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Tensile Testing

This experiment determined and compared the mechanical properties of aluminum, mild steel, and brass samples using a tensile tester. The properties tested included ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, percentage elongation, and reduction of area. Mild steel showed the highest strength and ductility, with an ultimate tensile strength of 348.56 MPa, 59.5% reduction of area, and modulus of elasticity of 17.47 GPa. Aluminum was the least ductile, with the lowest strength of 293.198 MPa and reductions of 27.25%. Brass demonstrated intermediate properties, having an ultimate tensile strength of 328.31 MPa and 47.35% reduction of area.

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Addrien Daniel
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307 views8 pages

Tensile Testing

This experiment determined and compared the mechanical properties of aluminum, mild steel, and brass samples using a tensile tester. The properties tested included ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, percentage elongation, and reduction of area. Mild steel showed the highest strength and ductility, with an ultimate tensile strength of 348.56 MPa, 59.5% reduction of area, and modulus of elasticity of 17.47 GPa. Aluminum was the least ductile, with the lowest strength of 293.198 MPa and reductions of 27.25%. Brass demonstrated intermediate properties, having an ultimate tensile strength of 328.31 MPa and 47.35% reduction of area.

Uploaded by

Addrien Daniel
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TITLE :TENSILE TESTING

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This experiment is aimed at determining the mechanical properties of three samples
( Aluminum, Mild Steel And Brass) using a tensile tester. These mechanical properties include
yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, modulus of elasticity , percentage elongation and
reduction of area . The scope of this experiment entails attaching these three samples to a tensile
tester, measuring its dimensions, applying tensile forces and interpreting data recorded from
which the stress strain curve was plotted . The mechanical properties of the samples can then be
estimated using this curve.

OBJECTIVE
To determine and compare the following properties for three materials
1. Strength
2. Ductility
3. Stiffness

Ultimate tensile Strength (UTS)


% Elongation
Modulus of Elasticity

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

Three samples - Mild Steel, Aluminum, Brass


Extensometer
Gauge mark punch
Tensile Test Machine ( Tinus olsen 400.000 pound capacity )

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PROCEDURE
1. The gauge length was measured using a vernier caliper between two punch marks
located on the sample.
2. The thickness and width of the sample was then measured and recorded
3. The sample was placed in the testing machine ensuring that the axis of the specimen is
in alignment with the direction of pull.
4. Gauge length , thickness and width was then entered into the computer software .
5. Then the tensile testing machine is zeroed and the test begin using the computer
software.
6. The sample is then pulled until it was fractured .
7. A force vs elongation graph is then obtained for each specimen and this was used for
the calculations
8. From the broken sample the new distance between the gauge marks are measured by
placing the sample together .
9. At the fracture point of the sample the thickness and width was also measured
RESULTS AND CALCULATION
Items

Mild Steel

Aluminum(mm)

Brass (mm)

Gauge length
Thickness
Width
Final length
Final Thickness
Final width
Initial Cross -Sectional

(mm)
90.07
2.75
8.52
112.042
1.67
5.68
23.43

91.87
3.12
8.20
100.42
2.41
7.72
25.58

90.66
3.20
8.09
103.72
1.97
6.92
25.89

Area (mm
Final Cross-Sectional

9.49

18.61

13.63

Area (mm)

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Calculation Formulas
Strength
Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS) = Maximum load / Original Area
Yield Strength = Yield Load/ original Area
Ductility
% Elongation = Increase in length / Initial length x 100 %
% Reduction In Area = Decrease in area / initial area x 100 %
Stiffness
Modulus of Elasticity = Stress / Strain

MILD STEEL CALCULATION


Strength
Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS) = 8166.67/ 23.43 = 348.56 Mpa
Yield Strength = 6033.33/ 23.43 = 257.50 Mpa

Ductility
% Elongation = (112.042- 90.07) / 90.07 x 100 = 24.39 %
% Reduction In Area = (23.43- 9.49) / 23.43 x 100 = 59 .5 %

Stiffness
Modulus of Elasticity =

Stress
Strain

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USING GRAPH
At 5000N
Stress = 5000/23.43= 213.40
Strain = 1.4/90.07= 0.015543466
At 2000N
Stress = 2000/ 23.43 = 85.36
Strain = 0.74 / 90.07 = 0.008215832
Modulus of Elasticity = (213.40-85.36)-( 0.015543466-0.008215832)
= 17.47 GPa

ALUMINUM CALCULATIONS

Strength
Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS) =

7500 / 25.58 = 293.198 Mpa

Yield Strength = 6500/ 25.58 = 254.10 Mpa

Ductility
% Elongation =

( 100.42-91.87)/ 91.87x 100= 9.31%

% Reduction In Area = (25.58-18.61) / 25.58 x 100 = 27.25%

Stiffness
Modulus of Elasticity = Stress / Strain
USING GRAPH
At 5250 N
Stress = 5250N/ 25.58= 205.24
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Strain = 2.50 / 91.87 = 0.027239049

At 3000N
Stress = 3000/ 25.58 = 117.28
Strain = 1.84/91.87= 0.0200283

Modulus of elasticity = (205.24-117.28)/( 0.027239049 - 0.0200283 )


= 12. 2 GPa

BRASS CALCULATIONS
Strength
Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS) = 8500/25.89 = 328.31 Mpa
Yield Strength = 5833.33/ 25.89 = 225.31 Mpa
Ductility
% Elongation = (103.72- 90.66)/ 90.66 x 100= 14.41 %
% Reduction In Area = (25.89-13.63) / 25.89 x 100 = 47.35 %
Stiffness
Modulus of Elasticity

= Stress / Strain

At 2000 N
Stress = 2000/25.89= 77.25
Strain = 0.66/ 90.66= 0.00729947
At 5000 N
Stress = 5000/ 25.89 = 193.12

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Strain = 1.32/ 90.66= 0.014559894


Modulus of Elasticity

= ( 193.12-77.25)/ (0.014559894-0.00729947)
= 15.96 GPa

DISCUSSION

Ultimate Tensile

Mild Steel
348.56

Aluminum
293.198

Brass
328.31

Stress (UTS) (Mpa)


Yield Strength (Mpa)

257.50

254.10

225.31

% Elongation (%)

24.39

9.31

14.41

% Reduction In Area

59 .5

27.25

47.35

(%)
Modulus of Elasticity

17.47

12. 2

15.96

(GPa)
The data calculated in the tables above compares the mechanical property of the three
materials .Aluminum the least ductile of the three metals tested , it showed the lowest
percentage elongation and reduction of area percentage at its narrowest point .Its tensile strength
of 293.198 Mpa compared to the other material was the lowest.
Mild steel was noted to be the strongest in tension with a tensile strength of 348.56 Mpa. The
plotted graph also showed a drop in load at the yield point. The mild steel sample showed
superior ductility compared to aluminum with its percentage elongation of 24.39 % and
reduction of area at it breaking point of 59.5 % the tested material had some sign of necking thus
indicating it has some ductile properties.

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In tensional properties brass was observed to have good strength ( 328.31 Mpa ) its maximum
load was an approximate 8500 N and yielded at 5833.33 N .There was little signs of necking
on the material proving that the metal has average ductility, its percentage elongation was 14.41
% , in comparison to the Mild steel it was lower .

CONCLUSION
From the results above Mild steel was shown to be superior in ductility, strength and having the
highest modulus of elasticity of the three materials . Its UTS , Reduction of area and modulus
of elasticity was 348.56 MPA , 59 .5 % and 17.47 GPa respectively .Brass was observed to be
superior to aluminum in that its UTS , Reduction of area and modulus of elasticity was 328.31
Mpa, 47.35 % and 15.96 GPa in comparison to Aluminium's 293.198 Mpa, 27.25 % and 12. 2
GPa.

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