Kumara, H.N., Sapthagirish, M.K., Sadananda, K.B. and Shivaprakash, A. (2010).

Preparation of biodiversity conservation plan for Mysore Forest Division.

Technical report submitted to Karnataka Forest Department, Mysore Forest
Division, Mysore, Karnataka, India.

Photos: Saptha Girish M. K.

Designing and Printing: Silotum Creations, Mysore

Preparation of Biodiversity Conservation

Plan for Mysore Forest Division

Technical Report
Submitted to
Karnataka Forest Department
Mysore Forest Division, Mysore

Honnavalli N. Kumara1, M. K. Saptha Girish2, K. B. Sadananda3

and A. Shivaprakash4

1Salim

Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty Post, Coimbatore 641108, Tamil Nadu, India
2No.

F/34, New Sayaji Rao Road, Fort Mohalla, Mysore 570004, Karnataka, India
3No.11,

4No.

478,

3rd

Temple Road, Jayalakshmi Puram, Mysore 570012, Karnataka, India

Cross Road, 8th Main Road, H Block, Ramakrishna Nagar, Mysore 570 022

ii

Contents
Acknowledgements

v
Page No

Chapters
Chapter I.

Introduction and Study area

Chapter II.

Occurrence

and

abundance

1
of

large

15

mammals in the Reserved Forests/Notified

Forests of Mysore Forest Division, threat
perceptions and mitigative measures
Chapter III.

Evaluation of vegetation and utilization of

plant

resource

in

the

23

Reserved

Forests/Notified forests of Mysore Forest

Division
Chapter IV.

Comparative study on biodiversity and

29

management aspects of few major water

bodies in Mysore Forest Division
Chapter V.

Occurrence and abundance of Avifauna in

47

the Reserved Forests/Notified Forests of

Mysore Forest Division, threat perceptions
and mitigative measures
Chapter VI.

Conclusions and conservation measures

51

iii

Page
No

Appendices
Appendix I.

Mammal status in different Reserve Forests

55

of Mysore Forest Division

Appendix II.

Checklist of plant species in different study

57

sites
Appendix III.

Comparative

checklist

of

birds

at

71

Kukkarahalli tank over different study

periods
Appendix IV.

Comparison of status of birds in Karanji,

79

Kukkarahalli and Lingambudhi tanks

Appendix V.

Checklist of birds in different study sites

85

iv

Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the support of Mr. Ravi, Conservator of Forests for
permitting us to work. We are greatful to Smt. Sashwati Mishra (DCF
Mysore Forest Division, Mysore) for initiating this work and supported us
throughout the project period and encouraged us constantly. We would
like to thank Range Forest officers Mr. Mohan Kumar (Sargur Range),
Mr. Ramesh (Mysore Rural Range), Mr. Pramod (H.D.Kote Range),
Mr. Jayashekar (Nanjangud Range), Mr. Muthegowda, Mr. T.K. Jeevan
Kumar (T.N. Pura Range) and Mr. Nagaraj (Mysore Urban Range) who
took keen interest and helped us in completing this work.
We are greatful to Sri. Keshav Murthy for helping us in administrative
work. Sri. Sasi and Sri Mahadeva Swamy, Forester for helping us in
preparation of maps. This work wouldnt have been possible without the
support of forest department personnel in the field Kemparaju, Sridhar,
Swamy, H.R. Suresh, Basavanna, Shankri, Hanumantha, Raju, Channa
Naika, Shivananjaiah, Papanna, Rachaiah, Madhashetty and Shashi. These
people sweated with us walking in the forest and sharing their knowledge
on the forest and vital information.
We thank Mr. S. Shivanna, Mr. Nagaraj and Mr. S. Somashekar of
Chamarajendra Zoological gardens Mysore for their inputs and sharing
information regarding the Karanji tank. We thank Smt. Anupama M. and
Sukhpirt Kaur for going through the report and editing the grammer
portion and helping us in improving the report.
SA personally thank S. Thejaswi, P. Guruprasad, K. Manu, D.H. Tanuja,
K. Vijayalaxmi, Mohan Kumar, Dr. Manohar, T.Girija, K.R.Kishendas,
Deapesh Misra, Rohini Mehta, A.A.Chinmayi, M.Sahana, A. Sharath,
C.S.Kulashekara, M.K.Vishwanath and many other birdwatchers for
providing valuable information.
MKSG personally thank parents Krishna Swamy. N.V and Vimala.K.Swamy
for their everlasting support through out. Wife Sukhprit Kaur and my little
daughter Aranya.S.Girish for their support through out the project period
and letting me free to work on weekends too. Old lady (Fiat car) which took
us all to field trips without any breakdowns.
Kumara, Saptha, Sadananda
And Shivaprakash
May 2010

Preparation of Biodiversity Conservation

Plan for Mysore Forest Division
Introduction
Increasing human population all over the world, especially in the tropical
countries, has caused loss of vegetation cover and potential habitats, which
in turn has affected animal distribution. Furthermore it has resulted in an
uneven and highly clumped distribution of animals (Myers et al., 2000).
Habitat loss due to human activities is the leading cause of species
extinction (Pimm and Raven, 2000). Along with habitat destruction, game
hunting and poaching of wild animals have also contributed to uneven
distribution of animals as well as increased the species extinction process.
For the past hundred years there has been an accelerated loss of wildlife,
especially of the mammalian species, in India. Awareness regarding the
effect of human interference on natural processes has led to the
development of conservation and management strategies in order to retain
and restore the remaining wildlife and their habitats. Although a few steps
have been initiated from time to time to protect wildlife, it was only in
1972, that a comprehensive act was promulgated (Wildlife Protection Act,
1972). One of the most significant outcomes of this act was the declaration
of a large number of Wildlife reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries and National
Parks (Bisht, 1995), which today is known as the Protected Area Network.
On the other hand, large forest areas have been declared as Reserved
Forests called territorial ranges where the main focus of forest
management is the production of timber, firewood and pulpwood. These
areas are generally under severe pressures from grazing, collection of
firewood etc. as they act as buffer areas to the Protected Areas. However, a
large percent of wild animals actually live in these territorial forests, and
these forests have become reservoirs for many rare and endemic
populations of plant and animal speices e.g. good population of Mysore
slender loris was recently identified in many territorial forests of Kolar,
Bengaluru and Tumakur districts (Kumara et al., 2006), Similarly large
population of lion-tailed macaque was identified in Sirsi-Honnavara and is
one of the largest population in the wild, which was recently discovered
(Kumara and Singh, 2004). We strongly believe that many species of
wildlife and forest patches can be conserved in the long run only if wildlife
1

conservation along with management component are incorporated in the

management plans of the territorial forest divisions.
During the past few decades, the primary attention in such research has
been directed towards large mammals found in the Protected Area
Network. On the other hand, many critical species such as Indian fox,
hyena, gray wolf, ratel, four-horned antelope, pangolin and many small
mammals were not paid attention and the ecological status of such species
is little known. Many of these species inhabit areas even outside the
Protected Area Network, which needs to be assessed. Such reserve forests
outside protected area and in the periphery of the protected area plays a
very important role in the dispersal of the animals, as temporary shelters
and refuge for the animals which have a larger range, permanent shelter for
many small animals and place for the reestablishment for the swelling
population of some species. Thus, it is necessary to document the role of
such forest patches along the protected areas. We assessed the occurrence
and abundance of large mammals, plant diversity and stand structure in
the reserve forests of Mysore Forest Division. The significance of this study
is also felt because the forests of Mysore forest division are the fringe
forests of Nagarhole National Park and Bandipura National Park and acts
as buffer zone to these forests.
Mysore district has many water bodies, some of them are situated in the
middle of the townships and some are in the remote areas. Many of the
tanks and their environs have attracted many bird spcieces. These include
the winter and summer migratory birds along with residential birds. The
tanks in and around the towns are facing various threats including
encroachment, land conversion for revenue purpose, recreational
developments, used as debris dumping ground and as drainage releasing
centers. These factors are affecting the bird communities of the tanks. With
this background, a study of few water bodies was also taken up. Three
water bodies including Kukkarahalli tank, Karanji tank and Lingambudhi
tank in Mysore city have been considered for the biodiversity assessment
project.

Study area
Mysore district is situated in the southern part of the Deccan peninsula in
Southern Karnataka. Geographically the district lies between 11 48-12
22 N and 76 15-77 08 E. The highest altitude in the district is about
2

1074 m msl atop Chamundi hills, and the lowest altitude marked is 634 m
msl at Talakadu. The area receives average rainfall of 700 mm. Mysore
forest division include five forest ranges which includes Mysore, Sargur, H.
D. Kote, Nanjangud and T. N. Pura (Fig. 1.1)

Figure1.1MapoftheMysoreforestdivision
showingdifferentforestranges

For the purpose of the study we selected 12 reserve forests, of them some
are bordered to protected areas. Further to find out the extent of movement
of these animals we have chosen few forest patches in the entire division
(Table 1.1 and Fig. 1.2). The selected reserve forests are Chikkadevammana
betta, Chikkanahalli (Block I and II RF), Sollepura, Malleshwara Gudda,
3

Konnanur,
Chamundi
hill,
Vadgal
Ranganathswamy
Mallikarjunaswamy Betta, Kottegal, Mullur Gudda and Varkodu.

Betta,

Figure 1.2 Reserve forests of Mysore forest

division for mammals and plants

Sollepura (Sollepura reserve forest) lies in H.D. Kote forest range and is
adjacent to Nagarahole National park (Fig. 1.3). Being adjacent to
Nagarahole one can expect high degree of wildlife movement. Forest has
mixed vegetation type from scrub to bamboo forests to dry deciduous
forests, and has quite a number of deciduous species of trees all around. As
we scale down to the fringes of the forest it is completely open scrub and
the vegetation growth is not more than 4 ft high except for some sporadic
deciduous trees, this may be due to high anthropogenic disturbances. It
was observed during our study period that most of the bamboos (Bambusa
arundinacea) had flowered and many bird parties were feeding on bamboo
seeds.
About 500 acres of land in this reserve forest has been used to relocate the
tribes from Nagarahole. Unfortunately these people are given lands in the
middle of the reserve forest instead of the periphery which appears like
settlements in the forest. Another 400 acres of land is believed to be
revenue land owned by private people and used for farming.
4

Table 1.1 Reserve forests of Mysore forest division selected for mammals and
plants.

No.

Range

Section
Hunusehalli
section
Madahalli I
and II
Madahalli I
Agasanahundi
section

Sargur

Mysore

Mysore

H.D Kote

H.D Kote

Hampapura

Nanjangud

Kavalande

Urban Area

Chamundi Hill

T. N Pura

Bannur

T. N Pura

Bannur

10

Sargur

Sargur

11

Sargur

Sargur

12

Mysore

Varakodu

Forest

Area
(ha)
955.45

Chikkadevammana Betta
(Section 4 area)
Chikkanahalli Block I RF

2019.52

Chikkanahalli Block II RF
Sollepura RF

286.26
4412.79

Malleshwara Gudda
(Cand Dland)
Konnanur
(Section 4)
Chamundi Hill
Vadgal Ranganathswamy
Betta
(Section 4)
Mallikarjunaswamy Betta
(Section 4)
Kottegal
(Proposed Section
4 area adjacent to Nugu)
Mullur Gudda
(Proposed Section 4
area adjacent to Nugu)
Varakodu

80.93
142.08
613.51
214.50

101.76
35.00

156.39

318.45

Malleshwara Gudda also comes under H.D. Kote forest range and is
surrounded by ten villages all around. Once contiguous Forests Veeranahosalli and Metikuppe were upto Malleshwara gudda as per
toposheets of survey of India 1910-1925. However, these forests now have
disintegrated, shrunk and have been isolated; presently supporting few
plants, birds and butterfly speices of once contiguous forest. Malleshwara
Gudda is 24 km from Mysore and has a small temple of Sri. Malleshwara
Swamy, hence the name Malleshwara gudda. Every Monday poojas are
organized and is attended by the people of adjacent villages. However
special poojas (Honda pooja) are conducted wherein the ceremony starts
from morning and goes on till evening on certain auspicious days. During
5

this time one can expect about 3000 people here. The forest is highly
degraded and there are very few big trees which used to occur in scrub

Figure 1.3 Study sites in H. D. Kote forest range

jungles, grass lands and lightly wooded deciduous area about five decades
back. Rampant encroachment for agriculture, cattle grazing, and
accommodating growing human population has reduced the vast thornscrub jungle to bare minimum. Most of the trees have marks of lopping and
many have been felled. The area is mostly covered by plantation of Acacia
species, Cassia species and Bamboo with many shrub species. Plants like,
Iphigenia indica, Buchnera hispida, Clerodendrum serrutum, Opilia
amentacea, have become extremely rare and very few of them are surviving
here. A thin population of Bridelia retusa, Ximenia americana (nagare),
Milius tomentosa (hesare), Lagerstroemia parviflora, Ventilago
maderasapatana, and Soyamida fabrifuga exists here.
A quarry also exists adjacent to the forest where Kainite is extracted. The
Hillock on either side of Maddur tank (Vadavinakatte) constitute the major
catchment area as tank is situated at foothill. A proposal to set up a Coal
based thermal power plant which was about to consume the entire residual
forests has been scrapped, giving a sigh of relief.

Figure 1.4 Study sites in Sargur forest range

Chikkadevammana betta (Sargur forest range) is a range of three small

hillocks adjacent to each other (Fig. 1.4). On the middle hillock there is a
temple of Chikkadevana swamy deity. The hill range is surrounded by six
villages and a large number of people from as far as Bengaluru visit this
temple on Mondays and Sundays believed to be auspicious days. People
offer a large number of fowls and sheep to the goddess in fulfillment of
their vows. The offerings are cooked behind the temple premises and the
wastes disposed nearby, there by creating nuisance. Adjacent to this forest
patch an active quarry exists wherein Kainite is extracted. Recently the
hillock where the shrine is located was ripped all along to bring up an
asphalted road and the clearance of the forest looks like its been strip
mined. However, before this, people were using the steps to reach the hill
top. Mullur Gudda is adjacent to Chikkadevammana betta and Nugu dam.
Compared to Chikadevammana betta, this forest is much degraded and is
covered with very few stunted trees. This forest is completely open scrub
with many shrub species. Kottegal is a small hillock with little undulation
and its, forest being adjacent to the back waters of Nugu dam has a good
shore line. The forest is covered with many herb and shrubs; hence the
entire forest looks like an open scrub forest.

All these three forest reserves are under constant anthropogenic pressure,
and are also subjected to frequent elephant raids. Hunting is present on the
fringes of the reserve for food especially of wildboar (looked upon as pests
as they raid crop lands and destroy crops) and Black Naped Hare. On some
occasions fox hunting is resorted to as an offering to deities.
Vadkal Ranganatha swamy betta and Mallikarjuna swamy betta (Forest
range- T Narasipura) are individual hillocks almost adjacent to each other
(Fig. 1.5). Both the hillocks have shrines atop the hill and are named after
the deities residing there.
Vadkal Ranganatha swamy betta is more prone to anthropogenic activities
as there is major granite mining in and around the hillock. The mining
areas are under revenue land and are leased for mining. However since the
mining activity is active and lay's within the hillock it causes a major threat
to the flora and fauna of the area. In case of Mallikarjuna swamy betta
there are no such activities. The vegetation of both the hillocks is quite
similar with open scrub forest having stunted trees.

Figure 1.5 Study sites in T. Narasipura forest range

Konnanur (Forest range Nanjangud) comprises a hillock and a large area

of undulating plains (Fig. 1.6). The vast area in the plains is covered by
grass and appears to be good grassland, however these are interspersed
with Nilgiri plantations. The hillock is mostly open scrub jungle and
stunted trees with rock formation of grey granite in some areas.
8

Figure 1.6 Study sites in Nanjangud forest range

Chickkanahalli B-I and Chickkanahalli B-I forests (Forest range- Mysore)

are typical open scrub forests, where Chickkanahalli B-I is mostly plains
with little undulation (Fig. 1.7). A plot of 90 acres is covered by Acacia
plantation. However, in case of Chickkanahalli B-II areas there are two
hillocks which are covered mostly by Agave americana, Capparis sepiaria
and Carissa species. Most of the trees here have stunted growth due to
regular and incessant lopping.
Chamundi Hill Reserve Forest (121534"12175"N 763963"
764202"E) comprises an isolated range of hillock, popularly known as
Chamundi Hills, with a periphery of c. 11 km, situated on the south-east of
Mysore city. The hillocks range in altitude from 861944 msl, surrounding
a plateau that is 1,0241,057 m high. These are igneous rocks, of pink and
gray granite, formed due to recent volcanic activity (0.8 billion years old),
and are considered young when compared to the 2.3 billion years old
peninsular Gneissic rocks of neighbouring SargurKabbal durga. Gravelly
red soil, rich in silica content, a rocky surface and, scanty precipitation of
762 mm (Kamath, 1988) support a tropical deciduous thorn-scrub type of
vegetation in Chamundi Hills Reserve Forest. Being an overpowering
geographical feature of the landscape, Chamundi Hills influence on the
9

ecology of the region plays a crucial role in the microclimate of Mysore. The
Karnataka state forest department protects the reserve forest (Misra et al.,
2007).

Figure 1.7 Study sites in Mysore forest range

Atop Chamundi Hill are many Hindu temples, including the famous
Chamundeshwari temple dating back to 400 A.D. A settlement of 145
houses and 124 tourist-related shops surround the temple. About 10,000
pilgrims visit the temple daily, peaking to 30,000 a day during the Dasara
(Navarathri festival) holidays. The trees here are armed with thorns,
stunted and slow growing. Vast areas are covered with bushes of
Pterolobium hexapetalum, Toddalia asiatica, Rhus mysorensis, and
Ziziphus oenoplia forming impenetrable undergrowth. Nine different
micro-climatic regions of floristic importance with some species specificity
are recorded here (Sadananda and Sampathkumara in prep.). These
include, plants of the plains (Syzygium cumini, Tamarindus indica), foot
hills (Cochlospermum religiosum, Boswellia glabra, Commiphora
caudata), slopes (Shorea talura, Garuga pinnata), plateau (Gmelina
arborea, Pterocarpus marsupium, Santalum album), valleys (Mangifera
indica, S. talura), hill-tops (Diospyros montana, Holarrhena pubescens),
ponds or pools (Hygrophila schulli, Limnophila indica), tanks
(Aponogeton natans, Centella asiatica, Eclipta alba, Bacopa monnieri,
10

Utricularia spp.) and significant evergreen scrub at higher elevations

(Canthium dicoccum, Plecospermum spinosum) ( Rao and Razi, 1981).
In the forest, leaf fall begins with the arrival of summer. Herbs, shrubs and
grasses dry up, converting the entire hill into a dry twigs and thorns
country except for pockets of evergreen scrub, exposing many difficult-tosee (like White-throated Ground Thrush), winter migrants (like Indian
Blue Robin, Blue Rockthrush, Blue capped Rockthrush, Pied Thrush) and
breeding birds (like Bonnellis Eagle, Franklins Warbler). Mid-summer and
pre-monsoon showers settle the dust. The entire area turns verdant with
different shades of green by the end of the monsoon period. Retreating
monsoon ensures greenery till the beginning of winter. The vegetation cycle
is the main source for bird diversity. It is noteworthy that 11% of the 1,225
bird species reported from India (Islam and Rahmani, 2005) are found in
Chamundi Hill Reserve Forest.
Globally-threatened and critically endangered Indian White-backed
Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) (BirdLife International, 2001a) was sighted
only once in the last four years. Two or three of them used to feed at
garbage dumps in foothills of Chamundi Hills along with Egyptian Vultures
(Neophron percnopterus). Sadly this is history now. Globally-threatened
and vulnerable Yellow-throated Bulbul (Pycnonotus xantholaemus)
(BirdLife International, 2001c), an endemic of southern peninsular India,
used to be active in valleys and on slopes (Thejaswi, 2005), mostly in
boulder-strewn vegetation. It is now altogether missing since August 2003.
Globally-threatened and vulnerable Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni
(BirdLife International 2001b) is a rare winter visitor, sighted in the very
low gradient slopes of the foothills joining the main land where large
patches of grass are present. The presence of harrier (Circus sp.) roosts,
occurrence of Amur Falcon (F. amurensis) and Lesser Kestrel was recorded
(Thejaswi et al., 2005) within 23 km from Chamundi Hill. Now only
Lesser Kestrel frequents the Chamundi Hills slope zone.
Many stone quarries and brick kilns operating in the last decade are now
almost completely closed as the forest department erected a chain link
fence around the reserve forest during 19982003, under the aegis of the
Indo-Norwegian Chamundi Hill Conservation and Management Project.
Several check-dams have been constructed all over the hilly area
augmenting the water table. Plantations of many local varieties of plants
11

have come up. Further, the ever-expanding suburbs of Mysore are

engulfing the buffer zone and foothills rapidly. The township atop
Chamundi Hill is also expanding. Increased population pressure around
the hill and atop is affecting the forest in many waysforest fires, grazing,
collection of flowers, medicinal plants and firewood are some of the
problems that need to be contained immediately. The omnipresent
problem of garbage, food leftover by tourists or pilgrims, augments trash
generated by the township, creating unhealthy conditions. In addition,
garbage contractors of Mysore City Corporation spread the garbage
haphazardly over the foothills, in spite of an existing solid waste
reclamation plant. All these become unwelcome feeding grounds for mynas
(Sturnidae), crows (Corvidae), ibises (Threskiornithidae) and vultures
(Accipitridae), which frequent the hill for feeding.
A proposal to install a ropeway to the hill has invoked public outrageas it
disturbs the zonal bio-diversity and destroys natural beauty. The proposed
ropeway passes through once inhabited Yellow-throated Bulbul habitat.
Environmental engineering students of Sri Jayachamarajendra College of
Engineering, Mysore, and NGOs like Mysore Amateur Naturalists, Centre
for Appropriate Rural Technology and, Mysore Science Forum, along with
many concerned citizens of Mysore have taken up the issue, insisting on an
environmental impact assessment by a competent and independent body,
before the implementation of the project.

References
BirdLife International. (2001 a). White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis. In:
Threatened Birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book.1:
588613. Collar, N. J., Andreev, A. V., Chan, S., Crosby, M.
J.,Subramanya, S. and Tobias, J. A. (eds.). Cambridge, UK: BirdLife
International.
BirdLife International. (2001 b). Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni. In: Threatened
Birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. 1: 759771.
Collar, N. J., Andreev, A. V., Chan, S., Crosby, M. J.,Subramanya, S. and
Tobias, J. A. (eds.). Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International.
BirdLife
International.
(2001c).
Yellow-throated
Bulbul
Pycnonotus
xantholaemus. In: Threatened Birds of Asia: the BirdLife International
Red Data Book. 2: 19691973. Collar, N. J., Andreev, A. V., Chan, S.,
Crosby, M. J., Subramanya, S. and Tobias, J. A. (eds.). Cambridge, UK:
BirdLife International.
Bisht, R.S. (1995). National Parks of India. Publication Division, Ministry of
Information and broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi.
Islam, Z.U. and Rahmani, A. R. (2004). Important Bird Areas in India. Priority
sites for conservation. 1st ed. Mumbai: Indian BirdConservation
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Network: Bombay Natural History Society and BirdLife International

(UK).
Kamath, S. U. (ed.). (1988). Karnataka state gazetteer, Mysore district.
Bangalore: Government press.
Kumara, H.N. and Singh, M. (2004). Distribution and abundance of primates in
rainforests of the Western Ghats, Karnataka, India and the conservation
of Macaca silenus. International Journal of Primatology 25: 1001-1018.
Kumara, H.N., Singh, M. and Kumar, S. (2006). Distribution, habitat correlates
and conservation of slender loris Loris lydekkerianus in Karnataka,
India. International Journal of Primatology, 27:941-969.
Mishra, D., Shivaprakash, A. and Sadananda, K. B. (2007). Birds of Chamundi
Hills Reserve Forest, Mysore, Karnataka. Indian Birds 3 (3): 8286.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B and Kent, J
(2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature,
403:853-858.
Pimm, S. and Raven, P (2000). Extinction by numbers. Nature, 403: 843-845.
Rao, R. R. and Razi, B. A. (1981). A synoptic flora of Mysore district. New Delhi:
Today and Tomorrows Printers and Publishers.
Sadananda, K. B. and Sampathkumara, K. K. (Book under prep.). Biodiversity of
Chamundi Hills Reserve Forest.
Shivanand, T. and Shivaprakash, A. (2004). Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea
winters at Chamundi Hill and Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary, Mysore,
South India. Newsletter for Ornithologists 1 (4): 5456.
Thejaswi, S. (2005). New sites for the globally threatened Yellow-throated Bulbul
Pycnonotus xantholaemus (Jerdon) in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu,
southern India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 101 (3):
458461
Thejaswi, S., Sastry, S., Shivaprakash, A. and Kumar, M. M. (2005). Occurrence of
Amur Falcon Falco amurensis Radde and Lesser Kestrel Falco
naumanni Fleischer in Mysore, Karnataka. Journal of Bombay Natural
History Society, 101 (3): 451452.

13

14

Occurrence and abundance of large

mammals in the Reserved Forests / Notified
Forests of Mysore Forest Division, threat
perceptions and mitigative measures
Honnavalli N. Kumara and M. K. Saptha Girish

Methods
The forest patches are adjacent to the protected areas yet they are being
exposed to high human activities. Thus we expected the abundance of
many species to be low, hence we used multiple methods to find out the
existence of mammal species, which included exploration, block counts and
questionnaire method. We attempted the block count method in some of
the study sites, but the quantity of data was negligible and the method was
dropped.
The entire region was searched on foot randomly for both direct sightings
of animals and their secondary signs during exploration. This information
provided the occurrence of species in each forest patch. We also interacted
with the local people and with highly experienced person from the forest
department for each study site to find out the presence of various species
and frequency of sightings during their patrolling in the forests. This gave
us a fair amount of information on the presence and relative frequency of
sightings of species in each study site.

Results and Discussion

Status of Reserve Forests
All the study sites are facing high exploitation by local people for timber,
fuel wood, stones (granite), soil and plants as medicine, which has resulted
in forests being reduced to scrub with few trees. Nevertheless some of the
study sites which are closer to the protected areas have relatively good
forest with medium canopy. On the other hand places like Chamundi hill
which had less vegetation in the recent past, has become one of the richest
in tree diversity in Mysore forest division due to the afforestation
programme and good protection provided by the department over the last
15

few decades. Malleshwara gudda has a temple at the top and due to the
demand by local people a road was created. This has done enough damage
to the vegetation, and the hill now looks almost barren. Grazing by
livestock was observed in all the reserves with large herd size. Probably this
has caused depletion of vegetation for wild ungulates and further hunting
has also probably led to the loss of herbivore species in many of these
reserves.

Status of mammals
Primates: The expected primates in Mysore forest division are Hanuman
langur and bonnet macaque (Kumara et al., 2010). However Hanuman
langur was not recorded from any of the forests, where as bonnet macaque
was recorded from six study sites (Table 2.1). Among all the reserves,
Chamundi hill has good population of bonnet macaques with a population
size of about 250 individuals in eight groups (Singh and Rao, 2004).
Everyday the hill is visited by thousands of people, and usually they provide
ample food to monkeys and probably this has influenced the high group
size of bonnet macaques as well as good population size. These two species
being considered common species do not have any special legal protection,
and are also ignored in monitoring of the populations. However, recent
study reveals that in most of their range the populations of both the species
are in sharp decline (Kumara et al., 2010). Thus these species cannot be
ignored in the management and protection of the forests.
Carnivores: Among the large carnivore species we were able to find the
information on tiger and leopard, where as wolves have almost disappeared
from the district (Singh and Kumara, 2006). The forests of Sollepura are
adjoining to Nagarahole forest, which is a protected area. As the forests are
continuous between Sollepura and Nagarahole, frequent animal movement
may be expected, and the reserve forest can act as buffer zone or marginal
area. The Nagarhole forests harbour high density of prey and predator
species, hence the presence of many such species was observed in
Sollepura. Interviews revealed few sightings of tiger with three cubs in the
study site in the last year. During our field study we have recorded about
eleven tiger scats with cattle hair in it. Six leopard scats and fresh pug
marks were also recorded. This reflects their frequent movement in the
entire forest. Though the tiger is not found in other reserve forests,
evidence for the occurrence of leopard was recorded in all reserves except
Mallikarjuna Swamy Betta.
16

Leopard can survive preying on medium sized domestic livestock, small

mammals, birds, dogs etc. and therefore this has been perceived as conflict
(Athreya et al., 2007). Leopard and human conflict is increasing in many
states, however the reasons for conflict varies from area to area, such as
loss of forest, depletion in the prey base and increased population size
(Athreya et al., 2007). In 2009 a leopard with two cubs were reported from
Malleshwara gudda. Recently two litters were handed over to the Forest
department from near by villages of Chammundi hill. Though there are no
attempts made to understand the leopard in human dominated landscape
of the Mysore forest division, it appears that some dynamics changes are
happening in the source population in Bandipur and Nagarahole which
may be playing a role in the movement of leopards even outside the park.
In the near future the conflict level might also increase, in which case it is
necessary to understand leopard movement even out side the protected
area. Wild dogs are social living carnivores and they are typical forest
dwelling animal. We have recorded them at Sollepura reserve forest, which
further strengthens the value of the reserve forests. The Indian fox though
a very small bodied animal is not considered a small carnivore. The fox has
been regarded as a generalist species and is known to have wider
distribution in the country. However, the habitat it chooses is very specific,
and it lives in burrows. We have recorded the fox from the forests of
Chikkanahalli, Sollepura and Varakodu. Sloth bears also ocurs in Sollepura
and Chikkadevammana betta.
Small carnivores: A total of six small carnivore species were recorded
during the present study and these include jungle cat, leopard cat, rusty
spotted cat, small Indian civet, Asian palm civet and common mongoose
(Table 2.1). Among them only leopard cat is not specialised enough to
survive in all the forest types, whereas all other species were reported from
diverse habitats ranging from dry scrub forests to evergreen forests in the
state (Kumara and Singh, 2007). The evidence for the leopard cat was
from Sollepura reserve forest. Karnataka had very few sight records of rusty
spotted cats, and recently Kumara and Singh (2007) reported few sightings
from Nugu, Bandipur, Sira of Tumkur district and Chamundi hills. The
present record is an additional record for the species for the state. All these
sightings reveal that rusty spotted cats has larger range of distribution and
capability to adapt and survive in the human dominated landscape.
However, it is necessary to map all the sight records and to undertake
further investigation on the species. Although jungle cats are common and
17

do occur in small forest pockets throughout the country, but are rare to
sight. As their population is not monitored and extensive hunting by local
people for consumption, the status of this species is not properly
understood. Our sighting of jungle cat with three kittens at Kaggalipura
close to the Mallikarjun Swamy Betta is one of the rare sight records, and
this indicates the existence of a breeding population in this landscape.
Large herbivores: Herbivore species require large quantity of grass and
browsing areas to establish a good population. Due to high degradation of
forest and increased livestock grazing they are probably driven away from
the forests, further local hunting has eliminated them from many of the
reserves. As Sollepura reserve is continuous with the protected area many
herbivores are still reported viz. muntjac, sambar, chital and four-horned
antelope. Nevertheless, chitals could do in some of the reserves including
Chikkadevammana Betta, Vadgal Ranganathaswamy Betta, Chikkanahalli
and Varakodu, but the recorded herd size was small (<8 animals). Three
decades ago, four-horned antelopes were known to occur in many of the
reserve forests including Chikkanahalli (Mewa Singh, personal comm.),
however they have disappeared from all these forests. This raises the
crucial question of how long this small population of herbivores will survive
in these forests. We recorded few pellet groups of four-horned antelopes in
Sollepura which shows some promise for this species in Nagarahole. Wild
pigs were recorded from all the reserves, and are also known for crop
raiding in the adjacent croplands. In Karnataka, blackbucks are reported
to live in small and isolated populations except the good population in
Mydanahalli in Tumkur district and Ranebennur in Haveri districts (Singh
and Kumara, 2006). However, they have dissapeared from many parts of
the state. The presence of a small population of about 30 to 40 individuals
in three to four herds occuring in Konnanur is of great importance. They
live in open scrub forests and plains. If their habitat is protected, they may
survive in the future.
Elephants in the Nilgiri plateau constitiute one of the largest populations in
the world. The Mysore forest division borders the protected areas of Nilgiri
Biosphere, and elephants have been known to move out of the forest to raid
crops. While indulging in these activites they often take shelter in closer
reserve forests. Over the last decade the rate of crop raiding by elephants
has been observed to increase by several folds. During the present study,
we encountered elephants in Sollepuara, Chikkadevammana Betta and
18

Chikanahalli reserve forests. The herd size was usually large and we sighted
up to 43 animals in one instance. Three herds of elephants were sighted in
Sollepuara. Local people and the department personnel informed that, the
herd size was at times more than 100 individuals. This has been discussed
in detail in the chapter exclusively on elephants.
Other mammals: Porcupine was recorded from five reserve forests, where
as pangolin was recorded from only two forests. Both the species are
burrowing nocturnal creatures and are wide spread in the state. Porcupines
are relatively common compared to the pangolin, however very few forests
have good population of the porcupine. A good number of porcupine
droppings in Mallikarjuna swamy betta the presence of a promising
population. Porcupine is severely hunted in all its range. Black naped hare
is one of the most common species found in all the forests, which may be
prey base for many small carnivore species and occasionally for large
carnivore species like leopard and jackals.

Figure 2.1 Map showing the Mysore forest division

with study sites and nearest protected areas

A few hypotheses can be formed about species richness at the landscape

level. One is that the generalist species will have uniform distribution
across all forest reserves, and hence species rich ness does not differ
between the forest reserves. The other hypothesis would be that,
19

irrespective of the species composition, the species richness is directly

related to the nearest source population (Protected Areas). To test this, the
closest distance of each reserve to the nearest protected area was measured
(Fig. 2.1). Species richness was studied in relation to the data on distance
from the nearest protected area.
We tested the distance of each study site and its species richness. Pearson
correlation (2-tailed) shows decline in mammal species richness as the
distance of the reserve forests increases from the protected area (r = -.713,
df =10, p = 0.01) (Fig. 2.2).

Figure 2.2 Relation of mammal species richness

and distance from the protected areas

Conclusions
The tendencies of people to think that if a species is often seen near human
habitation and has a wide range of distribution. It is typical to regard the
species as common and not to consider it as priority in conservation acts.
Unfortunately this leads to the populations of such species not being
monitored, and even their occurrence in all the forest patches is omitted to
be recorded. Recently Kumara et al. (2010) have demonstrated change in
population of the so called least concerned species and reported a sharp
decline in population size of Hanuman langur and Bonnet macaques in the
state. Tigers once common have become very rare and this has led to take
extensive steps to manage and protect them. With this lesson it is not
20

necessary to wait until the so called least concerned species becoming a

crictally endangered one. Hence, the common species should remain as
common in nature. It is necessary to take further steps to initiate the
further documentation of all the species, including the ones regarded as
common or least concern, and need to develop an appropriate management
plan.

References
Athreya, V.R., Thakur, S.S., Chaudhuri, S. and Belsare, A. (2007). Leopards in
human-dominated areas: a spillover from sustained translocations into
nearby forests. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 104: 45-50.
Kumara, H.N. and Singh, M. (2007). Small carnivores of Karnataka: Distribution
and sight records. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 104:155162.
Kumara, H.N., Kumar, S. and Singh, M. (2010). Of how much concern are the least
concern species? Distribution and conservation status of bonnet
macaques, rhesus macaques and Hanuman langurs in Karnataka, India.
Primate, 51: 37-42.
Singh, M. and Kumara, H.N. (2006). Distribution, status and conservation of
Indian gray wolf Canis lupus pallipes in Karnataka, India. Journal of
Zoology, 270:164-169.
Singh, M. and Rao, N. (2004). Population dynamics and conservation of
commensal bonnet macaques. International Journal of Primatology, 25:
847-859.

21

22

Elephant herd

Indirect evidences of mammals in study area.

a. Pellets of black buck at Konnanur R.F., b. Droppings of Porcupine., c.
Leopard pug mark., d. Tiger dropping at Sollepura., e. Wild dog droppings.,
f. Leopard droppings.

B.S. Dinesh

a. Jungle cat with kittens., b. Bonnet macaque., c. Common mongoose.,

d. Wild boar., e.&f. Forest department people scaring away elephants at
Chikkadevammana betta.

Evaluation of vegetation and utilization of

plant resource in the Reserved Forests /
Notified forests of Mysore Forest Division
K. B. Sadananda, A. Shivaprakash, M. K. Saptha Girish and
Honnavalli N. Kumara

Methods
We have used quadrates to assess the density of plant species and trail walk
was used to prepare the checklist of the species for each forest reserve.
Eight plots of the size 25 m 25 m were put in each reserve forests, and
within each plot all the tree with stems having > 20 cm girth (girth at
breast height) were considered for assessment. We recorded the species
name and girth of all the stems. We calculated the density of trees in each
forest. We walked on selected trails, covering all the habitat mosaic of the
forest and listed the plant species. Plants were classified as trees, shrubs,
herbs and climbers. This gave species richness for each forest.

Results
The diversity of plant species in different study sites are summarized in
Table 3.1, Appendix I. Plant diversity differed significantly between the
study sites (t = 6.462, df = 9, p = 0.001). Chamundi hill shows the highest
plant species, followed by Sollepura, Vadkal Ranganatha Swamy betta and
Chikkanhalli. The other study sites had very less species diversity.
Compared to tree species, the herb diversity is more in all the study sites
except Malleshwara Gudda where the tree diversity is more than the herb
diversity. The diversity of shrubs (t = 10.583, df = 9, p = 0.001), herbs (t =
5.023, df = 9, p =0.001) and climbers (t = 7.022, df = 9, p = 0.001) differed
significantly between the forest reserves.
We analysed the relationship of plant species diversity with the nearest
distance to the protected areas (Fig. 3.1). Pearson correlation (2-tailed)
shows that the plant diversity and distance from the protected area are not
related (r = 0.279, df. = 10, p = 0.436).

23

Table 3.1 Plant diversity in different forest reserves of Mysore

forest division
Study site

Sollepura
Malleshwara Gudda
Kottegal
Mullur Gudda
Chikkadevammna
betta
Vadkal Ranganatha
Swamy betta
Mallikarjuna
Swamy betta
Konnanur
Chikkanahalli
Chammundi hill

Diversity
trees

Diversity
shrubs

Diversity
herbs

Diversity
of climbers

Total
species

95
57
50
64

46
24
32
32

179
29
89
98

39
15
25
23

359
125
196
217

75

39

118

27

259

95

38

169

33

335

43

23

70

12

148

41
101
129

20
39
52

75
152
320

17
38
53

153
330
554

Figure 3.1 Relation of plant species diversity in different Reserve

Forests which are at different distance from protected area

Similarly tree diversity (r = 0.282, df = 10, p = 0.430), herb diversity (r =

0.324, df = 10, p = 0.361) and climber diversity (r = 0.149, df = 10, p =
24

0.681) in different reserve forests did not show any relation with the
distance of protected area, except shrub species (Fig. 3.2). Shrub species
diversity decreased as the distance from the protected area increased (r = 0.01, df = 10, p = .973).

a.

b.

c.

d.

Figure 3.2 Relation of species diversity in different reserve forests

which are at different distance from protected area.
a. trees species, b. shrub species, c. herb species, d. Climber species

Tree density and species richness in the sample plots show that Chamundi
hill, Sollepura and Malleshwara Gudda have a much higher density and
richness than the other reserve forests (Table 3.2). Surprisingly correlation
analysis shows that the tree density (r = 0.230, df. = 10, p = 0.523) and
species diversity (r = -0.026, df. = 10, p = .943) is not related to the
distance of the reserve forests from protected area (Fig. 3.3). However, the
25

relation of species diversity is negatively related to the distance from

protected area.
Table 3.2. Density of tress in different study sites of Mysore forest division

Study sites
Sollepura
Malleshwara Gudda
Kottegal
Mullur Gudda
Chikkadevammana
betta
Vadkal Ranganatha
Swamy betta
Mallikarjuna Swamy
betta
Konnanur
Chikkanahalli
Chammundi hill

No. of
plots

No. of
tree
species

No. of
trees > 20
cm

08
08
08
08

32
36
02
12

95
143
04
32

Tree
density
(trees
/ha)
190
286
8
64

08

23

89

178

08

07

20

40

08

07

27

54

08
08
08

20
16
32

45
39
234

90
78
468

Figure 3.3 Tree density and species diversity in sampling plots in

different reserve forests

In general fire wood collection was rampant in most of the study sites, and
grazing pressure was quite high except Chamundi hill where the fire wood
collection was minimal and restricted to marginal areas. Hunting has been
in practice in many of the study sites mainly for wild pigs and black naped
hare, however, in some of the forests where chitals are present they have
also been targeted for hunting.
26

Discussion
The general vegetation in ten selected study sites in Mysore forest division
varied from scrub forests to dry deciduous forests, with a more or less
grassy savannah (Konnannur gudda in Nanjangud forest range). All the
sites were degraded with a low percentage of tree species, except Sollepura,
Chamundi hill and Chikkanahalli forests where still fairly decent tree
vegetation is left. The species of plants in all the study sites indicates that
these forests were earlier contiguous with that of Bandipur and
Nagarahole. However, some of the plant species are of the drier forests of
the Deccan Plateau and Eastern Ghats.
Unscrupulous cutting down of trees for fire wood or timber collection and
cattle grazing have not only opened up the forest but also resulted in the
drastic decrease of the native plant species. The areas are occupied by
invasive aggressive species like lantana (Lantana camara), chromolaena
(Chromolaena odorata), parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) etc.
which because of their allelopathic character have suppressed the local
species
Diversity of species highly varied between the study sites. Further we
expected the influence of nearby protected areas on species diversity and
tree density. The assumption was that the reserve forests being closer to
the protected area will have higher diversity and density. However, the
findings show that the picture is very opposite to this and the distance of
reserve forest from protected area are not related. Further some of the
plant species, especially species like Bombax ceiba, Gardenia latifolia,
Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, Miliusa velutina, Madhuca
indica (var. latifolia), Gmelina arborea, Premna tomentosa, Naringi
crenulata, Plecosermum spinosum, Stereospermum colais etc. seem to be
relic species of an earlier healthy forest, which has now become degraded.
The probable reason could be the exposure of each study sites for
anthropogenic pressure and the management of each study sites was
different. In the past, Chamundi hill had less vegetation and it was highly
exploited. However the vegetation has recovered due to the steps taken to
protect the hill by forest department, and good afforestation program.
We suggest afforestation measures either by planting saplings of plant
species (in the first phase) which can withstand drought conditions or by
broadcasting of seeds. The seeds could be Ficus benghalensis, Ficus
27

pubescens, Chloroxylon swietenia, Boswellia glabra, Zizyphus Sp.,

Tamarindus indica, Capparis sp., Dolichandrone crispa, Cassia fistula,
Butea monosperma, Azadirachta indica, Annona squamosa, Acacia
species, Gardenia gummifera, Diospyros Montana, Euphorbia
antiquorum, Feronia elephantum, Aegle marmelos etc. In some areas like
Konnanur gudda which is generally grassy savanaah with some shade trees
and known to harbour a small population of blackbuck, and Chikkanahalli,
Mullur gudda, Malleshwara gudda maintaing the grass with minimal
planting of shade trees if necessary and improving on availability of water
would be desirable. In fact giving adequate protection by way of stopping
illegal grazing and entry into these forests for collection of firewood it self
would help in the regeneration of native/local species (Chamundi hill is an
example).

28

A. Shivaprakash

A. Shivaprakash

a. Bamboo flowering., b. Ground orchid Habenaria plantagenea is

common in slopes of chamundi, Madapura, and Malleswaragudda
c. Open scrub jungle., d. Osbeckia zeylanica., e. Vegetation sampling.,
f. Grassland at Konnanur reserve forest.

Anthropogenic activities: a. Kainite extraction near Malleshwaragudda.,

b. Clearing of grass bed at Nugu back waters., c. Chikkadevammana betta
striped to form new asphalted road., d. Grazing and firewood collection.,
e.&f. Felling of trees.

Comparative study on biodiversity and

management aspects of few major
waterbodies in Mysore Forest Division
M. K. Saptha Girish, A. Shivaprakash and Honnavalli N. Kumara

Introduction
Wetlands are among the world's most important, but most threatened,
environmental resources. The need for their wise use and conservation
stems from the recognition of the high value goods and services which
these ecosystems provide to society. Historically, the pattern has been one
of progressive wetland loss, especially in the developed world where a wide
range of other land uses compete for wetland area. The largest threats
today, however, are in the developing world where uncoupling of the
traditional linkages between human communities and ecosystem
functioning are likely to result in irretrievable losses.
Wetlands are fragile ecosystems and any minor change in their biotic or
abiotic constituents will have adverse effect on its flora and fauna (Gibbs,
2000; Ramachandra and Rajashekara, 2000), and it is estimated that 50%
of global wetlands have been lost in the last century (IUCN, 1999), the
major reasons being urbanization, drainage, agriculture and water system
regularization. In developing countries developmental activities is more
concentrated in urban and their adjacent areas including agriculture and
more natural vegetated areas (McGranahan and Satterthwaite, 2003). One
of the major forces for biodiversity loss and biological homogenization in
developing countries is alarming rate of urbanization (Pauchard et al.,
2006).
Lakes and tanks in urban regions are regarded as ecological security zones
and true indicators of sustainable urban development which support a wide
range of urban flora and fauna. In India lakes and tanks were not just water
bodies but also had cultural heritage and were regarded as major water
source for drinking and irrigation purposes. South India was considered to
be rich in tanks with the Cholas, Hoysalas and Vijayanagar kings giving
importance to irrigation and help constructing several tanks for various
purposes.
29

India has an estimated wetland cover of 58.2 million hectares (Prasad et

al., 2002) which supports up to 20% of the known biodiversity (Deepa and
Ramachandra, 1999). Healthy wetlands are essential in India for continued
existence of Indias diverse populations of animal and plant species of
which large number of endemic species is wetland dependent and such
thousands of wetlands are biologically important, yet only 25 wetlands are
protected under the Ramsar Convention" (Wetlands of India, 2009) and
466 are designated as Important Bird Areas (IBA) under Indian Bird
Conservation Network (IBCN, 2009). The state of Karnataka has about 682
water bodies, and none of them are protected under Ramsar, while 36 have
been designated as IBA by IBCN (IBCN, 2009), which includes
Kukkarahalli Tank, Karanji tank and Lingambudhi tank of Mysore city.

Kukkarahalli Tank
Kukkarahalli tank is situated in the heart of Mysore city and has a long
history; The study area lies between 1218' N and 78 38' E; 760 m MSL,
Mysore (Fig. 4.1). The tank has a water spread area of ~0.3925 km2 (17 ha)
and has a volume of 4, 20,000 m3; maximum depth of the tank is about 8
m with an average depth of 6 m (Table 4.1). The western side of the tank
has a horticulture seed centre, Academic Staff College and also an
abandoned coffee garden. The northern end of the tank is marked by the
marshy stretch, which is overgrown with water hyacinth (Eichornia
crassipes) and other grass species (e.g. Typha species). Large plantations
of teak (Tectona grandis), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis) and acacia
species, which are interspersed with bamboo (Bambusa arundinasia),
Lantana (Lantana camaera) and many shrub/weed species (e.g.,
Parthenium hysterophoerus, Euphorbia species) marks the well wooded
eastern side of the tank. A boat jetty is also situated on the eastern side of
the tank, which is used by fishermen. Nine species of fishes are harvested
from the tank; the major varieties include Catla catla, Cyprinus carpia,
Labeo rohito and Cirrhina mrigal. The fishermen employ the dragnet
method for fishing and the amount of fish harvested from the tank varies
seasonally, with greater harvests of up to 500 kg/day being reported during
the summers when there is a general decline in the water level of the tank.
The southern side of the tank is marked by a jogging track on the slope and
a boat jetty. The tank also has a small island, which has a number of acacia
trees that provide ideal roosting, nesting and breeding sites for many birds.
The alkaline guano of birds, which falls on the island, does not allow any

30

undergrowth. This has resulted in erosion and breaching of the island at

certain points.
History and Features of Kukkarahalli Tank: Dewan Poornaiah built
Kukkarahalli tank in 1864, to meet the drinking water demand of the
Mysore City and the tank came under the custody of the University of
Mysore in 1960. The tank had a catchment area of ~4.5 km2 with a 22 km
long contour canal. Expansion of the city led to destruction of all feeder
canals leading to the tank, as they became dumping grounds for building
debris and other domestic wastes in the region. Instead of fresh water,
sewage from residential layouts which came up in the catchment area, has
become the main source of inflow into the tank. Increasing influx of sewage
caused rampant growth of water hyacinth. The weed clearance was done in
1980, and a bund was constructed as a barrier which avoided direct inflow
of sewage and trapped the suspended solids which has resulted in a marshy
stretch (0.0425 km2). Though the bund has been built to check the direct
inflow of sewage, still there is seepage of sewage water to the tank
enhancing nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen thus increasing
eutrophication (Deepa and Ramachandra, 1999). However, restoration of
Kukkarahalli tank was initiated during 2002 with financial support from
the Asian Development Bank. Unfortunately when the restoration work
was completed in 2004 a jogging/walking path was created all around the
periphery of the tank with the removal of shrubs and trees on the bund and
along the periphery of the lake. This has resulted in inaccessible areas of
the tank becoming accessible to public.

Karanji tank
Karanji tank is situated in the eastern side of the Mysore city and lies
between 1218' N and 76 40' E; 760 m MSL, Mysore (Table 4.1, Fig.4.1).
The tank has a water spread area of 22 ha and has a volume of 12199.0 m3;
maximum depth of the tank is about 7 m with an average depth of 6 m. The
tank is surrounded by Regional Museum of Natural History, DFRL, Mysore
milk dairy and a small residential area on the North, and Chamarajendra
Zoological Garden on the West. The Chammundi hill and Race course is
very close to the tank and is situated on the Southeast. A big residential
layout (Siddaratha Layout), ATI and ANSIRD institutions are situated on
the eastern side of the tank.

31

The foreshore line of the tank is planted with many ornamental and
flowering plants like bottle brush, Hibiscus, Bougainvilla, Chinese
arborvitae, Royal palm etc. On the North western and eastern part the tank
has little marshy stretches and is covered by water hyacinth (Eichhornia
crassipes), Water Lily and grass species (e.g. Typha species). The high
ground all around the tank is wooded area intermixed with many species of
trees like fig (Ficus religiosa and Ficus bengalensis), bauhinia species
(Bauhinia variegata and Bauhinia purpurea), cassia species (Cassia
fistula and Cassia siamea), common poon (Calophyllum inophyllum),
terminalia species (Terminalia arjuna), jacaranda (Jacaranda
mimosefolia), sandal (Santalum album), rain tree (Samanea saman),
niligiri (Eucalyptus sps), neem (Azadirachta indica) etc. Shrub species
include bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), Euphorbia antiquorum etc. The tank
has five major types of fishes like Catla catla, Rohu, Common carp, Jilebi
and Golden carp, the fishes are harvested once in a year with an average
annual yield of 15,000 kg (App. 10 lakh rupees), and once harvested about
one lakh fresh fingerlings are introduced into the tank annually.
The tank has nine manmade islands which are covered by trees and
thousands of birds use these islands as roosting and nesting ground. One of
the islands has been converted into a Butterfly Park and many butterfly
host plants have been planted here. About 35 species of butterflies have
been reported from this park. A cement bridge connects this island to make
way for the visitors to visit the butterfly park. Pedal and row Boats have
been introduced for visitors and is maintained by private parties, however,
boating is restricted and no body is allowed go near the islands where birds
are nesting and roosting. Karanji has the credit of having the largest Aviary
in the whole of Asia, it has a height of 40 m, width of 60 m and length of 80
m. Here birds like pea fowls, hornbills, black swans, sarus cranes etc, have
been exhibited.
History and features of the tank: The tank is believed to be more than 100
years old built by the Wodeyars of Mysore and was built to meet the water
resources for the local people. The tank was transferred to the custody of
Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens in March 1976 from Public Works
Department for development and maintenance. Once under the custody of
Mysore Zoo number of steps like cleaning of tank, desilting, and diversion
of effluent water entering the tank from various sources was the major
objective. The tank was completely dry during 1988 due to various
32

anthropogenic activities, fast urbanization in the water spread and

catchment area was the major reason. Construction of farm houses on the
upstream side of the feeder channel, construction of barrages and storage
tanks along the feeder channel encroaching of channel for cultivation and
reduction of ground water table due to pumping of water from borewells
were reasons for drying up of the tank.
During 1990 action was taken to clear the feeder channel with co-operation
of different Government departments and the obstruction and encroached
was cleared as a result the tank received inflow of surface runoff and the
tank was full. During 2002, the encroached area by planet-X amusement
park was cleared with the help of District administration, Revenue dept,
Police, MUDA and Mysore City Corporation. New Under ground drainage
lines were laid to divert the sewage from entering the tank. Today the tank
receives good amount of surface runoff from Chamundi hills and storm
water from Siddaratha layout. However, sewage from Siddartha layout still
enters the tank, high level meetings are been held regularly to divert this,
once this is done the tank will be completely free of pollutants.

Lingambudhi Tank
Lingambudhi tank is situated in Southwestern part of Mysore which is one
of the fast developing parts of Mysore city. The study area lies between 12
16 20 N 76 37 E and has 36 ha of water spread area with the total area
of the tank being 96 ha, the tank has catchment area of 2189 ha (Table
4.1). The highest flood level of the tank is 727.09 m. with maximum depth
of the tank 4.72 m. The western side of the tank is covered by well wooded
area and the southern side has a bund protected by quality stone pitching, a
road adjacent to the tank along the stone pitching leads to Lingambudhi
village and connects the outer ring road. The forest department has planted
and has raised many trees on the northern side of the tank and a small park
is maintained at the main entrance of the tank. The fore shore vegetation
comprises of a medicinal plant nursery on the eastern part and trees like
teak (Tectona grandis), sandal (Santalum album), rain tree, Nilgiri
(Eucalyptus sps), neem (Azadirachta indica), gooseberry, Singapore
cheery, Acacia species, tamarind etc., along with shrub species like
Lantana camara, Vicoa indiaca, Dodonaea viscoa, Euphorbia
antiquorum, Chromotaena sps interspersed with Bamboo (Bamboosa
arundinacea) etc. The tank has several fishes which include Catla catla,
Cyrinus carpia and Cirrhina mrigal as major species and are harvested,
33

that is the only source of income and fishing rights has been contracted out
to Fisheries Department. The tank has four manmade islands used by the
silt of the lake which is covered by few tree cover which plays as major
ground for roosting and breeding grounds for many bird species.
History and features of the tank: The tank was built in 1842 by Mysore
Wodeyars (kings of Mysore State) for irrigation purpose however; the tank
was used for various domestic purposes and was under constant threat
from anthropogenic activity. The tank is under Irrigation department and
the foreshore is maintained by the forest department. Tank surroundings
were grown into a thicket by 1997-98, courtesy State forest departments
social forestry scheme. However, reduction in tree density was observed
during 2002-03 due to ageing process and firewood collection. But,
aforestation by the department thereafter in open grassland and the
shoreline is carried out in the past five years defeated the vegetation
denuding process, but resulting in reducing the habitat for waders and
terrestrial birds. Over the years the catchment areas have been constantly
encroached and all the feeder channels are choked to a very large extent by
the formation of new layouts all around the tank. Direct inflow of sewage
from the residential areas is one of the major concerns of the tank, illegal
dumping of waste debris and construction materials are seen all along.
There is a brick factory on the foreshore area of the lake on lease, about 49
guntas of the foreshore is been encroached by private individuals and 3
acres and 21 guntas has been taken over by MUDA. The tank was declared
as a protected forest area in 2003 through a government notification and
handed over to the Forest Department for management.
Though some development work was initiated, the action plans and
proposals for conservation of the Lingambudhi Tank wanted to attract the
public to the Tank by means of recreation facility and involve them in the
long term conservation activities. Hence, many facilities such as a jogging
track, paragolas, and stone benches have been created. The number of
people visiting the tank for walk, jogging or relaxing has increased
drastically over the last few years. As there is no clear demarcation between
the water area and the recreational areas, the visitors have been observed
to stray into areas close to the shoreline or the water spread area.

34

Table 4.1 Physical features of three tanks of Mysore city

Sl.
No.
1
2
3

Tank
Kukkarahalli
Karanji
Lingambudhi

Catchment
area (ha)

Water
spread
area (ha)

414
745
2189

17
22
36

Fore
shore
area
(ha)
55
68
60

Tank capacity
(ML)
2533.3
629.2
1507.7

Figure 4.1 Map showing three water tanks in Mysore city

Methods
We conducted a systematic survey of birds in Kukkarahalli tank from
September 1999 to September 2000 and from December 2006 to
November 2007 and October 2009 to Mar 2010. We used the total count
method for water birds, and also used the point count method for the birds
on the island. The encounter method was used by selecting two 1.2 km
transects along the shore of the tank including the vegetated area to
monitor the non-wetland birds. During 1999 and 2000, the transects were
walked in the morning (between 06 h -10 h; N=21), afternoon (between 11
h 14 h; N=11) and evening (between 16 h 18 h; N=5), and during 2006
and 2007 (between 06 h -10 h; N=20), afternoon (between 11 h 14 h;
N=5) and evening (between 16 h 18 h; N=5). The transect walks at
35

different times were carried out to ascertain different bird species utilizing
the tank over the day.
For Karanji and Lingambudhi tank we could deploy encounter method by
walking all along the shoreline and also used point transacts to encounter
birds present in the tank. With limited time we could not follow the line
transacts in these two tanks. Both these tanks were walked at least once in
a month and diversity of the birds present is detailed. The birds were
classified as P: Present, C: Common, r: Rare, R: Resident, B: Breeding, V:
Visitor and Ab: Absent, based on their encounter rate.

Results
Since we have a long term data available for Kukkarahalli tank we present
this tank as a case study for this work and compare it over different years
with other similar data available with us. However, for other two tanks i.e.
Karanji and Lingambudhi tank there is no similar data available and with
limited time frame we restricted to preparation of checklists.

A case study -Kukkarahalli

We collated the data from all the transects walked in each month to arrive
at the number of species and number of hatchlings of certain water birds,
and also abundance of three breeding birds that include spot-billed pelican
Pelecanus philippensis, painted stork Mycteria leucocephala and blackheaded ibis Threskiornis melanocephalous of which first two are listed in
IUCN red list as near threatened species (IUCN, 2009; BirdLife
International, 2009). Mysore Amateur Naturalists had come up with a
check list of birds for Kukkarahalli tank in 1997 (Guruprasad, 1997) which
is a compilation of observation made over a period of 10 years. We
compared the data from the present studies with the check list from
Guruprasad to ascertain population fluctuation and diversity of birds at
Kukkarahalli tank over a period.
Occurrence and status of birds at Kukkarahalli tank over three study
periods are provided in Appendix 1. A total of 180 bird species were
reported before 1997 (Guruprasad, 1997), while we recorded 121 species in
1999-2000, 105 species in 2006-07 and 98 species in 2009-10 (Six months
recordings). This marks the decline in the bird diversity of about 41% over
a period of ten years from 1998 to 2006-07 (Fig. 2). Likewise number of
species breeding in the tank between the study periods was significantly
36

varied and they have also declined by about 32% over a period of ten years.
However, we have recorded few birds which have not been recorded earlier
viz. serpent eagle Spilornis cheela, honey buzzard Pernis ptilorhyncus and
wooly-necked stork Ciconia episcopus. These birds were not regular
visitors; serpent eagle and wooly-necked stork were sighted only once while
honey buzzard was sighted twice. However, these birds have been recorded
in the fields and wooded areas on the outskirts of the city (Misra et al.,
2007).
200
180

Number of bird species

160
140
120
100

Bird species
Breeding bird species

80
60
40
20
0
upto 1997

1999-00

2006-07

Study period

Figure 2 Number of bird species and breeding birds in

Kukkarahalli tank between different study periods

Num ber of bird species

70
60
50
40

Wetland birds

30

Breeding wetland birds

20
10
0
Upto 1997

1999-00

2006-07

Study period

Figure 3 Number of wetland birds and wetland breeding birds

in Kukkarahalli tank between different study periods

37

Since the tank harboured a large number of wetland birds, we separated

the wetland birds and analyzed to see the changes in their diversity over the
period. Guruprasad (1997) reported 62 species of wetland birds, 25 of them
were known to breed in the tank, however we recorded 40 species in 19992000 with 17 species breeding in the tank and in 2006-07 the number of
wetland bird reduced to 39 with 14 species breeding (Fig. 3). The number
of wetland birds and the number of breeding birds in the tank between the
three study periods was significantly different. This shows a decline of 37%
of wetland bird species and 44% of wetland bird species breeding in the
tank over ten years.
The data on population status were available on spot-billed pelican, blackheaded ibis and painted stork for 1999-00 (Fig. 4a) and 2006-07 (Fig. 4b).
painted storks and spot-billed pelicans were seen in large numbers during
winter and summer seasons (January to May) of both the study period. In
general spot-billed pelicans used to occupy the tall Acacia trees with thick
branches on the western side of the island while the painted storks occupy
the eastern side of the island on small acacia trees alongside the darter
Anhinga melanogaster and little cormorant Phalacrocorax niger. Blackheaded ibis start arriving at the tank in the month of March; however, large
number of birds arrived at the end of June, and by that time painted storks
had vacated their nests. Ibis were seen occupying the vacated nests of
painted storks and rebuilt the left over nests during 1999-00. But during
2006-07, ibis started to arrive in March 2006 but were unable to settle
down at their regular nesting area on the eastern side of the island, and
tried to settle down on the western side of the island but were not
successful, and they have disappeared from the tank. All the three species
had successfully bred and raised the nestlings during 1999-00, where as
during 2006-07 only painted storks were seen with fledglings while spotbilled pelicans and black-headed ibis did not breed in the tank (Fig. 5).
Though spot-billed pelicans were observed to bring in the nesting materials
and were in the process of building nest they abandoned it and never raised
the nestlings during 2006-07. Even black-headed ibis were also seen
abandoned the area and left the tank in the same period.
Development is almost invariably associated with a loss of many avian
species seen before development, particularly habitat specialists (Marzluff,
2001; Yeoman and MacNally, 2005; Chace and Walsh, 2006; Clergeau,
2006; McKinney, 2006). Evans et al. (2009) also concluded that influence
38

of sequential human presence in urban areas decreases the breeding

densities of birds. It is believed; many birds perceive humans as potential
predators and respond in a way which leads to a reduction in use of
resources, such as nesting sites or food (Schulz and Stock, 1993; Madsen,
1995, 1998; Gill, 1996, 2007; Beale and Monaghan, 2004; Finney, 2005;
McKinney, 2006; Holm and Laursen, 2009).

Figure 4a Number of painted storks, spot-billed pelican

and black-headed ibis in different months of 1999-2000

Figure 4b Number of painted storks, spot-billed pelican

And black-headed ibis in different months of 2006-2007

39

Kukkarahalli tank has lost not only many bird species but also many of
them have stopped breeding at the tank including both wetland and nonwetland birds. Though some species have high capability to adapt and live
in the human dominated area, many bird species are also very sensitive to
change in the habitat and human presence. Even many generalist bird
species once reported common have become rare e.g. house sparrow
Passer domesticus all over the world (Daniels, 2008), common starling
Sturnus vulgaris and song thrush Turdus philomelos in United Kingdom
(Evans et al., 2009). Hence to avoid the eventual local extinction of many
bird species it is necessary to have them as common species or in a large
numbers. Further, the three important near threatened bird species viz.
painted storks, spot-billed pelican and black-headed ibis have bred here
successfully(Guruprasad, 1997; Kannan and Manakadan, 2005), even
during our study period 1999-2000, however we did not see spot-billed
pelican and black-headed ibis breeding in the tank during 2006-2007. The
recent developmental activities and un-scientific restoration have led to a
considerable change in the ecosystem which in turn has affected the
diversity, density and breeding activities of bird life in the tank.

Figure 5 Number of hatchlings of painted storks, spot-billed pelican

and black-headed ibis in different months of two study periods

In spite of having four sports grounds (three grounds under university

jurisdiction) within 100 m from this tank, about 4 km long jogging path of
about three to four meter width was created all around the tank under
restoration work. Initially only 1.5 km stretch on the southern side bund of
40

the tank was open to public, however with the restoration work during
2002-2004 the tank is now completely open to public all around the
periphery of the water body, and eventually the number of people using the
tank has increased more than ten fold compared to the pre-restoration
period. To develop such a long trail many trees were brought down
especially the acacia trees and shrubs on the northern bund and around the
periphery of the tank. During our post restoration study (2006-07), we
observed that spot-billed pelicans brought in the nesting materials and
were in the process of building nests. However, they abandoned the nest
building and never raised the nestlings during that year. Black-headed ibis
started to arrive in March 2006 but were unable to settle down at their
regular nesting area. Probably this could be because the eastern side of the
island is very close to the jogging path (~10 m away) and more than 1000
people use the path for walking and jogging in early mornings and
evenings. This movement of people close to the nesting area probably has
threatened the birds from settling and raising the nestlings. Further, in
order to maintain the aesthetic value and keeping public interest, regular
trimming of bushes and reeds has become a regular practice. This has
resulted in reduction in the numbers of many bush nesters like warblers,
munias, etc., and birds preferring reeds like purple swamp hen Porphyrio
porphyrio, common moorhen Gallinula chloropus, common coot Fulica
atra etc., Further many ground birds like the eurasian thick-knee
Burhinus oedicnemus, yellow wattled lapwing Vanellus malabaricus which
bred here earlier have totally abandoned the tank. On some occasions we
have also witnessed people disturbing the nesting birds, destroying the
nests and attempted to kill a snake in the tank. Such activities by people
further threaten the very existence of bird life in the tank. Thus, the proper
conservation and protection of the ecosystem is of utmost importance and
also any further developmental activities should consider ecological value
of the tank.

Karanji tank
Karanji tank hosts to about 135 species of birds while we could record 104
species during our study period. The tank has a good number of wetland
birds, 40 species are wetland birds which is 38.5% of the 104 species
recorded in six months. Among the 40 species of wetland birds 17 species
are known to regularly breed in the tank. This includes spot-billed pelican
Pelecanus philippensis, and painted stork Mycteria leucocephala which
are listed in IUCN red list as near threatened. Unlike the painted stork and
41

black headed ibis, spot-billed pelicans have become residents and are
found through out a study period. The remaining 23 species of wetland
birds visit the tank to either roost or forage. totally 42 species of birds
breed at Karanji tank including the wetland birds while 62 species use the
tank as foraging and roosting ground.

Lingambudhi tank
A total of 213 species of birds have been recorded at Lingambudhi tank
over a decade (Thejaswi et al, 2000). As this tank is considered as one of
the flyway route adapted by the migratory birds from Central Asia and
Eastern Europe a huge number of migratory birds are recorded here. Of the
213 species 70 species are migratory species and visit this tank regularly
while 91 species are residents (which breed and forage) and another 37
species are local birds (which come here for foraging). However during our
study we could report only 146 species of birds from the area. Of these 54
were wetland species i.e. 37% of all the wetland birds, among them 18 were
migratory species. 44 species of birds breed in the tank of which 16 species
are wetland and the remaining 28 are non wetland birds. Having a good
shoreline this tank attracts a good number of waders, during our study
period we could record 10 species of waders from the tank. A total of 102
species of bird species including the migratory birds use this tank only for
roosting and foraging.

Discussion
All the three tanks mentioned above are identified under IBA and host to
some of the IUCN red listed birds, however they still face one similar
problem that is the influx of sewage water. Placed well within the urban
patch these tanks are constantly under pressure by various anthropogenic
activities. However Kukkarahalli and Karanji tank are not dumping source
any more and they have well defined boundary and are more or less
completely fenced. But Lingambudhi situated on the developing area and
comparatively far from city is more prone to dumping of building debris
and other wastes. One other major problem is the low influx of the fresh
water, storm water being one of the chief sources of water for all these
tanks the feeder channels are clogged and are encroached. In case of
Karanji tank efforts were put in by the Mysore zoo authority and with the
help of various departments have cleared most of the encroached feeder
channels from Chamundi hills and have diverted sewage from residential
areas and effluent coming from Mysore milk dairy. Except for the sewage
42

which enters from the residential area of Siddartha layout for which efforts
are put in to avoid this with high level meetings already in progress, now
Karanji receives a good amount of fresh water during the rainy season as
runoff. However, in case of Kukkarahalli and Lingambudhi tanks sewage
has become the major source of water to the tank as they directly enter the
tank. The feeder channels are still encroached or filled with silt and the
storm water hardly reaches these tanks.
Karanji tank is a restricted area and people are not entertained without an
entry fee, this has controlled the flow of local population and most of the
time the tank is visited by tourists. However for morning joggers and
walkers facilities are made to use the tank with a monthly fee. Unlike
Karanji tank, Kukkarahalli and Lingambudhi tanks which are more
exposed to public and this has a drastic effect on the tanks. Though
Kukkarahalli has restriction of people using the walking path throughout
the day, thousands of walkers and joggers use the path in the mornings and
evenings which is enough to disturb the birds. At one juncture the island is
so close to the jogging/walking path many breeding birds have stopped
breeding here and the numbers of birds are declining over the years.
Similar is the case at Lingambudhi, with large shoreline covered with grass,
most of the visitors use this place for recreational purpose and picnicking.
It is also observed these grass beds have become grounds for many cricket
and football lovers.
All the three tanks were under taken for restoration work under the
sponsorship of Asian Development Bank during 2002. Only Karanji tank
has yielded good results with proper planning and management of funds.
Today its one of the role model for rejuvenation of a lake from the
ecological point of view as well as for revenue generating which helps for its
self sustenance.
It is unfortunate that such delicate and important urban ecosystems are
used to bring up jogging/walking paths in-spite of having various other
alternatives for these purposes. With these things in mind from an
ecological point of view we suggest certain guidelines for the betterment of
these tanks (i) Complete avoidance of sewage water into the tank (ii)
Shifting of jogging/walking path from the shoreline of the tanks and
complete ban of public during breeding season (iii) Fishing should be
banned during breeding and brooding periods (iv) Any further
43

improvements to the tank should be done with the involvement of

ecologists and conservationist (v) Regular trimming and clearing of reeds
and bushes for the purpose of aesthetic value to be avoided.

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45

46

a. Island at Kukkarahalli Tank., b. Reeds being chopped for asthetic

value., c. Clearings of weeds., d. Grass and feeds being taken for cattle.

a. Painted stork nurseries., b. Purple swamphen in its habitat., c.&d. Spot

billed pelicans at Karanji Tank., e. Pied kingfisher at Karanji Tank.,
f. Roosting sites of egrets.

Occurrence and abundance of Avifauna in the

Reserved Forests/ Notified Forests of Mysore
Forest Division, threat perceptions and
mitigative measures
M. K. Saptha Girish, Honnavalli N. Kumara and A. Shivaprakash

Birds are ideal bio-indicators and useful models for studying a variety of
environmental problems. As increasingly more attention is being given to
conservation monitoring and ecological studies the importance of birds in an
environment is being better understood (Urfi et al., 2005).

Methods
Any small patch of greenery does attract atleast some species of birds. Mysore
forest division though fragmented still holds a good number of birds all
around. We used the encounter method for understanding species diversity
walking along the path used by the forest guards in a given forest patch and
covered most of the forested area and also walking along the periphery of
water bodies to detect water birds wherever possible. The point count was
mainly used for the water birds and also in areas where we could see high bird
activity (feeding parties and roosting sites).

Results and Discussion

Over all a total of 162 species of birds belonging to 51 Families were recorded
from the forest patches selected for the study. The highest number of bird
diversity was recorded from Sollepura area with a total of 122 species
recorded, while only 54 species of birds were recorded at Konnanur (Sec-4)
area. We compared the species richness data of each study sites with that of
distance of each site from the protected area, the correlation shows that the
species richness is negatively correlated (r = -0.656, df = 10, p = 0.05) with the
distance of the study sites from the nearest protected area (Fig. 5.1).
Raptors : Raptors were the common representation from most of the forest
patches. A total of 17 species of raptors were recorded from study sites and a
maximum of 13 and 12 species were recorded in Sollepura region and Sargur
47

Figure 5.1 Relation of birdspecies richness and

distance of study site from the protected areas

respectively. Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) one of the threatned

species (IUCN, 2010) was reported from only two areas i.e. Sollepura and
Chammundi hill area. Another threatned species of vulture that is white
rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis) was reported only from Chammundi hill
which shows the rariety of this species. Bonellis Eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus)
represented three areas and were also seen nesting in Chikadevammana betta
forest, they have also been reported to breed in Chammundi hills earlier.
Open scrub jungle seems to be a hunting ground for most of the raptors as
most of them were seen hovering looking for prey in the open forests. Though
serpent eagle and honey buzzard are more of forested birds but were reported
from 9 and 7 forest patches respectively. Four species of nocutrnal birds of
prey like eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo), barn owl (Tyto alba), collared scops
owl (Otus bakkamoena) and spotted owlet (Athene brama) were reported
from the study sites. However, the locally threatened eurasian eagle owl (Bubo
bubo) is reported only from Chammundi hills and is also successfully breeding
there.
Wetland Birds: With fewer wetland areas in the study site we could report
only 24 species of wetland birds and most of them were reported from Nugu
48

back-water and Malleshwara Gudda along with 19 species of water birds

recorded from Sollepura forests including the egrets, sand pipers, spotbilled
ducks, herons and cormorants. Three bar headed geese (Anser indicus) were
seen flying across the area and is reported as Vagrant. 24 species of water
birds were recorded from Nugu back-waters area including the rare reef
heron, while large cormorants were seen nesting in the area. However, long
term continuous monitoring will definitely give a better picture of wetland
birds as many of them are migratory.
Other birds: Other birds include the insectivores birds which were common in
most of the study sites like bee eaters, indian roller, swallows, swifts, common
hoopoe, asian paradise-flycatcher, small minivet and drongos. Common
frugivores were also reported from most of the areas which include barbets,
parakeets, koels etc. Some of the bird parties in Sollepura were seen feeding
on the flowering of bamboo which had bloomed all over the area, the common
birds in the party were the common rosefinch (Carpodacus erythrinus),
indian silverbill (Lonchura malabarica), common mynas (Acridotheres
tristis), jungle myna (Acridotheres fuscus), plump headed parakeets
(Psittacula cyanocephala) and rose ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri).
This was also observed in Sargur range where we recorded the common birds
like the common mynas (Acridotheres tristis), jungle myna (Acridotheres
fuscus) and rose ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) were seen feeding on
the horse gram in the area.
Rare birds: Some rare birds were also reported during our study period.
Sirkeer malkoha (Phaenicophaeus leschenaultia) and the lesser whitethroat
(Sylvia curruca) which are winter visitors are hard to sight were reported
from the Sargur range. A lone rare Western reef egret mixed with little and
median egret was reported from Nugu dam area. Malabar lark (Galerida
malabarica) restricted to the Western Ghats is reported for the first time from
this area as earlier representations show their distribution was limited to
Karapura area.
Conclusion: Inspite of the fact that all the study sites are disturbed by various
anthropogenic activites, still a good number of bird species have been
reported in the limited study period of time. In developing countries
developmental activities are more concentrated in urban and their adjacent
areas including agriculture and more natural vegetated areas (McGranahan
and Satterthwaite, 2003) it becomes very important that such vegetated areas
needs to be conserved for survival of any wildlife species. Evans et al. (2009)
49

says that influence of sequential human presence decreases the breeding

densities of birds. It is believed; many birds perceive humans as potential
predators and respond in a way which leads to a reductiosn in use of
resources, such as nesting sites or food (Schulz and Stock, 1993; Madsen,
1995; Gill et al., 1996; Gill, 2007). With fragmented patches supporting such a
good number of avifauna in Mysore division, it becomes imperative to restrict
the movement of humans in these areas and restore the degrading forests for
future.

Reference
Evans, K.L., Newson, E.S. and Gaston, K.J. (2009). Habitat influences on urban avian
assemblages. Ibis, 151: 19-39.
Gill, J.A., Sutherland, W.J. and Watkinson, A.R. (1996). A method to quantify the
effects of human disturbance for animal populations. Journal of Applied
Ecology, 33: 786792.
Gill, J.A. (2007). Approaches to measuring the effects of human disturbance on birds.
Ibis, 149: 9-14.
IUCN.
(2010).
http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/red_list/
Madsen, J. (1995). Impacts of disturbance on migratory waterfowl. Ibis, 137:
S67S74.
McGranahan, G. and Satterthwaite, D. (2003). Urban centers: an assessment of
sustainability. Annual review of Environmental resources, 2003, 28: 243-274.
Schulz, R. and Stock, M. (1993). Kentish Plovers and tourism: competitors on sandy
coasts? Wader Study Group Bulletin, 68: 8391.
Urfi, A.J., Monalisa Sen., Kalam, A. and Meganathan. T. (2005). Counting birds in
India: Methodologies and trends. Current Science, 89:1997-2003.

50

A. Shivaprakash

a. Golden Oriole., b. Blue rock thrush., C. Black drango.,

d. Wire tailed swallows., e. Sky Lark at nest., f. Indian Silver bill.

A. Shivaprakash

a. Egyptian vulture., b. Tawny eagle with its prey., c. Eurasian eagle owl .,
d. Bonellis hawk Eagle., e. Crested serpent eagle.

Conclusions and conservation measures

All the study sites being fragmented and surrounded by villages are highly
exposed to anthropogenic activities. However inspite of this, there is a lot of
wildlife left and thriving in these fragmented forests. It is high time now that
proper strict conservational actions be taken to preserve these forest patches
as they prove to be refuge zones for many mammals and birds.
Among all the study sites Chammundi hills is better conserved and protected.
The metal fencing has worked well to a great extent and acted as an external
sheild. Thanks to some good protection and strict action one can see the
change in its ever increasing vegetation growth and bird species over the
years. Though same method of protection cannot be implied every where like
in the areas of elephant movement, but can be tried in some places like
Mallesawara gudda, Vadagal Ranganatha Swamy betta, Mallikarjunaswamy
betta etc.
1. Our findings suggest that, the Sollepura reserve forest which is
adjoining to Nagarhole harbour many large mammals and is
continous with the protected area. This area should become part of
buffer region of Nagarahole, so that management and protection
can be properly enforced.
2. Bonnet macaques from Chamundi hill should not be relocated.
Relocation is not a solution to solve the problem. High inflow of
tourists has increased the business setup in the hill. Easy available
food makes the animals more domesticated and aggresive. Further
due to the loss of roadside trees all over the state in the last five
years, the number of bonnet macaque groups has drastically
declined. Sooner they will become vary rare, in this dismal
scenario; the tiny forests become the home for such animals.
Chamundi hill will be one such area which can hold large
population of many species including bonnet macaques.
3. Leopards need do be monitored for their movement and feeding
ecology, since their sighting rate has gone very high in the Mysore
plateau. All the sightings of adults and cubs should be recorded
and mapped. This will help in understanding them better in the
human dominated landscape.
51

4. Blackbucks in Konnanur and porcupine in Mallikarjuna betta

require adequate protection. If habitat is changed by introducing
more trees the grasslands would reduce and the blackbuks may
turn on to crops for food and end up in man animal conflict. This
might result in gradual elimination of the blackbuks by local
people. The preffered habitat of blackbuck is open grassland with
little scrub forest and few shading trees. Hence we recommend
retaining of small proportion of eucalyptus plantation, and no
further planting at foothill.
5. Open scrub jungles are open with high visibility. Though birds of
prey like the crested serpent eagle, honey buzzard, etc. are more of
forest birds, they were seen using these areas very frequently as
foraging grounds. Hence, conserving these open scrub jungles is of
most important to sustain these birds.
6. Unless-until the firewood collection and hunting is controlled in
all the forests, nothing can be achieved.
7. Unauthorised movement of people in these forests should be
restricted. This would give more space to birds and animals as
they feel threatened by human presence and stop breeding in their
presence.
8. Some of the mining areas are on the pheriphery of reserve forests
(e.g. Chikkadevannabetta and Malleshwara Gudda). Once the
current mining licence is expired efforts can be put to stall further
permission of mining. This helps the land to regenerate and can
hold more wildlife in future.
9. In all the study sites where there are religious temples, strict
action needs to be taken for proper disposal of wastes carried by
the people in the name of god. Especially where there are offerings
of animals and poultry birds.
10. Water recharge is very important in any given area and its very
important to identify the areas where one can harvest water and
tap the rain water. The rainwater flow can be channelised in the
form of feeder cannals and directed to recharge pits. Construction
of check dams and bunds play an important role as water holes in
summer and will also increase the water table.
52

11. Creating awareness among local people about the importance of

such fragmented forests and the reason to conserve them should
be of top priority.
12. A field guide having checklist of plants, mammals, birds,
butterflies and other insects, description of common ones with
sketch shall be brought out to educate the interested public and
students. The treasure of wilderness provides people with a
unique opportunity for nature study and environment and
conservation education.

53

54

Appendix I. Mammal status in different Reserve Forests of Mysore Forest

Division

7
8
9
10
11
12

P (1,6)

P (6)

P (1)

Ab

Ab

P (6)

P (6)

Ab

P (1)

LRlc

P (2,3,6)

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

EN

P (2,3,6)

P (2,3,6)

P (2,3,6)

P (2,3,6)

Ab

P (2,3,6)

P (2,3,6)

P (2,3,6)

P (2,3,6)

VU

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (1,6)

P (6)

P (2,6)

LRnt

P (6)

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

LRnt

P (1)

P (6)

DD

P (2,3,6)

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

VU

P (2,6)

P (6)

P (6)

P (6)

P (6)

P (6)

P (2,6)

P (6)

LRlc

P (6)

P (2,6)

P (6)

LRlc

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

Ab

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (1,2,6)

LRlc

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (6)

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (1,2,4,6)

LRlc

P (1,2,6)

P (6)

P (1,2,6)

P (6)

P (6)

P (6)

P (6)

P (1,6)

P (1, 6)

LRlc

M. S. betta

C. hill

Varakodu

Status

Chickanahalli

Urban

Konnanur

Mysore

Vadagal R.S.
Betta

Bonnet macaque
M. radiata
Tiger
Panthera tigris
Leopard
P. pardus
Jungle cat
Felis chaus
Leopard cat
F. bengalensis
Rusty spotted cat
F. rubiginosa
Dhole
Cuon alpinus
Golden jackal
Canis aureus
Indian Fox
Vulpes bengalensis
Small Indian civet
Viverricula indica
Common palm civet
Paradoxurus
hermophroditus
Common mongoose
H. edwardsi

Nanjan
gud

C. D. Betta
Kotttegal &
M. gudda

Species

T.N. Pura
Range

Malle Gudda

Sl
No

Sargur
Range

Sollepura

H.D. Kote Range

55

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

Muntjac
Muntiacus muntjak
Sambar
Cervus unicolor
Spotted deer
Axix axis
Four horned
anteleope
Tetracerus
quadricornis
Black buck
Antilope cervicarpa
Wild pig
Sus scrofa
Elephant
Elephas maximus
Porcupine
Hystrix indica
Pangolin
Manis crassicaudata
Sloth bear
Melursus ursinus
Black-naped hare
Lepus nigricollis

P (2,6)

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

LRlc

P (2,6)

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

LRlc

P (2,6)

Ab

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

Ab

Ab

P (2,6)

P (6)

Ab

LRlc

P (2,6)

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

EN

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

P(2,3,5,6)

Ab

EN

P (2, 6)

P (2, 6)

P (1,2,6)

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (6)

P (2,6)

P (6)

P (1,2,6)

LRlc

P (1,2,3,7)

Ab

P (1,2,3,7)

Ab

Ab

Ab

P (6)

Ab

Ab

EN

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

LRlc

P (6)

P(6)

P (2,3,6)

Ab

P (6)

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

VU

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (1,2,6)

P (1,2,6)

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (2,6)

P (1,2,6)

P (1,2,6)

LRlc

P : Present; Ab - : Absent; N : No Information

1: Sighted; 2 : Fecal deposit; 3 : Foot prints; 4 : Body parts; 5 : Roost sites; 6 : Local information; 7 : Crop damage
CR : Critically endangered; EN : Endangered; VU : Vulnerable; LRnt : Lower-risk near threatened; LRlc : Lower-risk
least concern; DD : Data deficient

56

3
23
4
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

y
y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y

y
y

Y
Y

y
y

Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
Y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

WADGAL R. S. BETTA

M. SWARA GUDDA

CHIKKADEVAMMANA BETTA

MULLUR GUDDA

Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y

MALLIKARJUNA SWAMY
BETTA

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

KOTHEGALA

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

KONANUR GUDDA

2
20
22

ACANTHACEAE
Andrographis echioides
Andrographis serpyllifolia
Asystacia gangetica
Barleria buxifolia
Barleria cristata
Barleria prionitis
Blepharis maderaspatensis
Blepharis repens
Crossandra infundibuliformis
Dipteracanthus patulus
Hygrophyla auriculata
Justicia betonica
Justicia diffusa
Justicia tranquebariensis
Lepidagathis prostrata
Peristrophe bicalyculata
Rhaphidophora glabra
Rostellulatia procumbens
Rungia repens
AGAVACEAE
Agave Americana
Furcraea foetida
AIZOCEAE
Trianthema portulacastrum
AMARANTHACEAE
Achyranthes aspera
Aerva lanata
Aerva monsoniae
Allmania nodiflora
Alternanthera ficoidea
Alternanthera pungens
Amaranthus gracilis
Alternanthera sessilis
Amaranthus tricolor
Amaranthus spinosus
Celosia argentea
Digera muricata
Gomphrena celosioides
Pupalia lappacea

CHIKKANAHALLI

1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

SOLLEPURA

PLANTS species

CHAMUNDI BETTA

FAMILY SL NO.

SPECIES SL NO.

Appendix II. Plants status in different Reserve

Forests of Mysore Forest Division

y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Y
Y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

57

5
38
39
40
41
6
42
43
44
45
7
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
8
56
9
57
10
58
59
11
60
61
12
62
13
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
14
78
15
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86

58

ANACARDIACEAE
Anacardium occidentale
Lannea coromandelica
Mangifera indica
Rhus mysorensis
ANNONACEAE
Annona reticulata
Annona squamosa
Miliusa tomentosa
Polyalthia longifolia
APOCYNACEAE
Carissa congesta
Catharanthus pusillus
Catharanthus roseus
Holarrhena antidysenterica
Ichnocarpus frutescens
Nerium indicum
Plumeria alba
Plumeria rubra form auminata
Thevetia peruviana
Wrightia tinctoria
APONOGETONACEAE
Aponogeton natans
ARALIACEAE
Schefflera venulosa
ARACEAE
Colocasia esculenta
Lemna perpusilla
ARECACEAE
Cocos nucifera
Phoenix sylvestris
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Aristolochia indica
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Asclepias curassavica
Calatropis gigantea
Caralluma adscendens
Caralluma umbellata
Ceropegia candelabrum
Ceropegia juncea
Cynanchum tunicatum
Daemia extensa
Dregea volubilis
Gymnema sylvestre
Leptadenia reticulata
Pentatropis capensis
Sarcostemma acidum
Secamone emetica
Tylophora indica
ASPARAGACEAE
Asparagus racemosus
ASTERACEAE
Acanthospermum hispidum
Ageratum conyzoides
Bidens pilosa
Bidens humilis
Blainvillea acmella
Blepharispermum subsessile
Blumea mollis
Chromolaena odorata

y
y
y
y
Y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y

Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y

Y
Y

y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y

Y
Y
Y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
Y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y

Y
Y
Y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y

Y
Y
Y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
16
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
17
114
18
115
116
19
117
118
119
20
120
121
122
123
21
124
22
125
126
23
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138

Conyza stricta
Crassocephalum crepidioides
Echinops echinatus
Eclipta prostata
Galinsoga ciliata
Glossocardia bosvallea
Lagascea mollis
Parthenium hysterphorus
Senecio tenufolius
Sonchus arvensis
Sphaeranthes indicus
Spilanthes acmella
Synedrella nodiflora
Tridax procumbens
Vernonia cinerea
Vernonia divergens
Vicoa indica
Xanthium strumarium
BIGNONACEAE
Bignonia magnifica
Dolichandrone crispa
Jacaranda mimosifolia
Kigelia pinnata
Millingtonia hortensis
Spathodea campanulata
Stereospermum personatum
Tabebuia argentea
Tecoma stans
BOMBACACEAE
Bombax ceiba
BORAGINACEAE
Trichodesma indicum
Trichodesma zeylanicums
BRASSICACEAE
Brassica nigra
Coronopus didymus
Raphanus sativus
BURSERACEAE
Boswellia glabra
Commiphora berryi
Commiphora caudata
Garuga pinnata
BYTTNERIACEAE
Byttneria herbacea
CACTACEAE
Opuntia coccinellifera
Opuntia dillenii
CAESALPINIOIDAE
Caesalpinia coriara
Caesalpinia decapetala
Caesalpinia pulcherrima
Cassia absus
Cassia auriculata
Cassia fistula
Cassia hirsuta
Cassia javanica
Cassia mimosoides
Cassia montana
Cassia occidentalis
Cassia pumila

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
Y
Y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

59

139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
24
149
25
150
26
151
152
153
154
155
27
156
28
157
29
158
159
160
161
162
30
163
31
164
165
166
32
167
33
168
169
170
171
172
34
173
174
175
176
177
178
35
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186

60

Cassia siamea
Cassia spectabilis
Cassia surattensis
Cassia tora
Delonix elata
Delonix regia
Hardwickia binata
Peltophorum pterocarpum
Pterolobium hexapetalum
Tamarindus indica
CAMPANULACEAE
Wahlebergia erecta
CANNACEAE
Canna indica
CAPPARACEAE
Cadaba fruticosa
Capparis grandiflora
Capparis sepiaria
Capparis zeylanica
Capparis divericata
CARYOPHILLACEAE
Polycarpea corymbosa
CASUARINACEAE
Casuarina equisetifolia
CELASTRACEAE
Cassine glauca
Celastrus paniculata
Maytenus emarginata
Gymnosporia montana
Pleurostylis wightii
CERATOPHALLACEAE
Ceratophyllum demersum
CLEOMACEAE
Cleome gynandra
Cleome monophylla
Cleome viscosa
COCHLOSPERMACEAE
Cochlospermum religiosim
COMBRETACEAE
Anogeissus latifolia
Teminalia bellerica
Terminalia chebula
Terminalia crenulata
Terminalia tomentosa
COMMELINACEAE
Commelina benghalensis
Commelina hasskarlii
Cyanotis cristata
Cyanotis fasciculata
Cyanotis pilosa
Cyanotis tuberosa
CONVOLVULACEAE
Argyreia cuneata
Argyreia elliptica
Argyeria hirsuta
Argyeria speciosa
Evolvus alsinoides
Ipomoea carica
Ipomoea eriocarpa
Ipomoea fistulosa

y
y

Y
Y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

187
188
189
190
191
192
193
36
194
195
196
37
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
38
205
39
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
40
219
220
41
221
42
222
223
224
43
225
226
44
227
45
228
46
229
230
230
231
232
233

Ipomoea muricata
Ipomoea obscura
Ipomoea pes-tigridis
Ipomoea repens
Ipomoea staphylina
Jacquemontia paniculata var
paniculata
Merremia tridentata
CRASSULACEAE
Kalanchoe lanciata
Kalanchoe floribunda
Kalanchoe tubiflora
CUCURBITACEAE
Coccinia indica
Corallocarpus epigaeus
Cucumis melo
Cucurbita maxima
Diplocyclos palmatus
Legenaria leucantha
Momordica charantia
Trichosanthes anguina
CUSCUTACEAE
Cuscuta hyalina
CYPERACEAE
Bulbostylis barbata
Cyperus articulatus
Cyperus alopecuroides
Cyperus clarkei
Cyperus corymbosus
Cyperus exaltatus
Cyperus iria
Cyperus rotundus
Cyperus tenuispica
Cyperus triceps
Eleocharis acutangula
Fimbristylis falcata
Fimbristylis ovata
DIOSCROREACEAE
Dioscorea oppositifolia
Dioscrorea pentaphylla
DIPTEROCARPACEAE
Shorea roxburghii
EBENACEAE
Diospyros montana
Diospyros ebanum
Diocpyros melanoxylong
EHRETIACEAE
Ehretia pubescens
Carmona retusa
ELATINACEAE
Bergia ammannioides
ERYTHROXYLACEAE
Erythroxylum monogynum
EUPHORBIACEAE
Acalypha indica
Breynia vitis-ideaea
Bridelia retusa
Bridelia roxburghiana
Chamaesyce cristata
Chamaesyce fimbriata

y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y

Y
Y

Y
Y

Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

61

234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
47
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292

62

Chamaesyce hirta
Chamaesyce prostrata
Chamaesysce thymifolia
Codiaeum variegatum
Croton bonplandium
Euphorbia antiqorum
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia pulcherrima
Euphorbia tirucalli
Euphorbia nivula
Jatropha curcas
Jatropha gossypiifolia
Kirganellia reticulata
Manihot glaziovii
Phyllanthus amarus
Phyllanthus emblica
Phyllanthus indofischeri
Phyllanthus maderaspatensis
Phyllanthus rheedii
Phyllanthus virgatus
Ricinus communis
Sebastiania chamaelea
Securnega leucopyrus
Synadinium grantii
Tragia involucrata
FABACEAE
Abrus precatorius
Aeschynomene aspera
Aeschynomene indica
Alysicarpus glumaceus
Alysicarpus monilifer
Alysicarpus vaginalis
Atylosia albicans
Atylosia scarabaeoides
Butea monosperma
Clitoria ternatea
Crotalaria albida
Crotalaria berteroana
Crotalaria bifaria
Crotalaria calycina
Crotalaria laburnifolia
Crotalaria orixensis
Crotalaria pusilla
Crotalaria ramosissima
Crotalaria retusa
Crotalaria verrucosa
Dalbergia paniculata
Dalbergia sissoo
Derris scandens
Erythrina indica
Erythrina suberosa
Erythrina stricta
Erythrina variegata
Glyiricidia sepium
Glycine wightii
Indigofera astragalina
Indigofera cordifolia
Indigofera linifolia
Indigofera linnaei
Pongamia pinnata

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y

Y
Y

y
y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
48
308
49
309
50
310
311
312
51
313
314
52
315
53
316
54
317
55
318
56
319
57
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
58
338
59
339
340

Pseudarthria viscida
Pterocarpus marsupium
Rhynchosia minima
Rhynchosia rufescens
Rhynchosia suaveolens
Rothia indica
Sesbania sesban
Stylosanthes fruticosa
Tephrosia hirta
Tephrosia pumila
Tephrosia purpurea
Tephrosia tinctoria
Teramnus labialis
Vigna trilobata
Zornia gibbosa
FLACOURTIACEAE
Flacourtia indica
FLINDERSIACEAE
Chloroxylon swietenia
GENTIANACEAE
Enicostemma hyssopifolium
Exacum pedunculatum
Nymphoides indica
HELIOTROPIACEAE
Heliotropium scabrum
Heliotropium indicum
HYDROCHARITACEAE
Ottelia alismoides
HYDROCOTYLACEAE
Centella asiatica
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
Hydrolea zeylanica
HYPOXIDACEAE
Curculigo orchioides
LALISMATACEAE
Limnophyton obtusifolium
LAMIACEAE
Anisochlus carnosus
Anisomelis indica
Anisomelis malabarica
Coleus aromaticus
Coleus barbatus
Coleus caninus
Coleus forskalaei
Hyptis suaveolens
Leucas aspera
Leucas eriostoma
Leucas martinicensis
Ocinum americanum
Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum canum
Ocimum gratissimum
Ocimum sanctum
Orthosiphon diffusus
Plectranthus mollis
LAURACEAE
Cassytha filiformis
LILIACEAE
Aloe vera
Gloriosa superba

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
Y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
Y

y
y
y
y
y

y
Y
Y

y
y

Y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y

63

341
342
343
344
60
345
61
346
347
348
349
350
62
351
352
353
354
63
355
64
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
65
375
66
376
67
377
378
379
380
68
381
382
383
384
69
385
386
70
387
388

64

Iphigenia indica
Sansevieria roxburghiana
Scilla hyacinthina
Urginea indica
LOGANIACEAE
Strychnos potatorum
LORANTHACEAE
Dindrophthoe trigona
Elytranthe parasitica
Taxillus cuneatus
Viscum articulatum
Viscum orientale
LYTHRACEAE
Ammannia baccifera
Ammannia densiflora
Ammannia multiflora
Lawsonia inermis
MAGNOLIACEAE
Michelia champaka
MALVACEAE
Abutilon indicum
Abutilon pannosum
Hibiscus furcatus
Hibiscus lobatus
Hibiscus ovalifolius
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Hibiscus sabdariffa
Hibiscus vitifolius
Malvastrum
coramandaelianum
Pavonia odorata
Pavonia Zeylanica
Sida acuta
Sida alba
Sida cordata
Sida cordifolia
Sida mysorensis
Sida rhombifolia
Thespesia populnea
Urena lobata
MARTYNIACEAE
Martynia annua
MELASTOMATACEAE
Osbeckia zeylanica
MELIACEAE
Azadirachta indica
Cipadessa baccifera
Melia dubea
Soymida febrifuga
MENISPERMACEAE
Cissampelis pareira
Cocculus hirsutus
Pachygone zeylanica
Tinospora cordifolia
MOLLUGINACEAE
Mollugo nudicaulis
Mollugo pentaphylla
MORACEAE
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Ficus amplissima

y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
Y
Y
Y

Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
Y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
71
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
72
419
73
420
421
422
423
74
424
75
425
76
426
427
428
429
77
430
78
431
432
79
433
80
434
435
436
437

Ficus arnottiana
Ficus benghalensis
Ficus drupacea
Ficus microcarpa
Ficus mollis
Ficus racemosa
Ficus religiosa
Ficus tinctoria
Ficus virens
Plecospermum spinosum
Streblus asper
MIMOSOIDAE
Acacia auriculiformis
Acacia catechu
Acacea chundra
Acacia farnesiana
Acacia ferruginea
Acacia leucophloea
Acacia nilotica
Acacia nilotica var cupressoides
Acacia pennata
Acacia suma
Albizia amara
Albizia lebbeck
Albizia odoratissima
Dichrostachys cinerea
Leucaena leucocephala
Mimosa pudica
Pithecellobium dulce
Prosopis cineraria
Samanea saman
MORINGACEAE
Moringa oleifera
MYRTACEAE
Eucalyptis citriodora
Eucalyptis tereticornis
Psidium guajava
Syzygium cumini
NAJADACEAE
Najas indica
NELUMBONACEAE
Nelumbo nucifera
NYCTAGINACEAE
Boerhavia chinensis
Boerhavia diffusa
Bougainvillea spectabilis
Mirabilis jalapa
NYCTANTHACEAE
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis
NYMPHAECEAE
Nympheae nouchali

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Nympheae stellata

OLACACEAE
Ximenia americana
OLEACEAE
Jasminum auriculatum
Jasminum rigidum
Jasminum rottlerianum
Jasminum grandiflorum

y
y

y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

65

438
81
439
440
82
441
442
83
443
444
84
445
85
446
86
447
87
448
88
449
450
451
89
452
90
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
91
480
481
482
92
483
484
93

66

Schrebera swietenioides
ONAGRACEAE
Ludwigia adscendens
Ludwigia perennis
OPILIACEAE
Cansjera rheedii
Opilia amentacea
ORCHIDACEAE
Habenaria plantaginea
Vanda testacea
OXALIDACEAE
Oxalis corniculata
PAPAVERACEAE
Argemone mexicana
PASSIFLORACEAE
Passiflora foetida
PEDALIACEAE
Sesamum indicum
PERIPLOCACEAE
Cryptolepis buchnani
Decalepis hamiltonii
Hemidesmus indicus
PLUMBAGINACEAE
Plumbago zeylanica
POACEAE
Apluda mutica
Aristida hystrix
Bambusa bambos
Chloris barbata
Chrysopogon verticillatus
Cymbopogon caesius
Cymbopogon flexuosus
Cynodon dactylon
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
Dandrocalumus strictus
Digitaria ciliaris
Echinochloa colona
Eleusine indica
Eragrostiella bifaria
Hackelochloa granularis
Hetropogon contortus
Lophopogon tridentatus
Panicum trypheron
Paspalum paspaloides
Pennisetum polystachyon
Rhynchelytrum repens
Sehima nervosum
Setaria verticillata
Sporobolus fertilis
Sporobolus piliferus
Thelepogon elegans
Themeda triandra
POLYGALACEAE
Polygala arvensis
Polygala elongata
Polygala erioptera
POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum barbatum
Polygonum glabrum
PONTEDERIACEAE

Y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y

Y
Y
Y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y

Y
Y
Y

y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
Y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y

485
486
94
487
488
95
489
490
96
491
97
492
493
494
495
496
98
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
99
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
100
521
101
521
522
102
523
524
525
103
526
527
528
104
529
530
531
532

Eichhornia crassipes
Monochoria vaginalis
PORTULACACEAE
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca qradrifida
POTAMOGETONACEAE
Potamogeton nodosus
Potamogeton pectinatus
PROTEACEAE
Grevillea robusta
RHAMNACEAE
Scutia circumscissa
Ventilago madraspatana
Ziziphus mauritiana
Ziziphus oenoplia
Ziziphus xylopyrus
RUBIACEAE
Borreria articularis
Borreria stricta
Canthium dicoccum
Canthium parviflorum
Dentella repens
Gardenia latifolia
Ixora arborea
Morinda tomentosa
Oldenlandia affinis
Oldenlandia corymbosa
Oldenlandia herbacea
Oldenlandia umbellata
Tarrena asiatica
Thecagonium biflorum
Wendlandia thyrsoidea
Xeromphis spinosa
RUTACEAE
Aegle marmelos
Atalantia monophylla
Feronia limonia
Murraya koenigii
Naringi crenulata
Pleiospermum alatum
Ruta graveolens
Toddalia asiatica
SALVADORACEAE
Azima tetracantha
SANTALACEAE
Osyris quadripartita
Santalum album
SAPINDACEAE
Cardiospermum halicacabum
Dodonaea viscosa
Sapindus laurifolius
SAPOTACEAE
Madhuca indica
Madhuca latifolia
Manilkara achras
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Bacopa monnieri
Buchnera hispida
Limnophila indica
Lindernia oppositifolia

y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

Y
Y

y
y

Y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

67

533
534
535
536
537
105
538
106
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
107
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
108
558
559
109
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
110
568
111
569
112
570
571
572
113
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583

68

Lindernia parviflora
Micrargeria wightii
Sopubia delphinifolia
Striga asiatica
Striga densiflora
SIMAROUBACEAE
Ailanthes excelsa
SOLANACEAE
Capsicum annum
Datura innoxia
Datura metel
Lycopersicum esculentum
Physalis minima
Solanum erianthum
Solanum melongena
Solanum nigrum
Solanum seaforthianum
Solanum sisymbrifolium
Solanum torvum
Withania somnifera
STERCULIACEAE
Eriolaena candolleii
Firmiana colorata
Guazuma ulmifolia
Melhania incana
Melochia cochorifolia
Sterculia urens
Waltheria indica
THUNBERGIACEAE
Thunbergia alata
Thunbergia fragrans
TILIACEAE
Corchorus tridens
Corchorus trilocularis
Grewia laevigata
Grewia tiliifolia
Grewia villosa
Muntingia calabura
Triumfetta pilosa
Triumfetta rhomboidea
TYPHACEAE
Typha angustata
ULMACEAE
Holoptelea integrifolia
URTICACEAE
Girardina zeylanica
Leportea interrupta
Pilea microphylla
VERBENACEAE
Clerodendrum inerme
Clerodendrum philippinum
Clerodendrum serrutum
Duranta repens
Gmelina arborea
Gmelina asiatica
Lantana camara
Phyla nodiflora
Premna latifolia
Premna tomentosa
Priva cordifolia

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y

y
Y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
y

y
Y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y
y

y
Y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y
y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y

584
585
586
587
588
114
589
115
590
591
592
116
593

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
Stachytarpheta mutabilis
Tectona grandis
Vitex altissima
Vitex negundo
VIOLACEAE
Hybanthus enneaspermus
VITACEAE
Cissus pallida
Cissus quardrangula
Cissus vitiginea
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
Tribulus terrestris

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y
y

Y
Y
Y

y
y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y

y
y
y

y
y

69

70

AppendixIII.ComparativechecklistofbirdsatKukkarahallitankover
differentstudyperiods
Species
Family:Podicipitidae
1.LittleGrebe(Tachybaptusruficollis)
Family:Pelecanidae
2.SpotbilledPelican(Pelecanusphilippensis)
Family:Phalacrocoracidae
3.LittleCormorant(Phalacrocoraxniger)
4.IndianCormorant(Phalacrocoraxfuscicollis)
5.LargeCormorant(Phalacrocoraxcarbo)
Family:Anhingidae
6.Darter(Anhingamelanogaster)
Family:Ardeidae
7.GreyHeron(Ardeacinerea)
8.PurpleHeron(Ardeapurpurea)
9.IndianPondHeron(Ardeolagrayii)
10.CattleEgret(Bubulcusibis)
11.GreatEgret(Casmerodiusalbus)
12.IntermediateEgret(Mesophoyxintermedia)
13.LittleEgret(Egrettagarzetta)
14.BlackCrownedNightHeron(Nycticoraxnycticorax)
15.CinnamonBittern(Ixobrychuscinnamomeus)
16.YellowBittern(Ixobrychussinensis)
Family:Ciconiidae
17.PaintedStork(Mycterialeucocephala)
18.AsianOpenBill(Anastomusoscitans)
19.WoollyNeckedStork(Ciconiaepiscopus)

Upto1997
(MAN)

19992000

20062007

20092010

VC/r/B

VC/r/Ro/Fo/B

VC/r/Ro/Fo/B

VC/r/Ro/Fo/B

C/V/B

C/V/Ro/Fo/B

C/V/Ro/F

C/V/Ro/F

C/r/B
R/V/B
C/r/B

C/r/Ro/Fo/B
C/V/Ro/Fo/B
C/r/Ro/Fo/B

C/r/Ro/Fo/B
C/V/Ro/Fo/B
C/r/Ro/Fo/B

C/r/Ro/Fo/B
C/V/Ro/Fo/B
C/r/Ro/Fo/B

C/r/B

C/r/Ro/Fo/B

C/r/Ro/Fo/B

C/r/Ro/Fo/B

C/r/B
VC/r/B
C/r
VC/r
C/r
C/r
C/r
VC/r/B
R/r
R/r

C/V/B
VR/V/B
NR

C/r/Ro/Fo
C/r/Ro/Fo/B
C/r/Ro/Fo
VC/r/Ro/Fo
R/V/Fo
R/V/Fo
C/r/Ro/Fo
VC/r/Fo/B
R/V/Ro/Fo
R/V/Ro/Fo

C/V/Ro/Fo/B
VR/V/Ro
VR/V

C/r/Ro/Fo
C/r/Ro/Fo
C/r/Ro/Fo
VC/r/Ro/Fo
R/V/Fo
R/V/Fo
C/r/Ro/Fo
VC/r/Fo/B
R/V/Ro/Fo
R/V/Ro/Fo

C/V/Ro/Fo/B
VR/V/Ro
AB

C/r/Ro/Fo
C/r/Ro/Fo
C/r/Ro/Fo
VC/r/Ro/Fo
R/V/Fo
R/V/Fo
C/r/Ro/Fo
VC/r/Fo/B
R/V/Ro/Fo
R/V/Ro/Fo

C/V/Ro/Fo/B
AB
AB

71

Family:Threskiornithidae
20.LesserAdjutantStork(Leptoptilesjavanicus)
21.BlackheadedIbis(Threskiornismelanocephalous)
22.BlackIbis(Pseuidbispapillosa)
23.GlossyIbis(Plegadisfalcinellus)
24.EurasianSpoonbill(Platalealeucorodia)
Family:Anatidae
25.LesserWhistlingDuck(Dendrocygnajavanica)
26.NorthernPintail(Anasacuta)
27.CommonTeal(Anascrecca)
28.SpotbilledDuck(Anaspoecilorhyncha)
29.Gargeny(Anasquerquedula)
30.NorthernShoveller(Anasclypeata)
31.CommonPochard(Aythyaferina)
32.CottonPigmyGoose(Nettapuscoromandelianus)
33.CombDuck(Sarkidiorismelanotos)
Family:Accipitridae
34.BlackShoulderedKite(Elanuscaeruleus)
35.BlackKite(Milvusmigrans)
36.BrahminyKite(Haliasturndus)
37.Shikra(Accipiterbadius)
38.Besra(Accipitervirgatus
39.TwanyEagle(Aquilarapax)
40.WhiteRumpedVulture(Gypsbengalensis)
41.EgyptianVulture(Neophronpercnopterus)
42.EurasianMarshHarrier(Circusaeruginosus)
43.CrestedSerpentEagle(Spilornischeela)
44.OrientalHoneyBuzzard(Pernisptilorhyncus)
Family:Phasianidae
45.GreyFrancolin(Francolinuspondicerianus)
46.CommonQuail(Coturnixcoturnix)
Family:Turnicidae
47.YellowLeggedButtonQuail(Turnixtanki)

72

UC/V
C/V/B
C/V/B
C/V
UC/V/B

VC/r/V/B
UC/W
R/W
VC/r/B
VC/W
UC/W
R/W
UC/W
VR/W

R/V
UC/r/B
UC/r/B
C/V
UC/V
R/V
UC/V
UC/V
C/W
NR
NR

C/r/B
R/r

UC

AB
C/V/Ro/Fo/B
C/V/Fo
C/V/Ro
VR/V/Ro

C/V/Ro/Fo
AB
AB
VC/r/Ro/Fo/B
C/W/Ro/Fo
AB
AB
AB
AB

AB
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
C/V/Fo
R/V
AB
AB
AB
C/V/Fo
NR
NR

C/r/Fo/Ro/B
AB

AB

AB
C/V/Ro/Fo
C/V/Fo
C/V/Ro
VR/V/Ro

C/V/Ro/Fo
AB
AB
VC/r/Ro/Fo/B
C/W/Ro/Fo
AB
AB
AB
AB

AB
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
C/V/Fo
AB
AB
AB
AB
C/V/Fo
VR
VR

C/r/Fo/Ro/B
AB

AB

AB
C/V/Ro/Fo
C/V/Fo
C/V/Ro
AB

C/V/Ro/Fo
AB
AB
VC/r/Ro/Fo/B
C/W/Ro/Fo
AB
AB
AB
AB

AB
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
C/V/Fo
AB
AB
AB
AB
C/V/Fo
AB
AB

C/r/Fo/Ro/B
AB

AB

Family:Rallidae
48.BaillonsCrake(Porzanapusilla)
49.RuddyBreastedCrake(Porzanafusca)
50.WhitebreastedWaterhen(Amaurornisphoenicurus)
51.Watercock(Gallicrexcinerea)
52.CommonMoorhen(Gallinulachloropus)
53.CommonCoot(Fulicaatra)
54.PurpleSwamphen(Porphyrioporphyrio)
Family:Jacanidae
55.PheasenttailedJacana(Hydrophasianuschirurgus)
56.BronzewingedJacana(Metopidiusindicus)
Family:Charadriidae
57.RedWattledLapwing(Vanellusindicus)
58.YellowWattledLapwing(Vanellusmalabaricus)
59.LittleRingedPlover(Charadriusdubius)
60.KentishPlover(Charadriusalexandrinus)
Family:Scolopacidae
61.CommonRedshank(Tringatotanus)
62.MarshSandpiper(Tringastagnatilis)
63.CommonGreenshank(Tringanebularia)
64.GreenSandpiper(Tringaochropus)
65.WoodSandpiper(Tringaglareola)
66.CommonSandpiper(Actitishypoleucos)
67.PintailSnipe(Gallinagostenura)
68.CommonSnipe(Gallinagogallinago)
69.JackSnipe(Gallinagominimus)
70.LittleStint(Calidrisminuta)
Family:Rostratulidae
71.GreaterPaintedSnipe(Rostratulabenghalensis)
Family:Recurvirostridae
72.BlackwingedStilt(Himantopushimantopus)

Family:Burhinidae
73.EurasianThickknee(Burhinusoedicnemus)

VR/W
VR/W
C/r/B
VR
VC/r/B
VC/r/B
VC/r/B

C/r/V/B
C/r/B

VC/r/B
C/r/B
R/W
R/W

R/W
UC/W
UC/W
C/W
C/W
C/W
UC/W
R/W
VR/W
VR/W

UC/W

C/V

VC/r/B

VR/W/Fo
AB
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
AB
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B

AB
C/r/Fo/Ro/B

VC/r/Fo/Ro
AB
AB
AB

AB
UC/W/Fo/Ro
AB
C/W//Fo/Ro
C/W/Fo/Ro
C/W/Fo/Ro
AB
AB
AB
AB

AB

C/V/Fo/Ro

VC/r/Fo/Ro/B

VR/W/Fo
AB
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
AB
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B

AB
C/r/Fo/Ro/B

VC/r/Fo/Ro
AB
AB
AB

AB
UC/W//Fo/Ro
AB
AB
C/W/Fo/Ro
C/W/Fo/Ro
AB
AB
AB
AB

AB

C/V/Fo/Ro

AB

AB
AB
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
AB
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B

AB
C/r/Fo/Ro/B

VC/r/Fo/Ro
AB
AB
AB

AB
UC/W//Fo/Ro
AB
AB
AB
C/W/Fo/Ro
AB
AB
AB
AB

AB

C/V/Fo/Ro

AB

73

Family:Laridae
74.BrownheadedGull(Larusbrunnicephalus)
75.WhiskeredTern(Chlidoniashybrida)
76.RiverTern(Sternaaurantia)
77.BlackbelliedTern(Sternaacuticauda)
Family:Columbidae
78.RockPigeon(Columbalivia)
79.EurasianCollaredDove(Streptopeliadecaocto)
80.SpottedDove(Streptopeliachinensis)
81.LaughingDove(Streptopeliasenegalensis)
Family:Psittacidae
82.RoseringedParakeet(Psittaculakrameri)
Family:Cuculidae
83.PiedCuckoo(Clamtorjacobinus)
84.IndianCuckoo(Cuculusmicropterus)
85.AsianKoel(Eudynamysscolopacea)
86.GreaterCoucal(Centropussinensis)
Family:Strigidae
87.BarnOwl(Tytoalba)
88.CollaredScopsOwl(Otusbakkamoena)
89.SpottedOwlet(Athenebrama)
Family:Apodidae
90.HouseSwift(Apusaffinis)
91.AsianPalmSwift(Cypsiurusbalasiensis)
Family:Alcedinidae
92.CommonKingfisher(Alcedoatthis)
93.WhiteThroatedKingfisher(Halcyonsmyrnensis)
94.PiedKingfisher(Cerylerudis)
95.BlackCappedKingfisher(Hylcyonpileata)
Family:Meropidae
96.GreenBeeeater(Meropsorientalis)
97.BluetailedBeeeater(Meropsphilippinus)
98.ChestnutheadedBeeeater(Meropsleschenaulti)

74

VR/W
VR/W
R/W
VR/W

UC/V
C/r
C/r/B
NR

C/r

UC/V
UC/V
C/r/B
VC/r

UC/V
VR
VC/r

C/V
UC/V

C/r/B
C/
UC/V
VR

C/r
R/W
R/V

AB
AB

AB
AB

VC/Fo
AB

C/r/Fo/Ro/B
VR/V

C/r/Fo/Ro/B

AB
AB
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
VC/r/Fo/Ro

UC/V
VR/V/Ro
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B

C/V/Fo
UC/V/Fo

C/r/Fo
C/r/Fo
UC/V/Fo
AB

C/V/Fo
UC/W/Fo
R/V

AB
AB
R/W/Fo
AB

VC/Fo
AB
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
AB

C/r/Fo/Ro/B

AB
AB
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
VC/r/Fo/Ro

AB
AB
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B

C/V/Fo
UC/V

C/r/Fo
C/r/Fo
UC/V/Fo
AB

C/V/Fo
AB
AB

AB
AB
R/W/Fo
AB

VC/Fo
AB
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
AB

C/r/Fo/Ro/B

AB
AB
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
VC/r/Fo/Ro

AB
AB
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B

C/V/Fo
UC/V

C/r/Fo
C/r/Fo
AB
AB

C/V/Fo
AB
AB

Family:Coraciidae
99.IndianRoller(Coraciasbenghalensis)
Family:Upupidae
100.CommonHoopoe(Upupaepops)
Family:Bucerotidae
101.IndianGreyHornbill(Ocycerosbirostris)
Family:Capitonidae
102.BrownheadedBarbet(Megalamiazeylanica)
103.WhiteCheekedBarbet(Megalaimaviridis)
104.CoppersmithBarbet(Megalaimahaemacephala)
Family:Picidae
105.BlackRumpedwoodpecker(Dinopium
benghalense)
106.WhiteNapedWoodpecker(Chrysocolaptesfestivus)
Family:Pittidae
107.IndianPitta(Pittabrachyuran)
Family:Alaudidae
108.SingingBushlark(Mirafracantillans)
109.IndianBushLark(Mirafraerythroptera)
110.BlackCrownedSparrowLark(Eremopetrixgrisea)
111.RufoustailedLark(Ammomanesphoenicurus)
112.Crestedlark(Galeridacristata)
113.Orientalskylark(Aludagulgula)
Family:Caprimulgidae
114.IndianNightjar(Caprimugusasiaticus)
Family:Hirundinidae
115.BarnSwallow(Hirundorustica)
116.WiretailedSwallow(Hirundosmithii)
117.RedrumpedSwallow(Hirundodaurica)
Family:Laniidae
118.GreatGreyshrike(Laniusexcubitor)
119.Baybackedshrike(Laniusvittatus)
120.LongTailedshrike(Laniusschach)

C/r/B

VC/r/B

C/r/B

R/V
VC/r/B
VC/r/B

C/r

UC/V

CU/W

R/V
VR/V
C/V
C/V
UC/V
R/V

R/r

UC/V
R/V
UC/V

UC/V
UC/V
UC/V

UC/V/Fo

UC/V/Fo

C/r/Fo/Ro

AB
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B

UC/V/Fo

VR/V/Fo

R/V

AB
AB
C/V/Fo/Ro
C/V/Fo/Ro
AB
AB

C/V/Fo
R/V/Fo
UC/V/Fo

AB
UC/V/Fo/Ro
AB

UC/V/Fo

UC/V/Fo

C/r/Fo/Ro

AB
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B

AB

AB

AB

AB
AB
C/V/Fo/Ro
C/V/Fo/Ro
AB
AB

C/V/Fo
AB
UC/V/Fo

AB
UC/V/Fo/Ro
AB

AB

UC/V/Fo

C/r/Fo/Ro

AB
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B
VC/r/Fo/Ro/B

UC/V/Fo

AB

AB

AB
AB
AB
C/V/Fo/Ro
AB
AB

C/V/Fo
AB
UC/V/Fo

AB
UC/V/Fo/Ro
AB

75

121.Brownshrike(Laniuscristatus)
Family:Oriolidae
122.EurasianGoldenOriole(Oriolusoriolus)
Family:Dicruridae
123.BlackDrongo(Dicrurusmacrocercus)
124.AshyDrongo(Dicrurusleucophaeus)
125.WhitebelliedDrongo(Dicruruscaerulescens)
Family:Artamidae
126.AshySwallowShrike(Artamusfuscus)
Family:Sturnidae
127.ChestnutTailedStarling(Sturnusmalabaricus)
128.BrahminyStarling(Sturnuspagodarum)
129.RosyStarling(Sturnusroseus)
130.CommonMyna(Acridotherestristis)
131.JungleMyna(Acridotheresfuscus)
Family:Corvidae
132.HouseCrow(Corvussplendens)
133.LargeBilledCrow(Corvusmacrorhynchos)
Family:Campephagidae
134.CommonWoodshrike(Tephrodornispondicerianus)
135.LargecuckooShrike(Coracinanovaehollandiae)
136.BlackWingedCuckooshrike(Coracina
melaschistos)
137.BlackHeadedCuckooshrike(Coracina
melanoptera)
138.SmallMinivet(Pericrocotuscinnamomeus)
Family:Irenidae
139.CommonIora(Aegithinatiphia)
140.BluewingedLeafbird(Chloropsiscochinchinensis)
Family:Pycnonotidae
141.RedwhiskeredBulbul(Pycnonotusjocosus)
142.RedventedBulbul(Pycnonotuscafer)

76

UC/V

UC/V

C/r
UC/V
VR/V

R/V

UC/V
UC/V
R/V
C/r
C/r

VC/V
VC/r/B

R/V

R/V
R/V

R/V

UC/V

UC/V
R/V

UC/r
C/r/B

AB

UC/V/Fo

C/r/Fo/Ro
UC/V/Fo/Ro
VR/V/Fo

AB

UC/V/Ro
UC/V/Ro
R/V/Ro
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
C/r/Fo/Ro/B

VC/r/Fo/Ro
VC/r/Fo/Ro

AB

AB
AB

R/V/Fo

UC/V/Fo

UC/V/Fo
AB

UC/r/Fo
C/r/Fo/Ro/B

AB

UC/V/Fo

C/r/Fo/Ro
UC/V/Fo/Ro
AB

AB

UC/V/Ro
UC/V/Ro
R/V/Ro
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
C/r/Fo/Ro/B

VC/r/Fo/Ro
VC/r/Fo/Ro

AB

AB
AB

R/V/Fo

R/V/Fo

AB
AB

UC/r/Fo
C/r/Fo/Ro/B

AB

AB

C/r/Fo/Ro
UC/V/Fo/Ro
VR/V/Fo

AB

UC/V/Ro
UC/V/Ro
R/V/Ro
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
C/r/Fo/Ro/B

VC/r/Fo/Ro
VC/r/Fo/Ro

AB

AB
AB

AB

R/V/Fo

AB
AB

UC/r/Fo
C/r/Fo/Ro/B

Family:MuscicapinaeSubFamily:Timaliinae
143.YellowBilledBabbler(Turdoidesaffinis)
Family:Muscicapinae
144.AsianBrownFlycatcher(Muscicapadauurica)
145.RedThroatedFlycatcher(Ficedulaparva)
146.Tickell'sblueFlycatcher(Cyornistickelliae)
147.WhiteThroatedFantail(Rhipiduraalbicollis)
Family:Monarchinae
148.AsianParadiseFlycatcher(Terpsiphoneparadisi)

UC/V

VR/V
VR/V
R/V
R/V

UC/V

Family:Sylviinae
R/V
149.ZittingCisticola(Cisticolajuncidis)
C/V
150.PlainPrinia(Priniainornata)
C/r/B
151.AshyPrinia(Priniasocialis)
C/r/B
152.CommonTailorbird(Orthotomussutorius)
UC/V
153.ClamorousReedWarbler(Acrocephalusstentoreus)

154.BlythsReedWarbler(Acrocephalusdumetorum)
UC/V
155.BootedWrabler(Hippoliscaligata)
C/V
156.CommonChiffchaff(Phylloscopuscollybita)
C/W
157.GreenishWarbler(Phylloscopustrochiloides)
UC/V
Family:Turdinae

158.OrientalMagpieRobin(Copsychussaularis)
C/r/B
159.PiedBushchat(Saxicoloidescaprata)
C/r/B
160.IndianRobin(Saxicoloidesfulicata)
C/r/B
Family:Paridae

161.GreatTit(Parusmajor)
C/V
Family:Motacillidae

162.TreePipit(Anthushodgsoni)
UC/V
163.PaddyFieldPipit(Anthusrufulus)
C/V
164.TwanyPipit(Anthuscampestris)
C/W
165.ForestWagtail(Dendronanthusindicus)
R/W
166.CitrineWagtail(Motacillacitreola)
C/W
167.YellowWagtail(Motacillaflava)
R/W

UC/V/Fo/Ro

AB
AB
R/V/Fo/Ro
R/V/Fo/Ro

UC/V/Fo/Ro/B

AB
UC/V/Fo/Ro
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
UC/V/Fo/Ro

UC/V/Fo/Ro
UC/V/Fo/Ro
AB
UC/V/Fo/Ro

C/r/Fo/Ro/B
C/r/Fo/Ro
C/r/Fo/Ro

C/V/Fo/Ro

AB
C/V/Fo
AB
AB
AB
R/V/Fo

UC/V/Fo/Ro

AB
AB
R/V/Fo/Ro
R/V/Fo/Ro

UC/V/Fo/Ro/B

AB
UC/V/Fo/Ro
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
AB

UC/V/Fo/Ro
UC/V/Fo/Ro
AB
AB

C/r/Fo/Ro/B
C/r/Fo/Ro
C/r/Fo/Ro

C/V/Fo/Ro

AB
C/V/Fo
AB
AB
AB
R/V/Fo

UC/V/Fo/Ro

AB
AB
R/V/Fo/Ro
R/V/Fo/Ro

UC/V/Fo/Ro/B

AB
UC/V/Fo/Ro
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
C/r/Fo/Ro/B
UC/V/Fo/Ro

UC/V/Fo/Ro
UC/V/Fo/Ro
AB
AB

C/r/Fo/Ro/B
C/r/Fo/Ro
C/r/Fo/Ro

C/V/Fo/Ro

AB
C/V/Fo
AB
AB
AB
R/V/Fo

77

168.GreyWagtail(Motacillacinerea)
169.WhiteWagtail(Motacillaalba)
170.WhiteBrowedWagtail(Motacillamaderaspatensis)
Family:Dicaeidae
171.ThickbilledFlowerpecker(Dicaeumagile)
172.PaleBilledFlowerpecker(Dicaeum
erythrohynchos)
Family:Nectariniidae
173.PurplerumpedSunbird(Nectariniazeylonica)
174.PurpleSunbird(Nectariniaasiatica)
Family:Zosteropidae
175.OrientalWhiteEye(Zorteropspalpebrosa)
Family:Passerinae
176.HouseSparrow(Passerdomesticus)
Family:Ploceinae
177.BayaWeaver(Ploceusphilippinus)
178.StreakedWeaver(Ploceusmanyar)
Family:Estrildidae
179.RedAvadavat(Amandavaamandava)
180.IndianSilverbill(Lonchuramalabarica)
181.WhiteRumpedMunia(Lonchurastriata)
182.ScalyBreastedMunia(Lonchurapunctulata)
183.BlackheadedMunia(Lonchuramalacca)
Total

C/W
UC/W
C/r/W

R/V/Fo
UC/W/Fo
C/r/Fo/Ro

R/V/Fo
AB
C/r/Fo/Ro

R/V/Fo
AB
C/r/Fo/Ro

C/V
C/V

C/V/Fo/Ro
C/r/Fo/Ro

C/V/Fo/Ro
C/r/Fo/Ro

C/V/Fo/Ro
C/r/Fo/Ro

C/r/B
C/r/B

R/V

C/r/B

UC/r/B
C/r/B

R/V
UC/V
UC/V
C/V/B
C/r/B

183

C/r/Fo/Ro/B
UC/V/Fo/Ro

AB

C/r/Fo/Ro/B

UC/V/Fo
AB

AB
AB
AB
C/V/Fo/Ro/B
UC/V/Fo

121

C/r/Fo/Ro/B
UC/V/Fo/Ro

AB

UC/r/Ro/Fo

UC/V/Fo
AB

C/r/Fo/Ro/B
UC/V/Fo/Ro

AB

UC/r/Ro/Fo

UC/V/Fo
AB

AB
AB
AB
C/V/Fo/Ro/B
UC/V/Fo

AB
AB
AB
C/V/Fo/Ro/B
UC/V/Fo

105

98

VC:Verycommon(foundthroughoutourtransectsandduringtheentirestudyperiod),C:Common(>75%sightings),
Un:Uncommon(<50%sightings),R:Rare(<25%sightings),VR:Veryrare(<thanfiveindividualsightings)
r:Resident,W:wintervisitor,V:Visitor,Ro:Roost,Fo:Forage,B:Breed

78

Appendix IV. Comparison of status of birds in

Karanji, Kukkarahalli and Lingambudhi tanks
Species
Family: Podicipitidae
1. Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis)
Family: Pelecanidae
2. Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus
philippensis)
Family: Phalacrocoracidae
3. Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax
niger)
4. Indian Cormorant (Phalacrocorax
fuscicollis)
5. Large Cormorant (Phalacrocorax
carbo)
Family: Anhingidae
6. Darter (Anhinga melanogaster)
Family: Ardeidae

Kukkarahalli

Lingambudhi

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/V

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

Ab

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

Ab

7. Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea)

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

8. Purple Heron(Ardea purpurea)

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

9. Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii)

10. Cattle Egret(Bubulcus ibis)
11. Great Egret (Casmerodius albus)
12. Intermediate Egret (Mesophoyx
intermedia)
13. Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)
14. Black Crowned Night Heron
(Nycticorax nycticorax)
15. Cinnamon Bittern (Ixobrychus
cinnamomeus)
16. Yellow Bittern (Ixobrychus sinensis)
Family: Ciconiidae
17. Painted Stork (Mycteria
leucocephala)
18. Asian Open Bill (Anastomus oscitans)
19. Woolly-Necked Stork (Ciconia
episcopus)
Family: Threskiornithidae
20. Lesser Adjutant Stork (Leptoptiles
javanicus)
21. Blackheaded Ibis (Threskiornis
melanocephalous)
22. Black Ibis (Pseuidbis papillosa)
23. Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus)
24. Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea
leucorodia)

Karanji tank

P/C/R/B
(increased
numbers)
P/C/R/B
(increased
numbers)

P/C/R/B (very
few breeds)
P/C/R/B (very
few breeds)
P/C/R/B (very
few breeds)
P/C/R/B (very
few breeds)
P/C/R/B

P/r/V/B* (very
few breeds)
P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

Ab

Ab

Ab

Ab

P/r/V

r/V

P/C/R

P/C

P/C/R/B (very
few breeds)

P/C

P/r/V

V
V
V

P/C/R/B

P/C/V/B

P/C/V

P/C/V/B ( 7-8
pair breeds)

P/r/V/

P/C/V

Ab

Ab

P/r/Va

Ab

Ab

Ab

P/C/V/B

P/C/V/B

P/C/V

P/C/V
P/C/V

P/C/V
P/C/V

P/C/V
P/C/V

V/B (2-3 pairr

very few breeds)

P/r/V (1-2 pair

breeds but not
regularly)

Ab

79

Family: Anatidae
25. Lesser Whistling-Duck (Dendrocygna
javanica)

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/r/V (very few

visits very
rarely)
Ab

P/C/R/B

P/C/V/B

P/C/V/B

P/C/V
P/C/V

P/C/V
P/C/V

31. Common Pochard (Aythya ferina)

Ab

Ab

32. Cotton Pigmy Goose (Nettapus

coromandelianus)

Ab

Ab

P/C/V
P/C/V
r/V (just two
visits in last
decade)
r /V (just two
visits in last
decade)

Ab

Ab

P/r

P/C/R
P/C/R
P/C/R
Ab

P/C/R
P/C/R
P/C/R
Ab

P/C/R
P/C/R
P/C/R
P/C/R

Ab

Ab

Ab

P/C/R

P/C/R

P/C/R

Ab

Va

Ab

Ab

P/C/V

Ab

P/C/R

P/C/R

P/C/R

Ab

Ab

P/C/R

Ab

P/C/R

P/C/V

Ab

Ab

P/C/V

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

26. Northern Pintail (Anas acuta)

27. Common Teal (Anas crecca)
28. Spot-billed Duck (Anas
poecilorhyncha)
29. Gargeny (Anas querquedula)
30. Northern Shoveller (Anas clypeata)

Family: Accipitridae
33. Black Shouldered Kite (Elanus
caeruleus)
34. Black Kite (Milvus migrans)
35. Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus)
36. Shikra (Accipiter badius)
37. Twany Eagle (Aquila rapax)
38. Egyptian Vulture (Neophron
percnopterus)
39. Eurasian Marsh Harrier (Circus
aeruginosus)
40. Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis
cheela)
41. Oriental Honey Buzzard (Pernis
ptilorhyncus)
Family: Phasianidae
42. Grey Francolin (Francolinus
pondicerianus)
43. Common Quail (Coturnix coturnix)
Family: Rallidae
44. Baillon's Crake (Porzana pusilla)
45. Ruddy BreastedCrake (Porzana
fusca)
46. White-breasted Waterhen
(Amaurornis phoenicurus)
47. Common Moorhen (Gallinula
chloropus)
48. Common Coot (Fulica atra)
49. Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio
porphyrio)
Family: Jacanidae
50. Pheasent-tailed Jacana
(Hydrophasianus chirurgus)
51. Bronze-winged Jacana (Metopidius
indicus)
Family: Charadriidae
52. Red-Wattled Lapwing (Vanellus
indicus)
53. Yellow-Wattled Lapwing (Vanellus
malabaricus)
54. Little Ringed Plover (Charadrius
dubius)
55. Kentish Plover (Charadrius
alexandrinus)

80

P/C/V
Ab

P/C/V
P/C/V

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/R

P/C/R

P/C/V

P/C/R

P/C/R

P/C/R/B

Ab

Ab

P/C/R/B

Ab

Ab

P/C/V

Ab

Ab

r/V

Family: Scolopacidae
56. Common Redshank (Tringa totanus)
57. Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stagnatilis)
58. Common Greenshank (Tringa
nebularia)
59. Green Sandpiper (Tringa ochropus)
60. Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola)
61. Common Sandpiper (Actitis
hypoleucos)
62. Pintail Snipe (Gallinago stenura)
63. Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago)
64. Little Stint (Calidris minuta)
65. Temmincks Stint (Calidris
temminckii)
66. Ruff ( Philomachus pugnax)
67. Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa)
Family: Rostratulidae
68. Greater Painted Snipe (Rostratula
benghalensis)
Family: Recurvirostridae
69. Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus
himantopus)
Family: Burhinidae
70. Eurasian Thick-knee (Burhinus
oedicnemus)
Family: Laridae
71. River Tern (Sterna aurantia)
Family: Columbidae
72. Rock Pigeon (Columba livia)
73. Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia
decaocto)
74. Spotted Dove (Streptopelia chinensis)
75. Laughing Dove (Streptopelia
senegalensis)
Family: Psittacidae
76. Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula
krameri)
Family: Cuculidae
77. Pied Cuckoo (Clamtor jacobinus)
78. Asian Koel (Eudynamys scolopacea)
79. Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis)
Family: Strigidae
80. Collared Scops Owl (Otus
bakkamoena)
81. Spotted Owlet (Athene brama)
Family: Apodidae
82. House Swift (Apus affinis)
83. Asian Palm Swift (Cypsiurus
balasiensis)
Family: Alcedinidae
84. Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis)
85. White-Throated Kingfisher (Halcyon
smyrnensis)
86. Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle rudis)
Family: Meropidae
87. Green Bee-eater (Merops orientalis)
88. Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops
philippinus)
89. Chestnut-headed Bee-eater (Merops
leschenaulti)

Ab
P/C/V

Ab
P/C/V

r/V
P/C/V

Ab

Ab

P/C/V

P/C/V
P/C/V

P/C/V
P/C/V

P/C/V
P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

Ab
Ab
Ab

Ab
Ab
Ab

P/r/V
P/r/V
P/r/V

Ab

Ab

P/r/V

Ab

Ab

P/r/V

Ab

Ab

P/r/V

Ab

Ab

P/r/V

P/r/V

P/r/V

P/r/V

Ab

Ab

P/C/R

P/r/V

P/r/V

Va

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

Ab

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R

P/C/R

Ab
P/C/R/B
P/C/R/B

Ab
P/C/R/B
P/C/R/B

P/C/V
P/C/R/B
P/C/R/B

Ab

P/r/V

Ab

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R

P/C/R

P/C/R

Ab

Ab

P/C/V

P/C/R

P/C/R

Ab

P/C/R

P/C/R

P/C/R

P/C/V

Ab

Ab

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

Ab

Ab

Ab ( Ab* recent
trend)

81

Family: Coraciidae
90. Indian Roller (Coracias
benghalensis)

Ab

Ab

P/C/R
(significantly
reduced)

Family: Upupidae
91. Common Hoopoe (Upupa epops)
Family: Bucerotidae

P/C/V

P/r/V

P/C/R/B

92. Indian Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros

birostris)

P/C/R/B

P/C/R

P/C/R/B*
(significantly
reduced)

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

Ab

P/C/r

P/C/r

Ab

Ab

Va (Ab* recent
trend)

Ab

Ab

Ab

98. Indian Bush Lark (Mirafra

erythroptera)

Ab

Ab

99. Oriental skylark (Aluda gulgula)

Ab

Ab

Family: Hirundinidae
100. Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica)

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/R

P/C/R

Family: Laniidae
102. Baybacked shrike (Lanius vittatus)

Ab

P/C/V

103. Long-Tailed shrike (Lanius schach)

Ab

Ab

104. Brown shrike (Lanius cristatus)

Family: Oriolidae
105. Eurasian Golden Oriole (Oriolus
oriolus)
Family: Dicruridae
106. Black Drongo (Dicrurus
macrocercus)
107. Ashy Drongo (Dicrurus
leucophaeus)
108. White-bellied Drongo (Dicrurus
caerulescens)
Family: Sturnidae
109. Chestnut-Tailed Starling (Sturnus
malabaricus)
110. Brahminy Starling (Sturnus
pagodarum)
111. Rosy Starling (Sturnus roseus)
112. Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis)
113. Jungle Myna (Acridotheres fuscus)
Family: Corvidae
114. House Crow (Corvus splendens)
115. Large-Billed Crow (Corvus
macrorhynchos)

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V
V (resident
turned visitor)
P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/r/V

P/r/V

P/r/V

Ab

Ab

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/R/B (but
drastic reduction)

P/C/V
P/C/R/B
P/C/R/B

P/C/V
P/C/R/B
P/C/R/B

P/C/V
P/C/R/B
P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

Family: Capitonidae
93. White Cheeked Barbet (Megalaima
viridis)
94. Coppersmith Barbet (Megalaima
haemacephala)
Family: Picidae
95. Black-Rumped woodpecker
(Dinopium benghalense)
96. White-Naped Woodpecker
(Chrysocolaptes festivus)
Family: Pittidae
97. Indian Pitta (Pitta brachyuran)
Family: Alaudidae

101. Red-rumped Swallow (Hirundo

daurica)

82

V (1-2 sighting
in the part 5
years)
V (earlier
present now
not found)
P/C/V
P/C/R/B
breeds in
nearby houses

Family: Campephagidae
116. Common Woodshrike (Tephrodornis
pondicerianus)
117. Black Headed
Cuckooshrike(Coracina melanoptera)
118. Small Minivet (Pericrocotus
cinnamomeus)
Family: Irenidae
119. Common Iora (Aegithina tiphia)
120. Blue-winged Leafbird (Chloropsis
cochinchinensis)
Family: Pycnonotidae
121. Red-whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus
jocosus)
122. Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus
cafer)
Family: Muscicapinae SubFamily: Timaliinae
123. Yellow-Billed Babbler (Turdoides
affinis)
Family: Muscicapinae
124. Asian Brown Flycatcher (Muscicapa
dauurica)
125. Red Throated Flycatcher (Ficedula
parva)
126. Tickell's blue Flycatcher (Cyornis
tickelliae)
127. White-Throated Fantail (Rhipidura
albicollis)
Family: Monarchinae
128. Asian Paradise-Flycatcher
(Terpsiphone paradisi)
Family: Sylviinae
129. Zitting Cisticola (Cisticola juncidis)
130. Plain Prinia (Prinia inornata)
131. Ashy Prinia (Prinia socialis)
132. Common Tailorbird (Orthotomus
sutorius)
133. Clamorous Reed-Warbler
(Acrocephalus stentoreus)
134. Blyths Reed-Warbler (Acrocephalus
dumetorum)
135. Booted Wrabler (Hippolis caligata)
136. Greenish Warbler (Phylloscopus
trochiloides)
Family: Turdinae
137. Oriental Magpie-Robin (Copsychus
saularis)
138. Pied Bushchat (Saxicoloides
caprata)
139. Indian Robin (Saxicoloides fulicata)
Family: Paridae
140. Great Tit (Parus major)
Family: Motacillidae
141. Tree Pipit (Anthus hodgsoni)
142. Paddy Field Pipit (Anthus rufulus)
143. Twany Pipit (Anthus campestris)
144. Forest Wagtail (Dendronanthus
indicus)
145. Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava)
146. Grey Wagtail (Motacilla cinerea)

Ab

Ab

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/r/V

P/r/V

P/r/V

P/C/V

Ab

P/C/V

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/r/V

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

Ab

P/r/V

P/r/V

Ab

Ab

Ab

P/r/R/B

P/r/R/B

P/r/R/B

P/r/R/B

P/r/R/B

P/r/R/B

P/r/V

P/r/V

P/r/V

Ab
Ab
P/C/R/B

Ab
Ab
P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B
P/C/R
P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/r/V

P/r/V

P/r/V

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/r/V
P/C/V
Ab

Ab
P/C/V
Ab

P/r/V
P/C/R/B
P/r/V

Ab

P/C/V

Ab

P/r/V
Ab

P/C/V
P/r/V

P/C/V
P/r/V

83

147. White Wagtail (Motacilla alba)

148. White-Browed Wagtail(Motacilla
maderaspatensis)
Family: Dicaeidae
149. Thickbilled Flowerpecker (Dicaeum
agile)
150. Pale-Billed Flowerpecker (Dicaeum
erythrohynchos)
Family: Nectariniidae
152. Purple-rumped Sunbird (Nectarinia
zeylonica)
153. Purple Sunbird (Nectarinia asiatica)

P/r/V

Ab

P/r/V

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

Ab

Ab

Va (Ab in
recent past)

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

Ab

P/C/R/B* (*not
in lake area but in
surroundings)

P/C/R/B *(*not

Ab
Ab

P/C/V
Ab

P/C/R/B
P/C/R/B

Ab

Ab

P/C/R/B

Ab

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

Ab

Ab

P/r/V

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

Family: Passerinae
154. House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
Family: Ploceinae
155. Baya Weaver (Ploceus philippinus)
156. Streaked Weaver (Ploceus manyar)
Family: Estrildidae
157. Red Avadavat (Amandava
amandava)
158. Indian Silverbill (Lonchura
malabarica)
159. White-Rumped Munia (Lonchura
striata)
160. Scaly-Breasted Munia (Lonchura
punctulata)
161. Blackheaded Munia (Lonchura
malacca)
Total

in lake area but in

surroundings)

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

P/C/R/B

104

114

146

P: Present, C: Common, r: Rare, R: Resident, B: Breeding, V: Visitor, Ab: Absent

84

9. Cattle Egret(Bubulcus ibis)

10. Great Egret
(Casmerodius albus)
11. Intermediate Egret
(Mesophoyx intermedia)
12. Little Egret
(Egretta garzetta)
13. Western Reef Egret
(Egretta gularis)
14. Black Crowned Night
Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)
Family: Threskiornithidae
15. Blackheaded Ibis
(Threskiornis
melanocephalous)
16. Black Ibis
(Pseuidbis papillosa)

Urban

Malleshwara
Gudda

C. devenna betta
(Sec-4), Kotttegal
Mullur gudda

Vadagal R.S.
Betta (Sec-4)

Mallikarjuna
swamy betta
(S
)
Konnanur (Sec-4)

Chickanahalli B-I
RF

Chickanahalli BII RF

Varakodu

Chammundi hill

Mysore

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/r/
R

P/C/R

P/C/R

P/C/R

Species

Family: Podicipitidae
1. Little Grebe
(Tachybaptus ruficollis)
Family:Phalacrocoracidae
2. Little Cormorant
(Phalacrocorax niger)
3. Indian Cormorant
(Phalacrocorax fuscicollis)
4. Large Cormorant
(Phalacrocorax carbo)
Family: Anhingidae
5. Darter
(Anhingamelanogaster)
Family: Ardeidae
6. Grey Heron
(Ardea cinerea)
7. Purple Heron
(Ardea purpurea)
8. Indian Pond Heron
(Ardeola grayii)

T.N. Pura
Range

Sollepura

H.D. Kote
Range

Nanjangud

Sargur Range

Appendix V. Checklist of birds in different study

sites

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/r/R

P/r

P/r

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/V

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/V

P/C/V

P/C
/V

P/C
/V

P/C/V

P/C
/V

P/C
/V

P/r/V

85

Family: Anatidae
17. Lesser Whistling-Duck
(Dendrocygna javanica)
18. Spot-billed Duck
(Anas poecilorhyncha)
19. Barheaded goose
(Anser indicus)
Family: Accipitridae
20. Black Shouldered Kite
(Elanus caeruleus)
21. Black Kite
(Milvus migrans)
22. Brahminy Kite
(Haliastur indus)
23. Shikra (Accipiter badius)
24. Besra (Accipiter virgatus)
25. Twany Eagle
(Aquila rapax)
26. White Rumped Vulture
(Gyps bengalensis)
27. Egyptian Vulture
(Neophron percnopterus)
28. Eurasian Marsh Harrier
(Circus aeruginosus)
29. Crested Serpent Eagle
(Spilornis cheela)
30. Oriental Honey Buzzard
(Pernis ptilorhyncus)
31. Short-toed snake eagle
(Circaetus gallicus)
32. Pallid Harier
(Circus macrourus)
33. Booted Eagle
(Hieraaetus pennatus)
34. Bonellis Eagle
(Hieraaetus fasciatus)
35. White-eyed buzzard
(Butastur teesa)
36. Common Kestral
(Falco tinnunculus)
Family: Phasianidae
37. Grey Francolin
(Francolinus pondicerianus)
38. Common Quail
(Coturnix coturnix)
39. Grey jungle fowl
(Gallus sonneratii)
40. Indian peafowl
(Pavo cristatus)
Family: Turnicidae
41. Barred Button Quail
(Turnix suscitator)
42. Yellow Legged Button
Quail (Turnix tanki)
Family: Rallidae
43. White-breasted Waterhen
(Amaurornis phoenicurus)

86

P/C
/V
P/C
/R
P/r/
Va*

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/r/
V
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C/R
P/C/R
P/C/R
P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/r

P/C
/R
P/r/
R
P/r/
R

P/C/V

P/C
/R
P/r/
R
P/C
/R
P/r/
V
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/r/
R
P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/r/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/V
P/C
/V
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/V
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/V

P/C/R

P/C/V

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
-

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

44. Common Coot

(Fulica atra)
45. Purple Swamphen
(Porphyrio porphyrio)
Family: Jacanidae
46. Pheasent-tailed Jacana
(Hydrophasianus chirurgus)
47. Bronze-winged Jacana
(Metopidius indicus)
Family: Charadriidae
48. Red-Wattled Lapwing
(Vanellus indicus)
Family: Scolopacidae
49. Common Redshank
(Tringa totanus)
50. Marsh Sandpiper
(Tringa stagnatilis)
51. Common Greenshank
(Tringa nebularia)
52. Green Sandpiper
(Tringa ochropus)
53. Wood Sandpiper (Tringa
glareola)
54. Common Sandpiper
(Actitis hypoleucos)
Family: Recurvirostridae
55. Black-winged Stilt
(Himantopus himantopus)
Family: Burhinidae
56. River Tern
(Sterna aurantia)
Family: Columbidae
57. Rock Pigeon
(Columba livia)
58. Eurasian Collared Dove
(Streptopelia decaocto)
59. Spotted Dove (Streptopelia
chinensis)
60. Laughing Dove
(Streptopelia senegalensis)
Family: Psittacidae
61. Plump headed parakeet
(Psittacula cyanocephala)
62. Rose-ringed Parakeet
(Psittacula krameri)
Family: Cuculidae
63. Pied Cuckoo
(Clamtor jacobinus)
64. Common hawk cuckoo
(Hierococcyx varius)
65. Indian Cuckoo
(Cuculus micropterus)
66. Asian Koel
(Eudynamys scolopacea)
67. Greater Coucal
(Centropus sinensis)
68. Small Green-billed
Malkoha (Phaenicophaeus
viridirostris)

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/V
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C/V

P/C/V

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C/R
P/C/R
P/C/R
P/C/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/r/
V
P/C
/R

P/C
/V
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/r/
V

87

69. Sirkeer malkoha

(Phaenicophaeus
leschenaultia)
Family: Strigidae

P/r/V

70. Barn Owl (Tyto alba)

P/C/R

71. Collared Scops Owl

(Otus bakkamoena)
72. Spotted Owlet
(Athene brama)
73. Eurasian Eagle Owl
(Bubo bubo)
Family: Apodidae

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

74. House Swift (Apus affinis)

75. Asian Palm Swift
(Cypsiurus balasiensis)
Family: Alcedinidae
76. Common Kingfisher
(Alcedo atthis)
77. White-Throated Kingfisher
(Halcyon smyrnensis)
78. Pied Kingfisher
(Ceryle rudis)
Family: Meropidae
79. Green Bee-eater
(Merops orientalis)
80. Blue-tailed Bee-eater
(Merops philippinus)
81. Chestnut-headed Bee-eater
(Merops leschenaulti)
Family: Coraciidae
82. Indian Roller
(Coracias benghalensis)
Family: Upupidae
83. Common Hoopoe
(Upupa epops)
Family: Bucerotidae
84. Indian Grey Hornbill
(Ocyceros birostris)
Family: Capitonidae
85. White Cheeked Barbet
(Megalaima viridis)
86. Coppersmith Barbet
(Megalaima haemacephala)
Family: Picidae
87. Black-Rumped woodpecker
(Dinopium benghalense)
Family: Pittidae
88. Indian Pitta
(Pitta brachyuran)
Family: Alaudidae
89. Singing Bush lark
(Mirafracantillans)
90. Indian Bush Lark
(Mirafra erythroptera)
91. Black Crowned Sparrow
Lark (Eremopetrix grisea)
92. Rufous-winged lark
(Mirafra assamica)

88

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/V
P/C
/V

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/V
P/C
/V

P/C
/V
P/C
/V

P/C
/V
P/C
/V

P/C
/V
P/C
/V

P/C
/V
P/C
/V

P/C
/V
P/C
/V

P/C
/V
P/C
/V
P/C
/V

P/C
/V
P/C
/V
P/C
/V

P/C/V
-

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/V

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/V

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/r/
R

P/r/
V

P/r/
V

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/V

P/C/R
P/C/R

P/r/
R

P/r/
R

93. Rufous-tailed Lark

(Ammomanes phoenicurus)
94. Crested lark
(Galerida cristata)
95. Malabar lark
(Galerida malabarica)
96. Sykes lark
(Galerida deva)
97. Oriental skylark
(Aluda gulgula)
Family: Caprimulgidae
98. Indian Nightjar
(Caprimugus asiaticus)
Family: Hirundinidae
99. Barn Swallow
(Hirundo rustica)
100. Wire-tailed Swallow
(Hirundo smithii)
101. Red-rumped Swallow
(Hirundo daurica)
102. Dusky crag martin
(Hirundo concolor)
Family: Laniidae
103. Baybacked Shrike (Lanius
vittatus)
104. Long-tailed Shrike
(Lanius schach)
105. Brown Shrike
(Lanius cristatus)
Family: Oriolidae
106. Eurasian Golden Oriole
(Oriolus oriolus)
107. Black-hooded Orile
(Oriolus xanthornus )
Family: Dicruridae
108. Black Drongo
(Dicrurus macrocercus)
109. Ashy Drongo
(Dicrurus leucophaeus)
110. White-bellied Drongo
(Dicrurus caerulescens)
Family: Sturnidae
111. Chestnut-Tailed Starling
(Sturnus malabaricus)
112. Brahminy Starling
(Sturnus pagodarum)
113. Rosy Starling
(Sturnus roseus)
114. Common Myna
(Acridotheres tristis)
115. Jungle Myna
(Acridotheres fuscus)
Family: Corvidae
116. House Crow
(Corvus splendens)
117. Large-Billed Crow (Corvus
macrorhynchos)
118. Rufous treepie
(Dendrocitta vagabunda)

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/r/V

P/r/V*
*

P/r/V

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/r/
V

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/r/
V

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/V

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/V
P/C
/R

P/C/V

P/C
/V

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/V
P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/r/
V

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/r/
V

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
-

P/C
/V
P/C
/V
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/V

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/V

P/C
/V
P/C
/V

P/C
/V
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/r/V

P/C
/V

P/C
/V

P/C
/V

P/C
/V

P/C
/V

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C/V

P/r/
V

P/r/
V

P/C
/V
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/V
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/V
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/V
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/V
P/C
/V
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/V
P/C
/V
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C/R
P/C/R

P/C/V
P/C/R
P/C/R
P/C/R
P/C/R
P/C/R

89

Family: Campephagidae
119. Common Woodshrike
(Tephrodornis pondicerianus)
120. Black Headed
Cuckooshrike
(Coracina melanoptera)
121. Small Minivet
(Pericrocotus cinnamomeus)
Family: Irenidae
122. Common Iora
(Aegithina tiphia)
123. Blue-winged Leafbird
(Chloropsis cochinchinensis)
Family: Pycnonotidae
124. Red-whiskered Bulbul
(Pycnonotus jocosus)
125. Red-vented Bulbul
(Pycnonotus cafer)
126. White-browed Bulbul
(Pycnonotus lutelus)
Family: Muscicapinae
Sub-Family: Timaliinae
127. Jungle Babler
(Turdoides striatus)
128. Yellow-eyed babbler
(Chrysomma sinense)
129. Twany bellied babbler
(Dumetia hyperythra)
130. Large Grey Babbler
(Turdoides malcolmi)
131. Yellow-Billed Babbler
(Turdoides affinis)
Family: Muscicapinae
132. Tickell's blue Flycatcher
(Cyornis tickelliae)
133. White-Throated Fantail
(Rhipidura albicollis)
Family: Monarchinae
134. Asian Paradise-Flycatcher
(Terpsiphone paradisi)
Family: Sylviinae
135. Plain Prinia
(Prinia inornata)
136. Ashy Prinia
(Prinia socialis)
137. Grey-breasted prinia
(Prinia hodgsonii)
138. Common Tailorbird
(Orthotomus sutorius)
139. Clamorous Reed-Warbler
(Acrocephalus stentoreus)
140. Blyths Reed-Warbler
(Acrocephalus dumetorum)
141. Booted Wrabler (Hippolis
caligata)
142. Lesser whitethroat (Sylvia
curruca)
Family: Turdinae
143. Oriental Magpie-Robin
(Copsychus saularis)

90

P/r/
R

P/r/R

P/r/
R

P/r/
V

P/C
/V

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/V

P/C
/V

P/C
/R

P/C
/V

P/C/R

P/C
/V

P/C
/V

P/r/
R

P/C
/V
P/r/
V

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/V

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/V
P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C/R
P/C/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/V

P/C/R

P/C
/V

P/C
/V

P/C
/V

P/r/
V
P/C
/V

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/r/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/V
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/r/
R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/r/V

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/r/
V
P/C
/R

144. Pied Bushchat

(Saxicoloides caprata)
145. Indian Robin
(Saxicoloides fulicata)
146. Blue Rock Thrush
(Monticola solitarius)
Family: Paridae
147. Great Tit (Parus major)
Family: Motacillidae
148. Paddy Field Pipit
(Anthus rufulus)
149. Twany Pipit
(Anthus campestris)
150. Richards Pipit
(Anthus richardi)
151. Forest Wagtail
(Dendronanthus indicus)
152. Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla
flava)
153. Grey Wagtail
(Motacilla cinerea)
154. White Wagtail
(Motacilla alba)
155. White-Browed Wagtail
(Motacilla maderaspatensis)
Family: Dicaeidae
156. Thickbilled Flowerpecker
(Dicaeum agile)
157. Pale-Billed Flowerpecker
(Dicaeum erythrohynchos)
Family: Nectariniidae
158. Purple-rumped Sunbird
(Nectarinia zeylonica)
159. Purple Sunbird
(Nectarinia asiatica)
Family: Passerinae
160. House Sparrow
(Passer domesticus)
Family: Ploceinae
161. Baya Weaver
(Ploceus philippinus)
Family: Estrildidae
162. Red Avadavat (Amandava
amandava)
163. Indian Silverbill
(Lonchura malabarica)
164. White-Rumped Munia
(Lonchura striata)
165. Scaly-Breasted Munia
(Lonchura punctulata)
166. Blackheaded Munia
(Lonchura malacca)
167. Common Rosefinch
(Carpodacus erythrinus)
Total

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C/V

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/V

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/r/
V

P/C/R

P/C/V

P/C
/V

P/r/V

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C
/R

P/C/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

64

55

P/r/
V
P/C
/V
P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
122

P/C
/R
P/C
/R

P/C/R
P/C/R

P/C/R
P/C/R

P/C/R
P/C/R

P/C/R

84

113

P/C
/R
65

P/C
/R

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/V
70

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/V
66

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
93

P/C
/R
P/C
/R
P/C
/R
104

P: Present, C: Common, r: Rare, R: Resident, V: Visitor, Va*: Vagrant

91