Agreement of Subject and Verb

Verbs can change form in tense, person, and number. The subject and verb of every
clause (independent or dependent), however, must agree in person and number. Once you
identify the subject and the verb, you can then determine such agreement of the subject
and the verb.
There are three persons:
First person- the speaker
Second person-the person spoken to
Third person- the person spoken about
There are two numbers:
Singular- denoting one person or thing
Plural- denoting more than one person or thing
Nouns ending in s are usually plural.
Verbs ending in s are singular.
Singular subjects should be paired with singular verbs and plural subjects should be
paired with plural verbs.
she walks
the book is
they want
Bill, John, and Jane go
1. Compound Subjects
Compound subjects joined by and normally require a plural verb:
Hard work and persistence are required in all rewarding accomplishments.
Where are the pens and paper?
Subjects which include at least two nouns or pronouns connected by and should be paired
with plural verbs.
the manager and the employees are
the cats and the dog run
the man and the woman are
2. Subjects Joined by Or or Nor
When two or more subject are joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with the subject
part closest to the verb. This also applies to either/or and neither/nor.

the professor or her students write

the students or their professor writes

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the boy or the girl walks

3. Intervening Expressions
Modifying phrases or clauses that come between the subject and the verb do not change
the number of the verb. The number of the verb is determined entirely by the number of
the subject:
The assignment, which they submitted to their professor, was incomplete.
[Assignment is the subject of the verb was].
The new computer classroom, with its many work stations and its sophisticated
technology, fills [not fill] a long-felt need. [Computer classroom is the subject of
the verb fills; the phrase with its many work stations has nothing to do with the
verb.]
4. Verb Preceding the Subject
It is possible for a verb to come before a subject in a sentence. The rules of agreement
between the subject and the verb remain the same despite the change in order.
There is in many cities a desire to reduce traffic and pollution. [Desire is the
subject of the verb is.]
There are a stapler, two pens, four books, and a writing tablet on the desk.
[Stapler, pens, books and writing tablet are the subjects of the verb are.]
Where are Joan and her daughters going? [Joan and her daughters are subjects of
the verb are going.]
5. Indefinite Pronouns
The indefinite pronouns or adjectives either, neither, and each, as well as compounds
such as everybody, anybody, everyone, and anyone are always singular. None may be
singular or plural. The plural usage is more common.
Each of the cars has its insurance proof in the glove compartment.
Everyone at the meeting was upset over the policies announced.
Every employee, supervisor, and executive reveals the operation of a model
company.
Is either of you ready for lunch?
None of the employees have brought their children to the company dinner.
None of the students is interested in the research project.
None--no, not one--is planning to attend the retreat.

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6. Subjects Plural in Form

Singular verbs are usually used with nouns that are plural in form but singular in
meaning.
The following nouns are usually singular in meaning: news, economics, ethics, physics,
mathematics, gallows, mumps, measles, shambles, whereabouts.
a peanut butter and jelly sandwich is
physics is a difficult course
statistics is
politics is
athletics seems
Nouns such as gymnastics, tactics, trousers, scissors, athletics, tidings, acoustics, riches,
and barracks are usually treated as plural.
His tactics are sneaky.
The scissors are on the table.
The trousers are hanging in the closet.
Plural nouns denoting a mass, a quantity, or a number require a singular verb when the
subject is regarded as a unit.
Five dollars is too much for her to pay.
Fifty bushels was all the bin would hold.
Though usage is mixed, phrases involving addition, multiplication, subtraction, and
division of numbers usually take the singular form.
Two plus two is four.
Two times three is six.
Twelve divided by six is two.
In expressions like part of the apple, some of the pie, all of the money, the number of
part, some, and all is determined by the number of the noun in the prepositional phrase.
Some of the pie has been eaten.
Some of the pies have been eaten.
7. The subject of some form of To Be
When one noun precedes and another follows some form of the verb to be, the first noun
is the subject, and the verb agrees with it and not with the complement even if the
complement is different in number.
The only food remaining is mashed potatoes.
Mashed potatoes are the only food remaining.
[In the first sentence, food is the subject; in the second, mashed potatoes.]

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8. Relative Pronoun as Subject

When a relative pronoun (who, which, or that) is used as the subject of a clause, the
number and person of the verb are determined by the antecedent of the pronoun, the word
to which the pronoun refers.
This is the professor who is to be hired. [The antecedent of who is the singular
noun professor; therefore, who is singular.]
These are the employees who are to be working tomorrow. [The antecedent of
who is the plural noun employees.]
Should I, who am not a student at the school, be allowed to take the class? [Who
refers to I; I is first person, singular number.]
She is one of those tough professors who are always expecting the best from
students. [The antecedent of who is professors.]
If sentences such as the last one give you trouble, try beginning the sentence with the "of"
phrase, and you will readily see that the antecedent of who is persons and not one.
Of those tough professors who are always expecting the best from students, she is
one.
9. Collective Nouns
Some nouns are singular in form but plural in meaning. They are called collective nouns
and include such words as team, class, committee, crowd, and crew. These nouns may
take either a singular or plural verb; if you are thinking of the group as a unit, use a
singular verb; if you are thinking of the individual members of the group, use a plural
verb.
When referring to a group as a single unit, a singular verb is used.
The public is
The family is
The class is demanding
When referring to a group's members as individuals, a plural verb is used.
The committee fight among themselves.
The student body are talking with each other.
The class are writing.
10. Nouns with Foreign Plurals
Some nouns retain the plural forms peculiar to the languages from which they have been
borrowed: alumni, media, crisis. Still other nouns occur with either their original plural
forms or plural forms typical of English: aquaria or aquariums, criteria or criterions. If
you are in doubt as to the correct or preferred plural form of a noun, consult a good
dictionary.
Note: Be careful not to use a plural form when you refer to a singular idea. For
instance:

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He is an alumnus [not alumni] of this school.

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Subject Verb Agreement Practice

Mark the appropriate verb choice for each of the following sentences.
1. The noisy students (have, has) to leave after two warnings.
2. She is the only one of the students who (have, has) failed the test.
3. The crying baby (irritate, irritates) them.
4. The longest of the presentations (is, are) the next group.
5. The students and their teacher (is, are) traveling to the competition.
6. Either one of the choices (is, are) going to disrupt the schedule.
7. This is the stereo system that (have, has) been purchased most often in our store.
8. Nobody (dare, dares) to challenge the teacher when she is wrong.
9. The players or their coach (is, are) holding a press conference.
10. Neither of the students (has, have) been to Europe.
11. The problems (was, were) due to a misunderstanding.
12. Which (is, are) more interesting, the red jackets or the blue sweaters?
13. (Has, Have) the manager or the assistant manager approached you?
14. Joan, as well as my sister, (is, are) in college now.
15. Several of the students (has, have) left.
16. Both of the children (has, have) red notebooks.
17. One of the best known love stories (is, are) Romeo and Juliet.
18. Mathematics (is, are) very difficult for many students to master.
19. She is one of the girls who (have, has) long hair.
20. She or her sisters (is, are) going.
Subject Verb Agreement Practice
Mark the appropriate verb choice for each of the following sentences.
1. Each of the exercises (take, takes) about twenty minutes to complete.
2. The ladies and the child (is, are) planning to have pizza for lunch.
3. The teacher, along with her students, (is, are) determined to have a good year.
4. Please tell me when John and Mary (go, goes) to the store.
5. The class (watch, watches) a movie every Friday night.
6. The number of issues (seem, seems) to be increasing.
7. The husband and his wife (drive, drives) a convertible.
8. Hardly anyone (speak, speaks) to her.
9. He or his sister (want, wants) to visit Europe next summer.
10. She (take, takes) her dog for a walk each evening.
11. The brother and sister (want, wants) to visit their aunt and uncle.
12. The high school senior, along with his parents, (is, are) upset over the sudden policy
change.
13. The songs they sing (stay, stays) in my mind all day.
14. Ten dollars (is, are) too much to charge for such a small item.
15. She and her mother (talk, talks) on the phone almost every day.
16. The blue ones (seem, seems) to match best.

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17. Teenagers and their parents (see, sees) things very differently.
18. She, against her aunt's wishes, (have, has) decided to go skiing instead.
19. When the two of them (go, goes) together, they always have fun.
20. He and his girlfriend (love, loves) to go camping.
Subject Verb Agreement Practice
Circle the correct form of the verb tense and indicate the rule that determines the correct
answer.
___ 1.
___ 2.
___ 3.
person.
___ 4.
___ 5.
___ 6.
___ 7.
___ 8.
___ 9.
___ 10.

Formal trousers (is, are) required for this dinner party.

Her friend and mentor (were, was) one of her college professors.
Neither a dog nor a cat (offer, offers) the same companionship as another
On the other side of the street (are, is) a restaurant and a clothing store.
In the back seat of his car (was, were) three books and his briefcase.
Three hours (are, is) not going to be enough time to travel that distance.
The pressure of academic life can sometimes (tempt, tempts) students to cheat.
Everyone in the group (was, were) supposed to meet at the front gate at 7:00.
Each of these books (was, were) useful in my grammar review.
The professor, along with many of his students, (is, are) preparing for the end of
the semester.
I don't think either of these cars (are, is) reliable enough for a long road trip.
The criteria for passing the exam (are, is) becoming more difficult.
(Are, Is) Lois or Kate your choice for the promotion?
Algebra and geometry (is, are) the only math courses being offered this

___ 11.
___ 12.
___ 13.
___ 14.
semester.
___ 15. Athletics (have, has) been a matter of increasing interest among women.
___ 16. Every one of the guests (have, has) had an opportunity to wish the couple well.
___ 17. The results of the latest standardized exams (indicate, indicates) an increase in
standards at the school.
___ 18. According to the newspaper, there (were, was) three main suspects questioned.
___ 19. (Have, Has) the spring training programs begun yet?
___ 20. My favorite literature to read (are, is) modern American poetry.
Subject Verb Agreement Practice
Circle the correct form of the verb tense and indicate the rule that determines the correct
answer.
___ 1.
___ 2.
___ 3.
___ 4.
___ 5.

I am certain that both Catherine and Lucy (is, are) coming to visit this weekend.
The scissors (is, are) kept in the top desk drawer.
Neither the twins nor their older brother (have, has) ever seen snow.
Some of the fruit (have, has) already begun to ripen.
The news reported by the president of the college (are, is) considered bad by
most people.

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___ 6.
___ 7.
___ 8.
___ 9.
work.
___ 10.
___ 11.
___ 12.
___ 13.
___ 14.
water.
___ 15.
___ 16.
___ 17.

The media (are, is) planning elaborate coverage of the event.

Neither of my neighbors (invite, invites) me over very often.
My aunt, as well as all of my cousins, (have, has) been sick this past week.
Over twelve gallons of gas (are, is) used each week because of our commute to
How much (is, are) twenty times fourteen?
He is one of the professors who (attract, attracts) a large number of students.
The major concern, which is why we changed our plans, (are, is) the children.
Most of the school corridors, which are extremely old, (are, is) in need of paint.
When the rain begins to fall harder, every swimmer (are, is) told get out of the

One hundred dollars (is, are) being offered for information about the crimes.
Their high pressure sales tactics (is, are) resented by many people.
The phenomenon that surprised many people (were, was) explained by the
leading scientist in the field.
___ 18. None of the Southern states (have, has) ever experienced much snow.
___ 19. There (are, is) very strict criteria for passing the exam.
___ 20. The commercial states that every product they sell (are, is) superior to their
main competitor's products.
Subject Verb Agreement Practice
Select the sentence that has an error in subject verb agreement.
1. A.
B.
C.
D.

Both Christine and Heather have published their stories in major journals.
Neither student has the assignment completed.
The problems take them all evening to complete.
He is one of the students who has taken the exam.

2. A.
B.
C.
D.

He and his girlfriend talk on the phone constantly.

Neither she nor her mother wants to go to the dinner.
The professor or one of her research assistants is at every meeting.
The longest of the meetings are the first one of the semester.

3. A.
B.
C.
D.

The young couple has a new home in a beautiful neighborhood.

Either the professor or his students have prepared the grant submission.
Has an instructor or one of the lab assistants come to help you?
Neither the students nor their professor are going to the meeting.

4. A.
B.
C.
D.

The jury are taking their seats in the courtroom now.

The number of students are increasing.
Each of her daughters has developed a unique style.
Neither Suzi nor her sister has been able to find the missing earring.

5. A. There seem to be a growing interest in that class.

B. Either the students or their parents have spoken to the board.

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C. When all of the tests are finished, the scientists will have more information.
D. Everyone except the lead suspect has given a statement to the police.
6. A.
B.
C.
D.

Two books, a pen, a steno tablet, and some candy was found in the briefcase.
Someone in the class or Sara critiques each presentation.
The child's demands irritate the parents.
Each of the students wears a white shirt with blue pants.

7. A.
B.
C.
D.

Each of the applicants completes an entrance exam, which requires an essay.

Every member of the chorus was complemented on the production.
The children, the mother, and the father were there supporting the team.
There has been problems with the outdated policy.

8. A.
B.
C.
D.

The time the classes are offered have made it difficult for many students.
The worker's tasks have not been neglected.
Dr. Jones, as well as Ms. Griffin, attends the conference every year.
One of the members has not returned from the recess.

9. A.
B.
C.
D.

The new system of taking messages have helped our response time tremendously.
Neither one of the children has agreed to come to the meeting.
The student, as well as her parents, was pleased with the grade report.
Either the student or his parents have collected his books.

10. A.
B.
C.
D.

Neither John nor his sisters has completed an information form.

A book, a pen, and paper were on the desk.
Either the student or one of the panel members respond to each question.
The committee debate the issues among themselves after each open session.

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