Question Bank for Summer School-I

(2015-16)

Section-A( Interference, Diffraction and

Polarization )
Theoretical Questions
1. State and explain in brief the conditions for sustained interference.
2. Find an expression for fringe-width in case of Youngs double slit experiment.
3. Prove that the fringe width remains same when a thin mica sheet is introduced in
the path
of one of the interfering beams. Also describe how this method is used for finding
the
thickness of a thin glass plate.
4. Prove that the reflected
complementary to each

and

transmitted

interference

patterns

are

other by driving the relation for interference due to reflection and comparing its
conditions of maxima and minima with the interference due to transmission.
5. Why the Centre of Newtons rings appears dark? Derive expression for the radius
of the
nth dark as well as bright ring.
6. Write the differences between Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction.
7. Prove that the relative intensities of successive maxima in Fraunhofer diffraction
due to

single slit are nearly 1: 4/92: 4 /252: 4 /492:. (by driving the complete
expressionfor Fraunhofer diffraction due to single slit).
8. Using Fraunhofer theory of single slit, explain the diffraction by multiple slits (Nslits).
9. Explain Rayleighs criterion of resolution. Derive the expression for resolving
power of
grating.
10. State and explain Brewsters law. Use this law to show that when light is incident
on a
transparent substance at the polarizing angle; the reflected and refracted rays are
at right
angles.
11. Describe the construction of Nicol Prism and show how it can be used as a
polarizer or as
an analyzer.
12. Describe the production of plane polarized, circularly polarized and elliptically
polarized
light by deriving the mathematical expression.
13. Make a flow chart for analysis of plane, circular and elliptically polarized light.

Numerical Problems
1. Two coherent sources whose intensity ratio is 81 : 1 produce interference fringes.
Deduce
the ratio of maximum to minimum intensity of the fringe system.
: 16]

[Ans. 25

2. In a two-slit interference pattern obtained using wavelength of 600 nm, the zeroorder
and tenth-order maxima fall at 12.34 mm and 14.73 mm respectively. If wavelength
changed to 500 nm, deduce the positions of the zero-order and twentieth-order
fringes by
keeping other arrangements same.

[Ans. 12.34 mm and 16.32 mm]

3. The distances between the slit and the biprism and between the biprism and the
screen are
50 cm each. The obtuse angle of biprism is 179o and its refractive index is 1.5. If
the
width of the fringes is 0.0135 cm, calculate the wavelength of light.
nm]

[Ans. 589

4. In Youngs double slit experiment, on inserting a thin plate of glass in the path of
one of
the interfering beams; it is found that the central bright fringe shifts into the
position
previously occupied by 5th bright fringe. If the wavelength of light used is 600 nm
and the
refractive index of glass plate is 1.5, calculate the thickness of the plate.[Ans. 6
10-6 m]
5. White light falls normally upon a film of soapy water whose thickness is 5 10-5
cm and
refractive index is 1.33. Which wavelength in the visible region will be reflected
more
strongly?

[Ans. 532 nm]

6. In Newtons ring experiment the diameters of the nth and (n+14)th rings are 4.2
mm and
7 mm respectively. Radius of curvature of plano-convex lens is 1 m. Calculate
wavelength of light.

[Ans. 560 nm]

7. In Newtons ring arrangement the diameter of 10th dark ring changes from 1.5
cm to 1.27
cm after introducing a liquid between the Plano-convex lens and glass plate.
Calculate the
refractive index of the liquid.

[Ans. 1.395]

8. In Fraunhofer diffraction due to a narrow slit, a screen is placed 2 m away from

the lens
to obtain the pattern. If the slit width is 0.2 mm and the first minims lies 5 mm on
either

side of the central maximum find the wavelength of light.

[Ans. 500 nm]

9. Plane wave of wavelength 6 10-5 cm falls normally on a straight slit of width

0.2 mm.
Calculate the total angular width of the central diffraction maximum and also the
linear
width as observed on a screen placed 2 m away.

[Ans. 1.2 cm]

10. Light of wavelength 500 nm falls normally on a plane transmission grating

having 15000
lines in 3 cm. Find the angle of diffraction from maximum intensity in first order.
[Given:
sin1(0.25) = 14 29].

[. ]

11. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 546 nm is incident at an angle of 30 on a

plane
transmission grating which has 6000 lines/cm. Find the highest order spectrum that
can
be observed.

[. = ]

12. What should be the minimum number of lines in a grating which will just resolve
in the
second order the lines whose wavelengths are 589 nm and 589.6 nm?
~ 491]

[Ans.

13. The refractive indices of glass and water are 1.54 and 1.33. Find out in which
case the
polarizing angle will be larger for a beam incident from water to glass or that for a
beam
incident from glass to water?

[Ans. ip is larger for water to glass]

14. Two polarizing sheets are arranged in such a manner that the amount of light
transmitted
through them is maximum. What will be the percentage reduction in the intensity of
the
incident light when the analyzer is rotated through 30 ?

[Ans. 25%]

15. Two Nicol Prisms crossed to each other. Now one of them is rotated through 60o.
What
percentage of incident unpolarized light will pass through the system.
37.5%]

[Ans.

16. A quartz plate of thickness 0.85 mm is illuminated at normal incidence by green

light of
wavelength 546.1 nm. The optic axis is parallel to the surface. Find (a) the optical
paths
of two rays when they travel in plate and (b) the phase difference between two
rays.
[Given: e = 1.555 and o = 1.546]. [Ans. For E-ray: 1.32175 mm; For O-ray: 1.3141
mm and Phase Diff.: 87.97 radian]
17. Calculate the thickness of a calcite plate which would convert plane polarized
light into
circularly polarized light. The principal refractive indices are e = 1.486 and o =
1.658 at
the wavelength of light used as 589 nm.

[Ans. 8.56 10-7 cm]

Section-B Semiconductor(Theory+Numerical)
Q1. Write down the principle of the following with their electronic symbol & I-V
characteristic .
i)P-N junction diode
ii)Zener Diode
iii)Photodiode
iv)LED
Q2. What is Hall effect? Write down the applications of Hall effect.
Q.3 Write down the difference between direct & Indirect band gap Semiconductor.
Q.4What is the efficiency & fill factor of a solar cell?
Q.5 What is the difference between drift current and diffusion current?

Q.6 Write down the working of a Zener diode as a voltage regulator.

Q.7 Derive the expression for conductivity of an extrinsic semiconductor.
Q.8 Derive the expression for Hall voltage developed across a semiconductor.
Q.9 What is effective mass of an electron? Find out its expression also.
Q.10 Write down the principle & working of a Solar cell.
1. The electron mobility n = 1350 and cm2/Vs and Hole mobility p =480 cm2/Vs for
intrinsic Si. Find the resistivity of intrinsic Si. if intrinsic carrier concentration = ni =
1.5 1016/m3.

2. If a silicon specimen is doped with a donor density of ND= 3 x 10 14 atoms/cm3

and with an acceptor atom density NA = 0.5 x 10 14 atoms/cm3. Determine the
resulting conductivity for the specimen. Given that mobility for e- n = 1500
cm2/Volt-sec, mobility for hole, p = 500 cm2/Volt-sec and intrinsic carrier
concentration, ni = 1.5 x 1010 /cm3

3. Calculate the resistivity of the doped silicon. No. of silicon atoms = Ni = 4.5
1028/m3 Intrinsic carrier concentration = ni = 1.5 1016/m3. Electron mobility n =
0.135 m2/Vs Hole mobility p = 0.048 m2/Vs. (The intrinsic silicon is doped with one
pentavalent impurity atom for each 50-million silicon atoms)

4. A cylindrical piece of Silicon having diameter of 1mm is doped with 1020 /m3
atoms of Phosphorus which are fully ionized. What length of this Silicon would be
required to give a resistance of 1kohm if the electron mobility in silicon is 0.1 m2/V-s

5. Calculate the energy of the incident electron beam strikes a crystal of cadmium
sulfide (CdS) of band gap 2.45 eV. Use the velocity of the scattered electrons is of
4.4 x 105 m/s.

6. In a semiconductor it is observed that three quarter of the current is carried by

electrons and one quarter by holes. If at this temperature the drift speed of

electrons is three times that of the holes, determine the ratio of electrons to holes in
the semiconductor.

7. The band gap in germanium is E = 0.68 eV. Assuming that the number of hole
E

electron pairs is proportional to

e 2 kT

, find the percentage increase in the

number of charge carries in pure germanium as the temperature is increased from

300 K to 320 K.

8. What would be the type of the material and its carrier concentration of a
uniformly doped silicon sample with 1016 phosphorus atoms/cm3 and 1.5
1016 boron atoms/cm3. If all the dopants are fully ionized,?
9. Consider a rectangular sample, say, an n-type semiconductor, with a length L,
width W, & thickness D. A current I is passed along L, perpendicular to the crosssectional area WD. The face W X L is exposed to a magnetic field intensity B. A
voltmeter is connected across the width to read the Hall voltage V H. Show that the
Hall voltage recorded by the voltmeter is VH = IB/n.e.D.
10. Consider a 1-micron-thick strip of gold layer on an insulating substrate that is a
candidate for a Hall probe sensor. If the current through the film is maintained at
constant 100 mA, what is the magnetic field that can be recorded per micro-volt of
Hall voltage?
11. A copper slab 2.0 mm thick and 1.5 cm wide, is placed in a uniform magnetic
field of 0.4 Tesla. A 75Ampere current along one direction creates a potential
difference of 0.81 V across two transverse faces of the slab. Determine the
concentration of mobile electrons in copper.
12. Determine the required phonon energy and wavenumber to elevate an electron
from the top of the valance band to the bottom of the conduction band in an
indirect bandgap semiconductor. Assume that E g = 1.12 eV, the photons energy is
Ept = 0.92 eV, and that the top of the valance band occurs at k = 0, whereas the
bottom of the conduction band occurs at k = k a.
13. Hole mobility inn Ge at room temperature is 1900 cm2V-1s-1. Find the diffusion
coefficient.
14. An ideal Germanium diode at a temperature of 125 o C has a reverse saturation
current of 30 x 10-6 A. At a temperature of 125 oC, find the dynamic resistance for
0.2V bias in (a) the forward direction and (b) the reverse direction.

15. In an n-type semiconductor, the Fermi level lies 0.5 volt below the conduction
level. If the concentration of donor atoms is tripled what would be the new position
of Fermi level. Assume kT = 0.03 eV.
16. A solar monocrystalline solar cell has efficiency () of 25%. If maximum power
point (MPP) is found to be 0.22 watt with short-circuit current and open-circuit
voltage of 0.15 amp and 1.7 volt, respectively, what would be the fill factor of the
device? What is the input irradiance power?
17. A dye-sensitized solar cell has efficiency () of 10. Assuming the solar cell has
area of 1 cm2, find the irradiance in units of watt/m 2. Given parameters are: fill
factor (FF) = 0.9, Voc = 2 volt, current Isc = 0.2 amp.
18. In a n-type semiconductor the Fermi level lies 0.3 eV below the conduction band
at 300K, find the new position of the Fermi level at temperature is increased to 330
K.
19. The energy gap of si 1.1eV. its electron and hole mobilities at room temperature
are 0.48 and 0.013m2V-1s-1. Evaluate its conductivity.
20. An electric field of 100V/m is applied to a sample of n-type semiconductor
whose Hall co-efficient is 0.0125m 3/c. Determine the current density in the sample
assuming n=0.36m2V-1s-1.

Section-C
(RELATIVITY,LASER,OPTICALFIBER,HOLOGRAP
HY)
BASICS QUESTION
1) Define Fiber Loss
2) Mention the advantages of monomode fiber over multimode fiber.
3) What is intermodal dispersion? What is its cause?
4) What is the fundamental parameter of a single mode fiber?
5) Explain the basic principle of LASER working.
6) What is the difference in working principle of semiconductor and gas laser.
7) What is the outcome of Michelson Morley Experiment.
8) Write the postulate of special theory of Relativity
9) Explain the construction and deconstruction of holography.
10)
What is meant by population inversion.

SECTION II

SUBJECTIVE QUESTION
1) What are the different types of optical fibres and their characteristics .Derive
an expression for number of modes propagating in a graded index fibre .
2) Discuss various kinds of losses that an optical signal might suffer while
propagating through fibre. Which is most important one? What is the effect of
these losses on light power and pulse shape?
3) What is holography? Explain about any three scientific applications of
holography. Describe the construction and reconstruction of hologram.
4) Explain the construction and working of He-Ne Gas laser. Draw basic energy
level diagram for explaining transition level in it.
5) Obtain Einsteins Mass Energy Relationship and give some evidence showing
its validity.
6) On the basis of postulates of special theory of relativity, derive the standard
Lorentz transformation equations? Using Lorentz transformation equations,
prove that a moving clock appears to go slow?
7) Using the law of addition of relativistic velocities, show that in no case can
the resultant velocity of a particle be greater than c, the velocity of light in
free space.
8) Explain Einsteins mass-energy equivalence. Prove the relation E 2 = p2 c2 +
mo2c4, where p is the relativistic momentum?
9) Explain the construction and working of GM Counter.
10)
Show that the ratio of Einstein Coefficient in laser is directly
proportional to the cube of frequency.

SECTION II
SUBJECTIVE QUESTION

1) Find the intensity of laser beam of 20 mw and diameter 1.5 mm. Assume the
intensity to be uniform through the beam
2) Calculate the ratio of population of two energy states of Ruby Laser, the
transition between which is responsible for emission of photons of
wavelength 6928 A0. Assume the transition temperature to be 18 K.
3) Against input power of 120 W in a 8 km fiber, the output is 3 W. What is the
fiber loss in dB/km.
4) A 5 mW laser beam passes through a 26 km fiber of loss 0.2 dB/km. Calculate
the power at the output end.
5) The mean life of a meson is 2 x 10 -8 sec. Calculate the mean life of a meson
moving with velocity 0.8c.

6) Calculate the speed of the space shuttle if its length is 100m on earth and
99m to an observer when it is in motion.
7) Calculate the percentage contraction of a rod moving with a velocity of 0.8c
in a direction inclined to 600 to its own length.
8) Calculate the percentage contraction in the length of a rod in a frame of
reference moving with velocity 0.8c in the direction to its length.
9) Show that the circle x2+y2 in frame S appears to be an ellipse in S which is
moving with velocity v relative to S.
10)
A train, whose length is 150m when at rest, has to pass through a
tunnel of length 125m. The train is moving with uniform speed of 2.4 x 10 8
m/s towards the tunnel. Find the length of the train and that of the tunnel as
observed by an observer (i) at the tunnel (ii) at the train.
11)
How fast would a rocket have to go relative to an observer fix its length
to be contracted by 99% of its length at rest?
12)
An optical fiber has refractive index of core to be 1.5 and the relative
refractive index difference of core-cladding to be 0.01. Determine the
numerical aperture and the maximum angle of acceptance.
13)
Calculate the refractive indices of core and cladding materials of an
optical fiber if its numerical aperture is 0.22 and relative refractive index
difference is 0.012.
14)
A step index optical fiber has refractive index of cladding n 2 = 1.458
and relative refractive index = 10 %. Find its numerical and maximum
angle of acceptance.
15)
Determine the smallest radius of curvature an optical fiber may have if
its core diameter is 20 m and the refractive indices of core and cladding are
1.53 and 1.51, respectively
16)
A silica optical fiber with a core diameter large enough to be
considered by ray theory analysis has a core of refractive index of 1.50 and a
cladding of refractive index 1.47. Determine numerical aperture and the
angle of acceptance in air for the fiber
17)
circular lamina moves with its plane parallel to xy plane of a reference
frame s at rest. Assuming its motion to be along the axis of x or y, Calculate
the velocity at which its surface area would appear to be reduced to half of
an observer in S.
18)
A clock measures the proper time. With what velocity it should travel
relative to an observer so that it appears to go slow by 30 s in a day.
19)
A certain particle called meson has mean life of 2.5 x 10 -7 sec. What
is the velocity of meson if its proper life is 2.5 x 10 -8sec.?
20)
Compare the maximum angle of acceptance and light gathering power
(NA) of two fibers characterized by core and cladding indices n 1 and n2 to be
(a) n1 = 1.6, n2 = 1.5, (b) n1 = 2.1, n2 = 1. Assume that the outside medium is
air, n0 = 1.