Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
EE3954
by
Maarten Uijt de Haag, Tim Bambeck, Harsha Chenji
ADC.1
Data
Bus
8
Timer0
Timer1
Timer2
ADC
PORTE
CCPs
Comparators
Synchronous
Serial Port
USARTs
Other
Modules
Parallel
Slave Port
LCD
Drivers
RE0
RE1
RE2
RF3
RE4
RE5
RE6
RE7
PORTA
Voltage
Reference
Figure 4-2 in the Reference Manual
Data
EEPROM
RA0
RA1
RA2
RA3
RA4
RA5
RA6
RA7
ADC.2
Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)
Example
Microcontroller
Electric
Circuit
Transducer
RA1/AN1
(ADC)
Signal Conditioner
PIC16F877
x(t)
Analog Signal
ADC.3
Analog-to-Digital
Conversion
v(t)
Analog Signal
x[k]
Discrete-Time Signal
t
v(t)
Discrete-Amplitude Signal
x[k]
Digital Signal
ADC.4
Digital-to-Analog Conversion (DAC)
Example
Microcontroller
DAC
Transducer
PIC16F877
x(t)
Analog Signal
x[k]
Digital Signal
PIC Microcontroller does NOT have a built-in DAC!!!
ADC.5
ADC
Comparator
Basic Component:
Input signal, Vin
Reference Voltage, Vref
+
_
Output, Vout
If Vin > Vref , Vout = 5VDC (Logic 1)
If Vin Vref , Vout = 0VDC (Logic 0)
ADC.6
ADC
1-bit Example
5V
Vin > 2.5V: Signal is 1
Vin 2.5V: Signal is 0
2.5V
0V
1-bit => 21 = 2 levels => 1 threshold
ADC.7
ADC
2-bit Example
2-bit => 22 = 4 levels => 3 thresholds
5.00 v
5 v / 4 levels = 1.25 each increment
(thresholds)
3.75 < Vin 5.00V : Signal is 11
3.75 v
2.50 < Vin 3.75 V : Signal is 10
2.50 v
1.25 < Vin 2.50 V : Signal is 01
1.25 v
0.00 V Vin 1.25 V : Signal is 00
0.00 v
ADC.8
ADC
5.00 V
4.375 V
3.750 V
3.125 V
2.500 V
1.875 V
1.250 V
0.625 V
0.000 V
4.375V < Vin 5.00V: Signal is 111
3.750V < Vin 4.375V: Signal is 110
3.125V < Vin 3.750V: Signal is 101
2.500V < Vin 3.125V: Signal is 100
1.875V < Vin 2.500V: Signal is 011
1.250V < Vin 1.875V: Signal is 010
0.625V < Vin 1.250V: Signal is 001
0.000V Vin 0.625V: Signal is 000
111
110
101
100
011
010
001
000
A/D Converter
Binary Output
Input Voltage
To A/D Converter
3-bit Example
3-bits => 23 = 8 levels => 7 thresholds (5v/8 = 0.625)
ADC.9
ADC
3-bit Example
Examples:
Examples:
Analog Input Voltage:
Digital Output:
2.8756V
100
-0.234V
000
4.9876V
111
1.1V
001
3.2V
101
ADC.10
ADC
The PIC16F877 Microcontroller
10-bits:
210 = 1024 levels => 1023 thresholds
Resolution = 5V/1024 = 0.0048828125 V
Thresholds:
0.0048828125 V
0.009765625 V
0.0146484375 V
Etc.
ADC.11
ADC
Implementation: Parallel-Encoded or Flash ADC
Vref = 5V
4.375V
3.750V
Example:
3-bit ADC
Vin
I7
I6
3.125V
I5
O0
2.500V
I4
1.875V
I3
1.250V
0.625V
Priority
Encoder
O1
Digital Value out
O2
I2
I1
I0
ADC.12
Digital Logic Revisited (?/)
Priority Encoder
I7
I6
I5
I4
I3
I2
I1
I0
O2
O1
O0
Note: if one uses active low, LLH = 110
ADC.13
ADC
Implementation: Parallel-Encoded or Flash ADC
Vref = 5V
4.375V
3.750V
Example:
3-bit ADC
Vin
I7
I6
3.125V
I5
O0
2.500V
I4
1.875V
I3
1.250V
0.625V
I2
I1
I0
Priority
Encoder
O1
Digital Value Out
O2
Major drawback:
An n-bit ADC Requires 2n-1 comparators,
thus expensive
Advantage:
Highest speed ADC available
ADC.14
ADC in 16F877
- Successive Approximation ADC
Clock
Oscillator
Vin
Successive
Approximation
Register
Clear
Data ready End of conversion
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
Start
DFlip
Flops
(Latche)s
Q7
Q6
Q5
Q4
Q3
Q2
Q1
Q0
Digital
Output
8-bit
D/A converter
Note: for an n-bit ADC it will take n clock-cycles to find an output.
ADC.15
ADC
Successive Approximation HW Flowchart
Set all bits
D7D0 to 0
Set D7 to 1
and compare
V to Vin
V < Vin
N
Clear D7
Set D6 to 1
and compare
V to Vin
V < Vin
N
Clear D6
Set D5 to 1
and compare
V to Vin
Set D0 to 1
and compare
V to Vin
V < Vin
V < Vin
N
Clear D5
Clear D0
ADC.16
Successive Approximation
Example 4.3V Step 1 Bit 7 (D7)
5V
4.3V
D7 = 1
(1XXX XXXX)
Threshold = 2.5V
D7 = 0
(0XXX XXXX)
0V
D7 = Most Significant Bit
Result: 1XXX XXXX
ADC.17
Successive Approximation
Example 4.3V Step 2 Bit 6 (D6)
5V
4.3V
D6 = 1
(11XX XXXX)
D6 = 0
(10XX XXXX)
Threshold = 3.75
0V
D7 = Most Significant Bit
Result: 11XX XXXX
ADC.18
Example
Voltage input range: 0V 5V
Number of bits: 8 => 28 = 256 levels (= 255 thresholds)
Resolution = 5V / 256 = 0.01953125 V
Thresholds at : 0.01953125 V
2x0.01953125 V = 0.0390625 V
3x0.01953125 V = 0.05859375 V
4.3V / resolution = 220.16 => 220 = binary value = 1101 1100
ADC.19
ADC
As part of the microcontroller
Reference Manual:
Section 21 & 22 (8-bit ADC),
Section 23 (10-bit ADC)
Datasheet:
Section 11 (10-bit ADC)
ADC.20
ADC
As part of the microcontroller
Timer0
Timer1
Timer2
ADC*
Data
Bus
8
CCPs
Comparators
Synchronous
Serial Port
USARTs
Other
Modules
Parallel
Slave Port
LCD
Drivers
PORTF
RF0
RF1
RF2
RF3
RF4
RF5
RF6
RF7
PORTG
Voltage
Reference
*or A/D
Data
EEPROM
RG0
RG1
RG2
RG3
RG4
RG5
RG6
RG7
ADC.21
ADC
The configuration
ADC.22
ADC.23
ADC Register (SFR) settings
ADC.24
ADC Register (SFR) settings
ADC.25
Digital input:
the standard
input as we used
it before!!
ADC.26
ADC
The result
ADC.27
ADC
The result
ADC.28
ADC
Outside & Inside
ADC.29
ADC
Timing
ADC.30
Sample/Hold Acquisition Time
Tacq = Amplifier Settling Time (Tamp)
+ Holding Capacitor Charging Time (Tc)
+ Temperature Coefficient Time (Tcoff)
Tacq = Tamp + Tc + Tcoff
Tamp = 2 s for PIC 16F877
Next few slides find Tc & Tcoff:
ADC.31
Calculations for Tc:
Capacitor Charges through Series Resistances:
Rs = External signals source resistance (use 10,000 in lab)
Ric = Interconnect Resistance (Ric 1,000 ohm)
Rss = Sample Switch Resistance (function of Vdd)
(for Vdd = 5v, Rss = 7,000 ohm)
CHOLD = Capacitor = 120 * 10-12 farads
So Time for capacitor to charge:
Tc = - CHOLD*( Rs + Ric + Rss) * ln (1/2047)
ADC.32
Calculations for Tc (continued):
Tc = - CHOLD( Rs + Ric + Rss) * ln (1/2047)
Tc = - (120 * 10-12)( 10,000 + 1,000 + 7,000) * ln (1/2047)
Tc = - (120 * 10 -12)*(18,000)*(-7.624)
Therefore:
Tc = 16.5 s
ADC.33
Finding Time for Temperature Coefficient Term (Tcoff) :
Tcoff = (Operating Temp in C - 25C)*(0.05s/C)
Lets assume worst case Operating Temperature is 50C (= 122F)
Tcoff = (50C - 25C)*(0.05s/C)
Therefore: Tcoff
= 1.25 s
ADC.34
So total Acquisition time Tacq =
Tacq = Tamp + Tc + Tcoff
Tacq = 2 s + 16.5 s + 1.25 s
Tacq = 19.75 s
With our 4 MHz PICs in lab (1 s instruction cycle)
We would delay 20 s before we start conversion (GO is set)
ADC.35
ADC
Timing
19.75 s
(example)
ADC.36
ADC Conversion Time for
Successive Approx. Converter
Takes 11.5 TAD for conversion
Successive Approximation
TAD must be 1.6s
ADC.37
Selecting TAD Clock Source Value
Using PICs in Lab:
Minimum TAD must be 1.6 s
PICs in Lab use 4 MHz oscillator, so Tosc = 0.250 s
We need to set ADCS1, ADCS0 bits in ADCON0 to select TAD:
ADCS1,ADCS0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
Operation
2 * Tosc
8 * Tosc
32 * Tosc
use internal RC
TAD Time
0.50 s
2.00 s
8.00 s
( 2 6 s )
Select ADCS1, ADCS0 to 0,1 since this gives 2.0 s time for TAD.
So A/D conversion Time = 11.5 * 2.0 s = 23 s
ADC.38
Time for A/D Conversion - Summary
19.75 s
(example)
11.5 * TAD
= 23 s
Note You must wait at least 2 * TAD before next acquisition is started.
ADC.39
ADC
The configuration
ADC.40
ADC
Use Flow Chart
Configure A/D Module
Configure A/D Interrupt*
Wait for TACQ
Configure analog pins/
voltage reference and
digital I/O (ADCON1)
Select ADC input
channel (ADCON0)
Select ADC conversion
clock (ADCON0)
Turn on ADC module
(ADCON0)
Start Conversion (set GO)
Wait for conversion
to complete
Read A/D Result
Wait for at least 2TAD
before next acquisition
*if desired
ADC.41
ADC
Use Flow Chart
Configure A/D Module
Configure A/D Interrupt*
Wait for TACQ
Clear ADIF bit
Set ADIE bit
Set PEIE bit
Set GIE bit
Start Conversion (set GO)
Wait for conversion
to complete
Read A/D Result
Wait for at least 2TAD
before next acquisition
*if desired
ADC.42
ADC
The interrupt
ADC.43
ADC
Use Flow Chart
Configure A/D Module
Configure A/D Interrupt*
Wait for TACQ
Start Conversion (set GO)
Wait for conversion
to complete
Use POLLING:
Keep checking the DO/DONE
bit, if it is cleared the
conversion is done.
Use INTERRUPTS:
Wait for the ADC interrupt
Read A/D Result
Wait for at least 2TAD
before next acquisition
*if desired
ADC.44
ADC
An Example
RA1/AN1
PIC16F877
Write a program that makes
continuous measurements of
the output voltage of the microphone
and writes the results to TEMPH (0x20)
and TEMPL (0x21)
Assume that the Oscillator
frequency clock is 4MHz
ADC.45
Example
Configure A/D Module
Configure A/D Interrupt*
Wait for TACQ
Start Conversion (set GO)
Wait for conversion
to complete
Read A/D Result
Wait for at least 2TAD
before next acquisition
ADC.46
Example
Configure ADC Module
Conversion clock
4MHz < 5MHz thus
ADCS1:ADCS0 = 01
Result is Right Justified
thus ADFM = 1
Turn on Module:
ADON = 1
RA1/AN1 thus
CHS2:CHS0 = 001
RA1/AN1 thus
PCFG3:PCFG0 = 0000
ADC.47
Code
Configure ADC Module
ADCON0
ADCON1
INIT_ADC:
equ
equ
org
movlw
movwf
bsf
movlw
movwf
bcf
0x1F
0x1F
0x000
B01001001
ADCON0
STATUS, RP0
B10000000
ADCON1
STATUS, RP0
; Configure ADC via ADCON0
; Access bank 1
; Configure ADC via ADCON1
; Switch back to bank 0
ADC.48
Example
Configure A/D Module
Configure A/D Interrupt*
Wait for TACQ
Start Conversion (set GO)
Wait for conversion
to complete
Read A/D Result
Wait for at least 2TAD
before next acquisition
ADC.49
Example
Wait for TACQ
Need a delay for about/at least 20seconds:
DELAY:
NXT:
movlw
movwf
decfsz
goto
return
0x05
COUNT
COUNT
NXT
;1
;1
; 1/2
;2
;2
DELAY duration including call and return: 5 + 3*COUNT
5 + 3*COUNT = 20 => 3*COUNT = 15 => COUNT = 5
ADC.50
Code
Main Loop
MAIN:
CHECK:
*GO/DONE = 0
call
DELAY
bsf
ADCON0,2
btfsc
ADCON0,2
goto
CHECK
movf
ADRESH,W
movwf
TEMPH
bsf
STATUS,RP0
movf
ADRESL,W
bcf
STATUS,RP0
movwf
TEMPL
nop
nop
goto MAIN
; Wait for TACQ
; Start conversion (set GO)
; Wait for conversion to complete*
; use POLLING
; Read A/D result (high byte)
; Write to TEMPH
; Read A/D result (low byte)
; Write to TEMPL
; 1 Wait for 4 instruction cycles
;1
;2
2TAD = 2*8TOSC = 2*8*0.25s = 4s = 4 instruction cycles
ADC.51
Code
Main Loop - Sample Period
MAIN:
CHECK:
call
DELAY
bsf
ADCON0,2
btfsc
ADCON0,2
goto
CHECK
movf
ADRESH,W
movwf
TEMPH
bsf
STATUS,RP0
movf
ADRESL,W
movwf
TEMPL
bcf
STATUS,RP0
nop
nop
goto MAIN
; 20
;1
; ~12 Tad = 24
;
;1
;1
;1
;1
;1
;1
;1
;1
;2
Sample Period = Ts 20 + 1 + 24 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 = 55TCY= 55sec
Sample Frequency = 1/Ts 1/55sec = 18,182Hz 18kHz
ADC.52
Nyquist Criterion
Why is this Sample Frequency Important?
The Nyquist criterion states that, in order to prevent undesired aliasing, one
must sample a signal at a rate equal to at least twice its bandwidth.
fs > 2B
Sample
frequency
Signal
bandwidth
ADC.53
Nyquist Criterion
Example
RA1/AN1
PIC16F877
Range of human hearing:
20 to 20,000 Hz
Must sample at
fs > 2*(20,000 20) = 39,960Hz 40kHz
For example:
CD 44.1kHz sampling rate
DVD up to 96 kHz/192kHz
Blu-ray 192kHz
And
CD 16 bits per sample
ADC.54
ADC
Example Using Interrupts
ADCON0 equ
ADCON1 equ
INIT_ADC:
INIT_IRQ:
0x1F
0x1F
org
goto
org
goto
movlw
movwf
bsf
movlw
movwf
bcf
bcf
bsf
bsf
bcf
bsf
bsf
0x000
INIT_ADC
0x004
AD_ISR
B01001001
ADCON0 ; Configure ADC via ADCON0
STATUS, RP0
; Access bank 1
B10000000
ADCON1 ; Configure ADC via ADCON1
STATUS, RP1
PIR1, ADIF
; Clear the ADIF flag (bit 6)
STATUS,RP0
; Access bank 1
PIE1, ADIE
; Enable AADC interrupt
STATUS, RP0
; Access bank 0
INTCON, PEIE
; Enable peripheral interrupts
INTCON, GIE
; Enable global interrupts
ADC.55
Code
Main Loop & Interrupt Service Routine
MAIN
AD_ISR:
*GO/DONE = 0
call
bsf
goto
movf
movwf
movf
movwf
call
bsf
bcf
retfie
DELAY
ADCON0,2
MAIN
; Wait for TACQ
; Start conversion (set GO)
ADRESH,W
TEMPH
ADRESL,W
TEMPL
DELAY
ADCON0,2
PIR1, ADIF
; Read A/D result (high byte)
; Write to TEMPH
; Read A/D result (low byte)
; Write to TEMPL
; Wait for TACQ
; Start conversion (set GO)
; Clear the interrupt
ADC.56
ADC
VDD
An Example with Push-button
RA5/AN4
RA1/AN1
Vss
PIC16F877
NOTE that in this case RA5 is a DIGITAL input and RA1 is an ANALOG input
ADC.57
INIT_ADC:
movlw
movwf
bsf
movlw
movwf
movlw
movwf
bcf
B01001001
ADCON0 ; Configure ADC via ADCON0
STATUS, RP0
; Access bank 1
B10000100
ADCON1 ; Configure ADC via ADCON1
B11111111
; Configure RA5 as an input pin
TRISA
STATUS, RP1
ADC.58
