 1+ n1

The equalized data is

H

h r
^
x 1= H
h h

b) SIC with optimal ordering

In classical successive interference cancellation, the receiver arbitrarily takes one of the
predicted symbols, and subtracts its effect from the acquired symbol y1 and y2. To make that
decision, we discover the transmit symbol (after multiplication with the channel) which got
here at better energy on the receiver. The received power at the both the antennas
corresponding to the transmitted symbol x1 is
2

Px =|h1,1| +|h 2,1|

1

The obtained power at the both the antennas corresponding to the transmitted symbol
2

Px =|h1,2| +|h 2,2|

2

if

Px < P x then it decides to remove the effect ^

x 1 of from the obtained vector y and y
1
2
1

and then re-estimate

[][

x1
^

][

r1
y h1,2 x^2
h x +n
= 1
= 1,1 1 1
r2
y 2 h2,2 ^
x2
h2,1 x 1+ n1

The equalized symbol is

H

h r
^
x 1= H
h h
Else if Px < P x
1

then it decides to subtract effect of from the received vector y1 and y2, and

x2
then re-calculate ^

[][

][

r1
y h1,2 x^2
h x +n
= 1
= 1,2 1 1
r2
y 2 h2,2 ^
x2
h2,2 x 1+ n2

The equal symbol is

H

h r
^
x 2= H
h h

4.3.5. Maximal Ratio Combining Technique:

As said in previous sections, many wi-fi communication systems perform in multipath
channels and the overall performance in a multipath channel is frequently decreased
compared to an AWGN channel. Range strategies may be employed to mitigate the effect of
multipath. Variety really implies the transmission or reception of multiple copies of the same
signal. Variety may be finished in time, frequency and area domains. it is assumed that
everybody those range receptions are independent every with an independent channel
reaction.
In BPSK, the given baseband symbols are defined as

x 0 ( t )= A e = A for 0 t T c
x 1 ( t )= A ei =A for 0 t T c

E, can be given as
Tc

E=| x k (t )| dt =A T c for k =0,1 (equ1)

0

Independent channel and can be represented as

i 1

r 1 ( t )=hl e x k ( k ) +n1 ( t ) for 0 t T c , k =l

The PSD function for n1( t) is

s nn ( f )=N 0

Where the PSD for the real and imaginary parts of n1( t) are
s [ n ] [n ] ( f )=S [ n ] [ n] ( f )=

N0
2

received signal can be written

L

r t = hl ei x k ( t )+ n1 (t)
l

l=1

The variable Yl,k can be represented as

Tc

Y l ,k =A hl e

i 1

x k ( t )+ n1 (t )dt

(equ 2)
Y l ,k =

A T c hl e

i 1

+ N l for k=0

i 1

A T c hl e

+ N l for k=1

The noise aspect and may be given as

Tc

N l= A n1 (t )dt
0

0t Tb
( t )= 1if
0 otherwise
h

Then, the variance of Nl can be given below

( f )
H

2N =E {|N 2l |}= A2
l

h (t) N 0 df
2

A N 0 T b=E N 0

Substituting Equation (1) in the Equation (2) gives

i
Y l ,k = E hl e i+ N 1 for k=0
E hl e + N 1 for k=1
l

Figure 17: MRC for BPSK (Time Diversity)

After maximal ratio combining, the variable Zk can be written as

Zk =

[ E hl ei N 1 ] for k =0
l

l=1
L

[ E hl ei N 1 ] for k=1
l

l=1

The real part of, Zk denoted by k = Re{ Z k}, is given to the comparison with the predefined
assigned level. For BPSK, if 0, k > the receiver decides k = 0 was transmitted. If k < 0, the
receiver decides k = 1 was transmitted. The decision variable k can be written as
Z
k =[ k ]=

( E h2l + [hl e i N 1 ]) for k =0

l

l =1
L

( E h2l + [h l e i N 1 ] ) for k =1
l

l =1

decision variable k with conditional mean (conditioned on the value of

L

k =(1 ) E hl

l=1

The constraint variance of k may be state as:

2 = 2 0 = 2 1
L

Var { ( hl ei N l ) }
l

l=1
L

hl Var { (N l )}
2

l=1

1
h2 Var { N l }
2 l=1 l

E N0 L 2

h
2 l=1 l

calculate the conditional chance of bit bit error as:

1
1
Pb= Pb /0 + Pb /1 =P b/ 0=Pr { 0 <0 }
2
2
Pr

0 0 0
<

}
Pr

( )

2E
h2
N 0 l=1 l

Where Q(x) is given by

0 0 0
>
(equ 3)

h 2l
l=1

1
Q ( x )=
e
2 x

u
2

du(equ 4)

Let be defined as
L

E
h 2l

N 0 l=1

Probability of BER conditioned on :

Pb ( )=Q( 2 )

The average of bit error probability can be written as

P b=E [P b ( ) ]
+

Pb ( ) f ( ) d

where

f ( ) is the PDF( probability density function) for

. Similarly, l can be

written as

l=

E h2l
N0

2
Taking E hl =v l ,

2
The PDF( probability distribution function) of hl

v l

1
f v ( v l )= 2 e 2 u (v l )
2
2

The approximate SNR per diversity is given as

 l=E [ l ] =E [

E h2l
]
N0

E
E
E [ h2l ]=
E [v l ]
N0
N0

The expression can be evaluated as

E[v l ]= v l f ( v l ) d v l
0

vl

1
v l 2 e 2 d v l =2 2
2
0
2

Now the above equation can be given as

2E
l=
N0

The characteristic of Vl can be written as

F v ()=
l

1
2
(1i 2 )

Therefore, the characteristics function for =

F v ( )=

Vl
l=1

is

1
2
(1i 2 )

The PDF of V is the IFT of the function feature and also given as
v

F v ( v )=

v L1
e 2 u( v)
L 2L
2 ( L1 )

it is now have to write

Ev
N0

And
d E
=
dv N 0
Now, the PDF for

can be written as

1
v L1
(
)
f =
e 2
L 2L
v=
E 2 ( L1)!
E
N
N0
2

f ( )=

L1

E 2 2
( L1)!
N0

e u( )

The average probability of BER can be given as

P b= Q( 2 )
0

L1

e
L
( l ) (L1)

d()

The solution for above Equation is given as

[ ]

1u
P b=
2

L L1

( L1+l
l )
l =0

[ ]
1+u
2

where u is,
u=

1+

The bit energy obtained is proportional to the variety of diversity receptions and is
represented as,
Eb =

can be written as,

 l=

2 Eb 2
LN0

Chapter 5.
Methodology.
5.1. Introduction.

This chapter will discuss the method used to put into effect the MATLAB program and the
Simulation work. It starts by using giving an in depth approach of the way of writing the
program.

5.2. Methodology of Interference reduction Methods.

In order to get into effect a system using MATLAB program, it desires to depend on the
above equations. MATLAB applications has written to calculate the BER versus SNR of a
system.
It depend in the equation fulfill for distinct method ZF,ZF-SIC and MRC. The technique of
this approach is given under:

Zero Forcing

Start
Generate random binary collections of +1s and -1s.

institution them into combined of 2 symbols

and send 2 symbols in a one time slot

Multiply the symbols with channels and then after

which upload white Guassian noise

Equal the obtained symbol with zero forcing

criterions

Type of

ZF-SIC with
Optimal
discover the power of
obtained symbol from each
of the spatial sizes

Consider the symbol contains

good enery, subtract from the
obtained symbol

Method

ZF-SIC
Consider the symbol from second spatial
measurement, difference from received
symbol

Carry out MRC for equalizing the new acquired

symbol

Perform tough decision demultiplexing and estimate

the bit errors

Figure 18: Methodology of ZF

5.3. Methodology of 2 Transmit Antennas and 1 Receive Antenna

The simulations work and the effects on this project rely on the quantity of transferred
antennas and the no. of the obtained antennas of each user, assuming that both users have the
same range of transferred and obtaining antennas.

Figure 19 suggests the interference

cancellation machine in case of getting three transmit antennas and receive antennas. On this
assignment BPSK modulation scheme is used.
The modeling of the device supposed that there are customers; every user desires to transmit
and get data at the identical time. Each user transferred and obtaining antennas. In addition,
in the version, the channels used inside the calculations and simulations are four corporations
of channels, which might be:

The primary group: the channels in between user 1 to user 2 in case of user 1
being transmitting the data (G21).
The second group: the channels in between user 2 to user 1 in case of user 2
being transmitting the records (H21).
The third institution: the channels in between the transmitting and the receiving
antennas inside user 1 (K21).
The fourth institution: the channels in between the transmitting and the receiving

antennas inside user 1 (L21).

Figure 19: Interference cancellation scheme

The channels for both users are:

G=

() () ( ) ()
g1
h
k
l
H= 1 K = 1 L= 1
g2
h2
k2
l2

Chapter 6.
Simulation Results.

6.1. Introduction
This chapter provides and discusses the outcomes obtained with the aid of going for walks
MATLAB code for ZF, ZF-SIC and MRC techniques. The MATLAB application are used to
know the overall ability of a system when the noise reducing constraint introduced to the
device for one of a kind antennas distributions in the transmitting and the receiving sides.
The bankruptcy begins via representing the curves of BER as opposed to SNR using the
MATLAB code. Also the figure displaying BER as opposed to SNR with the help of noise
cancellation.

6.2. The Results from MATLAB Code using ZF, ZF-SIC and MRC

method

the simulated output with a 22 mimo system the use of BPSK modulation method in
Rayleigh channel. In comparison to ZF equalization on my own condition, combine of SIC
effects in round 2.2db of development for BER of the development is brought in due to the
reality deciphering of the data from the primary spatial length (x1) has a lower errors
possibility that the picture transmitted from the second one dimension.

Figure 20: BER v/s Eb/No for 2*2 MIMO systems with ZF, ZF_SIC and MRC.

Conclusion.
Equalization methods are of very much required in the implementation of high information
(data) rate wireless communication field. They are able to fight for ISI even in cellular fading
Channel with high throughput.
ZF equalizer plays properly simplest in theory assumptions which are when noise is zero. Its
overall performance degrades in cell fading environment.
ZF with SIC develops the overall capacity of equalizer. This technique develops the estimator
ability on the next element comparison to the preceding one. In comparison to zero Forcing
equalization by alone case, combination of SIC results in round 2.2dB of development for
BER.

References
[1] Adaptive Equalization by SHAHID U. H. QURESHI, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE.
[2] L. Xie, Y. Wang, and X. Xue, "A New Indoor Localization Method Based on Inversion
Propagation Model," in Wireless Communications Networking and Mobile Computing
(WiCOM), 2010 6th International Conference on, Chengdu, China, 2010, pp. 1-4.
[3] Handbook of Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing: John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
[4] [DIG-COMM-BARRY-LEE-MESSERSCHMITT] Digital Communication: Third
Edition, by John R. Barry, Edward A. Lee, David G. Messerschmitt.
[5] [WIRELESS-TSE, VISWANATH] , David Tse, Pramod Viswanath.
[6] R. Scholtz, Multiple Access with Time-Hoping Impulse Modulaton, IEEE milit.
Commun. Conf., vol . 2, pp. 447-450,1993.
[7] communications and networks: second edition, by Theodore S. Rappaport.

[8] ZERO-FORCING EQUALIZATION FOR TIME-VARYING SYSTEMS WITH

MEMORY by Cassio B. Ribeiro, Marcello L. R. de Campos, and Paulo S. R. Diniz.
[9] ZERO-FORCING FREQUENCY DOMAIN EQUALIZATION FOR DMT SYSTEMS
WITH INSUFFICIENT GUARD INTERVAL by Tanja Karp , Martin J. Wolf , Steffen
Trautmann , and Norbert J. Fliege.
[10] ZERO-FORCING FREQUENCY DOMAIN EQUALIZATION FOR DMT SYSTEMS
WITH INSUFFICIENT GUARD INTERVAL by Tanja Karp , Martin J. Wolf , Steffen
Trautmann , and Norbert J.Fliege.
[11] Adaptive Equalization by SHAHID U. H. QURESHI, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE.
[12] L. J. Cimini, Analysis and simulation of a digital mobile channel using orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing, IEEE Transaction on Communications, Vol. 33, Issue 7,
pp. 665675, July 1985.
[13] Y. Wu and R. Calderbank, Code Diversity in Multiple Antenna Wireless
Communication, IEEE Journal in Signal Processing, Vol. 3, Issue 6, pp 928-937, 2009.
[14] J. Mietzner, R. Schober, L. Lampe, W. H. Gerstacker, and P. A. Hoeher, "Multipleantenna techniques for wireless communications - a comprehensive literature survey,"
Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 87-105, 2009.

[15] J. G. Andrews, A. Ghosh, and R. Muhamed, Fundamentals of WiMAX . United States:

Pearson Education, Inc, 2007.

APPENDIX
% Script for computing the BER for BPSK modulation in a
% Rayleigh fading channel with 2 Tx, 2Rx MIMO channel
% Zero Forcing Equalization with Successive Interference
% Cancellation (ZF-SIC)
clc
clear
close
N = 10^6; % number of bits or symbols
Eb_N0_dB = [0:25]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
nTx = 2;
nRx = 2;
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
% Transmitter
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % generating 0,1 with equal probability
s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
sMod = kron(s,ones(nRx,1)); %
sMod = reshape(sMod,[nRx,nTx,N/nTx]); % grouping in
[nRx,nTx,N/NTx ] matrix
h = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx,nTx,N/nTx) + j*randn(nRx,nTx,N/nTx)]; %
Rayleigh channel
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx,N/nTx) + j*randn(nRx,N/nTx)]; % white
gaussian noise, 0dB variance
% Channel and noise Noise addition
y = squeeze(sum(h.*sMod,2)) + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n;
% Receiver
% Forming the ZF equalization matrix W = inv(H^H*H)*H^H
% H^H*H is of dimension [nTx x nTx]. In this case [2 x 2]
% Inverse of a [2x2] matrix [a b; c d] = 1/(ad-bc)[d -b;-c a]
hCof = zeros(2,2,N/nTx) ;
hCof(1,1,:) = sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1) ; % d term
hCof(2,2,:) = sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1) ; % a term
hCof(2,1,:) = -sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1); % c term
hCof(1,2,:) = -sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1); % b term
hDen = ((hCof(1,1,:).*hCof(2,2,:)) (hCof(1,2,:).*hCof(2,1,:))); % ad-bc term
hDen = reshape(kron(reshape(hDen,1,N/nTx),ones(2,2)),2,2,N/nTx);
% formatting for division
hInv = hCof./hDen; % inv(H^H*H)
hMod =

reshape(conj(h),nRx,N); % H^H operation

yMod = kron(y,ones(1,2)); % formatting the received symbol for

equalization
yMod = sum(hMod.*yMod,1); % H^H * y
yMod = kron(reshape(yMod,2,N/nTx),ones(1,2)); % formatting

yHat = sum(reshape(hInv,2,N).*yMod,1); % inv(H^H*H)*H^H*y

% receiver - hard decision decoding on second spatial dimension
ipHat2SS = real(yHat(2:2:end))>0;
ipHatMod2SS = 2*ipHat2SS-1;
ipHatMod2SS = kron(ipHatMod2SS,ones(nRx,1));
ipHatMod2SS = reshape(ipHatMod2SS,[nRx,1,N/nTx]);
% new received symbol - removing the effect from second spatial
dimension
h2SS = h(:,2,:); % channel in the second spatial dimension
r = y - squeeze(h2SS.*ipHatMod2SS);
% maximal ratio combining - for symbol in the first spatial
dimension
h1SS = squeeze(h(:,1,:));
yHat1SS = sum(conj(h1SS).*r,1)./sum(h1SS.*conj(h1SS),1);
yHat(1:2:end) = yHat1SS;
% receiver - hard decision decoding
ipHat = real(yHat)>0;
% counting the errors
nErr(ii) = size(find([ip- ipHat]),2);
end
simBer = nErr/N; % simulated ber
EbN0Lin = 10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10);
theoryBer_nRx1 = 0.5.*(1-1*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-0.5));
p = 1/2 - 1/2*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-1/2);
theoryBerMRC_nRx2 = p.^2.*(1+2*(1-p));
close all
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_nRx1,'bp-','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBerMRC_nRx2,'kd-','LineWidth',2);
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer,'mo-','LineWidth',2);
axis([0 25 10^-5 0.5])
grid on
legend('theory (nTx=2,nRx=2, ZF)', 'theory (nTx=1,nRx=2, MRC)', 'sim
(nTx=2, nRx=2, ZF-SIC)');
xlabel('Average Eb/No,dB');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate');
title('BER for BPSK modulation with 2x2 MIMO and ZF-SIC equalizer
(Rayleigh channel)');