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Lab Experiment #8

The document summarizes a lab experiment on frequency modulation (FM). It observes that setting the gain control of the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) to 60% results in a more linear performance. It also notes that an FM waveform is produced where the frequency of the carrier wave varies linearly with the message signal voltage. The spectrum graphs obtained show the output signal can be expressed in terms of Bessel functions. It interprets that the instantaneous frequency represents the maximum frequency deviation from the center frequency. Finally, it concludes that FM signals have high efficiency due to significant sidebands and are better at rejecting noise than AM signals as noise is spread uniformly across the spectrum.

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Ganimid Alvarez
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165 views2 pages

Lab Experiment #8

The document summarizes a lab experiment on frequency modulation (FM). It observes that setting the gain control of the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) to 60% results in a more linear performance. It also notes that an FM waveform is produced where the frequency of the carrier wave varies linearly with the message signal voltage. The spectrum graphs obtained show the output signal can be expressed in terms of Bessel functions. It interprets that the instantaneous frequency represents the maximum frequency deviation from the center frequency. Finally, it concludes that FM signals have high efficiency due to significant sidebands and are better at rejecting noise than AM signals as noise is spread uniformly across the spectrum.

Uploaded by

Ganimid Alvarez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab Experiment#8: Frequency Modulation

Observation
Which of the above setting results in a more linear performance in the given
range Vin?
With the values of the frequencies that we have obtained, we can say
that the setting of the gain control on the Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)
that results in a more linear performance is the 60%.

Determine the linear range on the second case?


---------------------Using the table only, estimate the frequency of the VCO when the DC input is
1.75V for both settings? Which setting results in easier interpolation? Why?
---------------------

With the data and results that we have obtained we have observed the
following. We have observed that we can produce an FM waveform signal
using a VCO: A voltage message signal is applied to the control voltage of
the VCO, and its output signal is a constant amplitude sinusoidal carrier wave
whose frequency is linear to its control voltage. When there is no message or
the message signal is zero, the carrier wave is at its center frequency, fc.
When a message signal exists, the instantaneous frequency of the output
signal varies above and below the center frequency. We also observed that in
frequency modulation, the amplitude is constant regardless of the message
signal having a constant envelope. We also observed that with single
message signal, the number of significant sidebands in the output spectrum
is a function of the modulation index. Thus, we obtained the spectrum
graphs of the needed output writing the FM output signal in terms of nth
order Bessel functions.

Interpretation
With the data and results that we have observed, we can interpret
these into the following. We have obtained the FM waveform because if
there is an information to be transmitted, the modulator combines the carrier
with the baseband data signal to get the transmitted signal.

The instantaneous frequency of the oscillator is the frequency deviation,


which represents the maximum shift away from in one direction, We can also
interpret that we obtained the spectrum graphs because an frequency
spectrum of an actual FM signal has components extending infinitely,
although their amplitude decreases. We can also interpret that with a
modulated FM waveform, if the modulation frequency is held constant and
the modulation index is increased, the bandwidth of the FM signal increases
but the spacing between spectra remains the same because the modulation
index is seen to be the ratio of the peak frequency deviation of the carrier
wave to the frequency of the modulating sine wave.

Conclusion
With the data that we have observed and interpreted we can conclude
these into the following. We can conclude that the efficiency of a signal is the
power in the side-bands as a fraction of the total. In FM signals, because of
the considerable side-bands produced, the efficiency is generally high. FM
waveforms are far better at rejecting noise than AM waveforms. Noise
generally is spread uniformly across the spectrum. The amplitude of the
noise varies randomly at these frequencies. Having Fm waveforms produce
a constant amplitude output, it is not very sensitive to noise unlike the AM
waveform. We can also say that in FM signals, the efficiency and bandwidth
both depend on both the maximum modulating frequency and the
modulation index. Overall, we are able to achieve the main objective of the
experiment, to generate FM signals using TIMS modeling equipment.

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