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Outline: Mobile Applications How Are Mobile/wireless Environments Different? What Is WAP? WAP Architecture

The document discusses mobile applications and the wireless application protocol (WAP). It outlines how mobile environments differ from traditional wired networks in terms of mobility, connectivity, and device capabilities. It then describes WAP, including its architecture, specifications like WML and WMLScript, and how WAP addresses the needs of mobile devices and wireless networks. Finally, it lists some potential "killer" applications for WAP like location-based services, enterprise solutions, financial services, and mobile commerce.

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Emmanuel AduKissiedu
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63 views18 pages

Outline: Mobile Applications How Are Mobile/wireless Environments Different? What Is WAP? WAP Architecture

The document discusses mobile applications and the wireless application protocol (WAP). It outlines how mobile environments differ from traditional wired networks in terms of mobility, connectivity, and device capabilities. It then describes WAP, including its architecture, specifications like WML and WMLScript, and how WAP addresses the needs of mobile devices and wireless networks. Finally, it lists some potential "killer" applications for WAP like location-based services, enterprise solutions, financial services, and mobile commerce.

Uploaded by

Emmanuel AduKissiedu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Outline






Mobile applications
How are mobile/wireless environments different?
What is WAP?
WAP Architecture

Mobile Applications - 1
 Vehicles
transmission of news, road condition etc
ad-hoc network with near vehicles to prevent accidents

 Emergencies
early transmission of patient data to the hospital
ad-hoc network in case of earthquakes, cyclones
military ...

 Traveling salesmen
direct access to central customer files
consistent databases for all agents
mobile office

Mobile Applications - 2
 Web access
outdoor Internet access
intelligent travel guide with up-to-date location dependent
information

 Information services
push: stock quotes; pull: nearest cash ATM

 Disconnected operations
file-system caching for off-line work
mobile agents, e.g., shopping

 Entertainment
games, etc

Variability of the Mobile Environment

Mobility
stationary

nomadic (pedestrian speed)


mobile (vehicular speed)
roaming (mobile across networks)

Connectivity
Mobile Device Capability
form

factor

GUI
multimedia
real-time multimedia

connected

semi-connected
(asymmetric)
weakly connected
disconnected

System Support for Mobile WWW


 Enhanced browsers
client-aware support for mobility

 Proxies
Client proxy: pre-fetching, caching, off-line use
Network proxy: adaptive content transformation for connections
Client and network proxy

 Enhanced servers
server-aware support for mobility
serve the content in multiple ways, depending on client capabilities

 New protocols/languages
WAP/WML

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)


 Empowers mobile users with wireless devices to easily access and
interact with information and services.
 A standard created by wireless and Internet companies to enable
Internet access from a cellular phone
 wapforum.org:
co-founded by Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, Phone.com
450 members in 2000, comprise of Handset manufacturers, Wireless
service providers, ISPs, Software companies in the wireless industry
Goals
deliver Internet services to mobile devices
enable applications to scale across a variety of transport options and
device types
independence from wireless network standards
GSM, CDMA IS-95, TDMA IS-136, 3G systems (UMTS, W-CDMA)

WAP: Main Features


 Browser
Micro browser, similar to existing web browsers

 Markup language
Similar to HTML, adapted to mobile devices

 Script language
Similar to Javascript, adapted to mobile devices

 Gateway
Transition from wireless to wired world

 Server
Wap/Origin server, similar to existing web servers

 Protocol layers
Transport layer, security layer, session layer etc.

 Telephony application interface


Access to telephony functions

Internet Model

HTML
HTTP
TLS/SSL
TCP/IP

WAP Architecture

Web Server

WAP Gateway

WML

WML Encoder
WMLScript

WSP/WTP

WMLScript
Compiler

HTTP

CGI
Scripts
etc.

WTAI

Protocol Adapters

Content

WML Decks
with WML-Script

Client

Etc.

Source: WAP Forum

WAP Application Server

Client
WML
WMLScript
WTAI

WML Encoder

WSP/WTP

WMLScript
Compiler
Protocol Adapters

Application
Logic

Content

WML Decks
with WML-Script

WAP Application Server

Etc.

Source: WAP Forum

WAP Architecture
 Another look
Key Components

Origin/Web Server
WAP Gateway/Proxy
WAP Protocol Stack
Micro Browser
WML/WML Script
Transcoders
WTA

Source: WAP Forum

WAP: Network Elements


fixed network

Internet

HTML

wireless network
WML

HTML
filter

WAP
proxy

Binary WML

WML
HTML

web
server

HTML

filter/
WAP
proxy

WTA
server

Binary WML

Binary WML

PSTN
Binary WML: binary file format for clients

Source: Schiller

WAP Specifies
 Wireless Application Environment

WML Microbrowser
WMLScript Virtual Machine
WMLScript Standard Library
Wireless Telephony Application Interface (WTAI)
WAP content types

 Wireless Protocol Stack

Wireless Session Protocol (WSP)


Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)
Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP)
Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP)
Wireless network interface definitions

WAP Stack

MicroBrowser (WML,
WMLScript, WTA, WTAI)

Runs on top of WDP


Provided lightweight X-oriented service
Unreliable 1-way request
Reliable 1-way/2-way req./response

Lightweight SSL
Uses WIM/PKI-Cards

Datagram service on different


bearers
Convergence between bearer
services

Different Wireless Tech.

Source: WAP Forum

WAP Stack
 WAE (Wireless Application Environment):
Architecture: application model, browser, gateway, server
WML: XML-Syntax, based on card stacks, variables, ...
WTA: telephone services, such as call control, phone book etc.

 WSP (Wireless Session Protocol):


Provides HTTP 1.1 functionality
Supports session management, security, etc.

 WTP (Wireless Transaction Protocol):


Provides reliable message transfer mechanisms
Based on ideas from TCP/RPC

 WTLS (Wireless Transport Layer Security):


Provides data integrity, privacy, authentication functions
Based on ideas from TLS/SSL

 WDP (Wireless Datagram Protocol):


Provides transport layer functions
Based on ideas from UDP

Content encoding, optimized for low-bandwidth channels, simple devices

WHY WAP?
 Wireless networks and phones
have specific needs and requirements
not addressed by existing Internet technologies

 WAP
Enables any data transport
TCP/IP, UDP/IP, GUTS (IS-135/6), SMS, or USSD.
Optimizes the content and air-link protocols
Utilizes plain Web HTTP 1.1 servers
leverages existing development methodologies
utilizes standard Internet markup language technology (XML)
all WML content is accessed via HTTP 1.1 requests
WML UI components map well onto existing mobile phone user interfaces
no re-education of the end-users
leveraging market penetration of mobile devices
Several modular entities together form a fully compliant Internet entity

Why is HTTP/HTML not enough?


Big pipe - small pipe syndrome
Internet
HTTP/HTML

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>NNN Interactive</TITLE>
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh" CONTENT="1800,
URL=/index.html">
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
BACKGROUND="/images/9607/bgbar5.gif" LINK="#0A3990"
ALINK="#FF0000" VLINK="#FF0000" TEXT="000000"
ONLOAD="if(parent.frames.length!=0)top.location='ht
tp://nnn.com';">
<A NAME="#top"></A>
<TABLE WIDTH=599 BORDER="0">
<TR ALIGN=LEFT>
<TD WIDTH=117 VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT>

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE
>NNN
Intera
ctive<
/TITLE
>
<META
HTTPEQUIV=
"Refre
sh"
CONTEN
T="180
0,
URL=/i
ndex.h
tml">

Wireless network
<WML>
<CARD>
<DO TYPE="ACCEPT">
<GO URL="/submit?Name=$N"/>
</DO>
Enter name:
<INPUT TYPE="TEXT" KEY="N"/>
</CARD>
</WML>

WAP

Content encoding
010011
010011
110110
010011
011011
011101
010010
011010

Source: WAP Forum

WAP: Killer Applications


 Location-based services
Real-time traffic reporting, Event/restaurant recommendation

 Enterprise solutions
Email access, Database access, global intranet access
Information updates pushed to WAP devices

 Financial services
Banking, Bill-paying, Stock trading, Funds transfers

 Travel services
Schedules and rescheduling, Reservations

 Gaming and Entertainment


Online, real-time, multi-player games
Downloadable horoscopes, cartoons, quotes, advice

 M-Commerce
Shopping on the go
Instant comparison shopping
Location-based special offers and sales

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