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hw10 Solution PDF

This document contains solutions to homework problems about quantum mechanics concepts such as matrix elements of spherical harmonics, expectation values in the hydrogen atom, radial probability densities and average sizes of atomic orbitals, angular momentum measurements, the 3D harmonic oscillator, and properties of nuclear wavefunctions. The problems are solved using mathematical expressions and relations involving operators, eigenfunctions, eigenvalues, and integrals.

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168 views6 pages

hw10 Solution PDF

This document contains solutions to homework problems about quantum mechanics concepts such as matrix elements of spherical harmonics, expectation values in the hydrogen atom, radial probability densities and average sizes of atomic orbitals, angular momentum measurements, the 3D harmonic oscillator, and properties of nuclear wavefunctions. The problems are solved using mathematical expressions and relations involving operators, eigenfunctions, eigenvalues, and integrals.

Uploaded by

Jason Hua
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UIUC Physics 486: Solutions for for HW 10

December 2, 2014

Problem 1: Matrix Elements of Ylm


(a): Using the relations, Lx = 12 (L+ + L ), and Ly =

1
2i (L+

L ), we can see that

hYlm | Lx | Yl0 m0 i =

1p
1p
l(l + 1) m0 (m0 1)l,l0 m,m0 1 +
l(l + 1) m0 (m0 + 1)l,l0 m,m0 +1
2
2

hYlm | Ly | Yl0 m0 i =

ip
ip
l(l + 1) m0 (m0 1)l,l0 m,m0 1
l(l + 1) m0 (m0 + 1)l,l0 m,m0 +1
2
2

(b): Note that L2x + L2y = L2 L2z . The smallest eigenvalue of the operator L2 L2z occurs, when m = l,
and its value is l(l + 1) l2 = l. Further, the Lx and Ly are Hermitian operators having a real eigenvalue,
implying that L2x and L2y have non-negative eigenvalues. Hence, these can equal zero only when l = 0.
(c):


1

2

Yll (L+ + L ) Yll
4
1
l
= hYll | L+ L | Yll i =
4
2

2
Yll Lx Yll =

(1)
(2)

Which is equal to zero iff l = 0.

Problem 2: Hydrogen Atom Expectation values


|nlm i are orthonormal eigen functions of all the operators H, L2 and Lz . Hence, it is easy to write down
the following answers (where R is the Rydberg constant),

hHi =

R
(1 + 3/4 + 5/9)
9

.
1


2 ~2
L =
(1 (0(0 + 1)) + 3 (1(1 + 1)) + 5 (2(2 + 1))) = 4~2
9
.

hLz i = 0

Problem 3: Average Size of Atoms

PROBLEM 3 - Parts (a) and (b)


Radial probablility densities for l = 0, 1, 2
In[32]:=

P0[x_] = x * x (2 / (81 * Sqrt[3])) ^ 2 * ((27 - 18 * x + 2 * x * x) ^ 2) * Exp[- 2 * x / 3];

In[33]:=

P1[x_] = x * x ((4 / (81 * Sqrt[6])) ^ 2) * ((6 - x) ^ 2) * x * x * Exp[- 2 * x / 3];

In[34]:=

P2[x_] = x * x ((4 / 81 / Sqrt[30]) ^ 2) * (x * x * x * x * Exp[- 2 * x / 3]);

Check the Normalization


In[35]:=
Out[35]=

In[36]:=
Out[36]=

In[37]:=
Out[37]=

Integrate[P0[x], {x, 0, Infinity}]


1
Integrate[P1[x], {x, 0, Infinity}]
1
Integrate[P2[x], {x, 0, Infinity}]
1

Plot them to see the maxima


(The precise location of the global maxima are,
13.07 a for l = 0,
12 a for l = 1,
9 a for l = 2 )
In[38]:=

Plot[P0[x], {x, 0, 20}]


0.10
0.08
0.06

Out[38]=

0.04
0.02
5

In[39]:=

10

15

20

Plot[P1[x], {x, 0, 20}]


0.10
0.08
0.06

Out[39]=

0.04
0.02
5

10

15

20

Prob3_HW10.nb

In[40]:=

Plot[P2[x], {x, 0, 20}]


0.10
0.08

Out[40]=

0.06
0.04
0.02
5

10

15

20

Find the average radial distance for l = 0, 1, 2


In[42]:=

Integrate[x * P0[x], {x, 0, Infinity}]


27

Out[42]=

In[43]:=

2
Integrate[x * P1[x], {x, 0, Infinity}]
25

Out[43]=

In[44]:=

2
Integrate[x * P2[x], {x, 0, Infinity}]
21

Out[44]=

Note that the distances are measured in units of a.

P
2
3 (c): Keeping n and
m |3lm | is spherically symmetric. This guarantees the
P l fixed, 2we show that
required result that m,l |3lm | is spherically symmetric.
l = 0: Y00 is independent of and .
l = 1:
|Y11 |2 + |Y10 |2 + |Y11 |2 =

3
4

is independent of and .
l = 2:
X

|Y2m |2 =

5
4

is independent of and .

Hence proved.

Problem 4: Angular Momentum Measurement


We suppress factors of ~ during the calculation, and it can be restored in the end from dimensional analysis.

(a): In the eigenbasis of Lz , the state after the first measurement is 21 ( |1, 1i i 2 |1, 0i + |1, 1i). Hence,
a subsequent Lz measurement yields ~ with probability 0.25 and 0 with probability 0.5.
(b): We write the state after the first measurement in the eigenbasis of Lx , in which it reads
2 |Lx = 0i i |Lx = 1i). The probabilities are easily read off from the above expression.

1 (i |Lx
6

= 1i+

Problem 5: 3d Harmonic Potential


(a): (x, y, z) is an energy eigenfunction with eigenvalue 5/2~. Hence,

(x, y, z, t) = ei 2 ~t (x, y, z)
(b):
2 2

(x, y, z) = N (sin() cos() + sin() sin() + cos())re r


r
2 2
2
=N
((1 + i)Y11 + 2Y10 + (i 1)Y11 )re r
3

(3)
(4)

(c): The wavefunction is an eigenfunction of L2 with eigenvalue 1(1 + 1) = 2. Hence, L2 measurement yields
a value of 2 with probability 1.
(d): From the above wave function we can read off the probabilities as, 1/4 for l = 1, and 1/2 for l = 0.
5

(e):
r
hr, , | L+ | i = N

r
hr, , | L | i = N

2 2
2
((1 + i) 2Y10 + 2 2Y11 )re r
3

2 2
2 1
(2 2Y1 + (i 1) 2Y10 )re r
3

Problem 6: Measuring the Hydrogen atom


(a): N =

1
10

(b): Let En be the energy of the n-th level, given by 13.6/n2 eV. Then, we have E2 with probability 0.1,
E3 with probability 0.7, and E4 with probability 0.2. Hence, Average energy is (0.1E2 + 0.7E3 + 0.2E4 ).
(c): 2~2 with probability 0.4 and 6~2 with probability 0.6. Hence the average is 4~2 .
(d): ~ with prob 0.3, 0 with prob 0.5 and ~ with prob 0.2. Hence, the average is 0.1~.
(e): The average values dont depend on time, since, all operators which commute with the Hamiltonian
have their expectation values independent of time.

Problem 7: Inside the Nucleus


(a): Performing the integration, we get,

2
b
P =1 1+
e2b/a
a

(b): Let x = b/a << 1, then


P = 1 (1 + x)e2x

(5)

8
1 (1 + 2x + x2 )(1 2x + 2x2 x3 + . . .)
6
4
= x3 + O(x4 )
3
(c): (0) = a1.5 0.5 . Substituting this, we get the same result as in (b).
(d): Substituting the numerical values, we get, P 10.67 1015 .

(6)
(7)

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