Introduction to Operating

Systems
Organized By: Vinay Arora
Assistant Professor
CSED, TU

V.A.
CSED,TU

Disclaimer
This is NOT A COPYRIGHT

MATERIAL

Content has been taken mainly from the following books:

Operating Systems Concepts By Silberschatz & Galvin,
Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles By William Stallings

www.os-book.com
www.cs.jhu.edu/~yairamir/cs418/os2/sld001.htm
www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/OpSystems/os.html
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms685096(VS.85).aspx
http://www.computer.howsttuffworks.com/operating-system6.htm
http://williamstallings.com/OS/Animations.html
Etc
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Computer System Organization

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Operating System - Layered View

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Operating System - Definition

A Program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer

and the computer hardware.

Operating system goals:

Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.

Make the computer system convenient to use.

Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

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Various OS

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Abstract View

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Operating System Def.

OS is a RESOURCE ALLOCATOR

Manages all resources

Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource

use

OS is a CONTROL PROGRAM

Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use

of the computer

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Operating Systems can be Classified as

Follows:

Multi-user : Allows two or more users to run programs at the same

time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of
concurrent (parallel) users.

Multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU.

Multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently.

Multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run

concurrently.

Real Time: Responds to input instantly.

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Multiprogramming

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Memory Layout for Multiprogramming

System

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Operating System Structure

Multiprogramming needed for efficiency

Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times

Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always

has one to execute

A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory

One job selected and run via job scheduling

When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another

job
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Multitasking (or Time Sharing)

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Multitasking (or Time Sharing) Conti

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Time Sharing

Timesharing (multitasking) is logical extension in which CPU switches

jobs so frequently that users can interact with each job while it is
running, creating interactive computing

Each user has at least one program executing in memory
process

If several jobs ready to run at the same time
CPU scheduling

If processes dont fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to

run

Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in

memory
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Multiprocessing

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Job/CPU Scheduling

Job Scheduling Choosing the job among several jobs are ready to be
brought into Memory when there is not enough room for all of them.
(Bringing the particular job into ready queue)

CPU Scheduling Choosing the job among the several when jobs are
ready to run at the same time. (Allocation of CPU to particular job)

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Caching

Important principle, performed at many levels in a computer (in

hardware, operating system, software)

Information in use copied from slower to faster storage temporarily

Faster storage (cache) checked first to determine if information is there

If it is, information used directly from the cache (fast)

If not, data copied to cache and used there

Cache smaller than storage being cached

Cache management important design problem

Cache size and replacement policy

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Migration of Integer A from Disk to Register

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Transition from User to Kernel Mode

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Compiling & Running C Program

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Levels for OS Functionality

H igh -L e v e l L a n gu a g e

L ev e l 5

A s s e m b ly La n g u a g e

L ev e l 4

O p e ra ting S y s te m

L ev e l 3

In s tru c tio n S et
A rc h ite c tu re

L ev e l 2

M ic ro arc h ite c tu re

L ev e l 1

D ig ital L o gic

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L ev e l 0

Types of System Calls

Process Control

File Management

Device Management

Information Maintenance

Communications

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System Call Interface

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Kernel - View

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Kernel

The Central module of an Operating System.

It is the part of the Operating System that loads first, and it remains in
main memory.

kernel grants device access through System Calls.

Kernel32.dll is the 32-bit Dynamic Link Library found in the Windows

Operating System Kernel.

It handles Memory Management, Input/Output Operations, and

Interrupts.
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Kernel - View

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Operating-System Operations

Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and other system

components

User mode and kernel mode

Mode bit provided by hardware

Provides ability to distinguish when system is running user code

or kernel code
Some instructions designated as privileged, only executable in
kernel mode
System call changes mode to kernel, return from call resets it to
user

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Transition from User to Kernel Mode

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Timer

Timer to Prevent Infinite Loop / Process hogging resources

Set interrupt after specific period

Operating system increments / decrements counter

Set up before scheduling process to regain control or terminate

program that exceeds allotted time

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Process Management Activities

Creating and deleting both user and system processes

Suspending and resuming processes

Providing mechanisms for process synchronization

Providing mechanisms for process communication

Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling

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Memory Management

All data in memory before and after processing

All Instructions in memory in order to execute

Memory Management determines what is in memory when

Optimizing CPU utilization and computer response to users

Memory Management activities

Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used
and by whom

Deciding which processes (or parts thereof) and data to move into
and out of memory

Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed
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Mass-Storage Management

Usually disks used to store data that does not fit in main memory or data
that must be kept for a long period of time.

Proper Management is of central importance

Entire Speed of computer operation hinges on disk subsystem and its

algorithms

OS Activities

Free-Space Management
Storage Allocation
Disk Scheduling
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Protection and Security

Protection any mechanism for controlling access of processes or users

to resources defined by the OS

Security defense of the system against internal and external attacks

Huge range, including denial-of-service, worms, viruses, identity

theft, theft of service

Systems generally first distinguish among users, to determine who can

do what

User identities (user IDs, security IDs) Group ID Privilege

escalation allows user to change to effective ID with more rights

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Computing Environments

Client-Server Computing

Compute-server provides an interface to client to request
services (i.e. database)

File-server provides interface for clients to store and retrieve
files

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Peer-to-Peer Computing

Another model of distributed system

P2P does not distinguish clients and servers

Instead all nodes are considered peers

May each act as client, server or both

Node must join P2P network

Registers its service with central lookup service on network, or

Broadcast request for service and respond to requests for service
via discovery protocol
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Computer Start Up

BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM is loaded at power-up or reboot

Typically stored in ROM or EEPROM, generally known as

firmware

Initialize all aspects of system

Loads operating system kernel and starts execution

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Thnx

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