ECE 3317

Dr. Jiefu Chen

Notes 1
Introduction

Adapted from notes by Prof. Stuart A. Long

1

Why study electromagnetic waves?

Motivation:
Most basic of all ECE courses: Electromagnetics provides the foundation
for all electrical sciences and engineering. All of circuit theory is a special
case (low frequency, where dimensions are small relative to a wavelength).

Electromagnetics explains physical phenomena: What is light? How do

electric and magnetic fields behave?

Important to know about EM: Extremely important for areas such as

antenna design, microwave engineering, RF design. Also very important for
power engineering and micro/nano-electronics. It is good to know for all
areas of ECE.

Applications
Applied Electromagnetics: Antennas, Radar, Microwaves, RF circuits.

Wireless Communications: Cell phones; Bluetooth; Wireless routers;

Cordless handsets; RFIDs.

Applications (cont.)

In ECE 3318, you became familiar with static fields. You also
became familiar with vector calculus.

In ECE 3317, we will deal with time-varying fields.

Note: Most practical devices use time-varying fields (antennas, electronics,

computers, etc.)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

www.defendershield.com

AM (535-1605 kHz) / FM (88-108 MHz) Radio

nevadanewsandviews.com

Whats the difference between AM and FM radio?

Why FM radio has better sound quality?
Why AM radio can pick signal from far away?
6

Microwave Oven (2.45 GHz)

www.rentfuerte.com

How microwave cooking works?

Why sometimes microwave heats food unevenly?
7

Millimeter Wave Imaging (30-300 GHz)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_body_scanner

www.nist.gov

Why millimeter wave sees through clothing?

Is millimeter wave scanning safe (for pregnant women)?
8

Course Texts

Required reading: class lecture notes (posted on UH Blackboard).

Recommended reading (see the posted reading assignments):

L. C. Shen and J. A. Kong, Applied Electromagnetism, 3rd
Edition, PWS, 1995. (out of print)

W. H. Hayt and J. A. Buck, Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th

Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2012.

Grading Policy

Homework

15%

(around 10 assignments )

Exam 1

20%

(tentatively Sept. 19)

Exam 2

20%

(tentatively Oct. 19)

Project

10%

(due by the last class)

Final exam 35%

(Dec. 9th)

10

Instructor Information

Office: N320, Engineering Building 1

Phone: 713-743-0841

Email: [email protected]
Office hours: MW 2:30-4:00 p.m., or by appointment

11

ECE 3317
Dr. Jiefu Chen

Notes 2
Complex Vectors

Adapted from notes by Prof. Stuart A. Long

1

Notation

V(t) is a time-varying function.

V is a phasor (complex number).

A bar underneath indicates a vector: V(t), V.

Appendices A, B, C, and D in the Shen & Kong text book list

frequently used symbols and their units. (scanned and attached
in the end of the slides)

Complex Numbers

c a j b |c| e

j 1
Phase (always in radians)

Magnitude

Real part

Imaginary part

c a 2 b2
Im

Euler's identity:
j

c cos

c a jb

b
c

c sin

cos j sin

a c cos
b c sin

Re

a
3

Complex Numbers
Complex conjugate

c a jb a - jb | c | e
*

- j

Im

c a jb

Im

a
Re

Re

b
c* a jb
4

Complex Algebra

c1 a1 jb1 | c1 | e j1
c2 a2 jb2 | c2 | e j2

Addition

c1 c2 (a1 a2 ) j (b1 b2 )

Subtraction

c1 c2 (a1 a2 ) j (b1 b2 )

Complex Algebra (cont.)

c1 a1 jb1 | c1 | e j1
c2 a2 jb2 | c2 | e j2
Multiplication

c1 c2

c1 c2 e

Division

c1 j (1 )
c1

e
c2 c2
6

Square Root

c ce
Principle square root

c c e
c e

j
1/2

c e

j 1/2

ce

j /2

(principal branch)

j 1/2
j 2 n

c e

1/2

j /2 n

c e j /2 e jn

c
where n is an integer

The complex square root will have two possible values.

(The principal branch is unique.)

Time-Harmonic Quantities

V (t ) = V0 cos(t )
Amplitude

Angular
Frequency

Phase

From Eulers identity:

V (t ) = Re V0 e j e jt

1
T
f

Define the phasor : V V0 e j

We then have

V (t ) = Re Ve jt
8

Time-Harmonic Quantities (cont.)

V (t ) = V0 cos(t )
V = V0 e

going from time domain to phasor domain

V (t ) = Re Ve

jt

going from phasor domain to time domain

Time-domain Phasor domain

V (t ) V
9

Time-Harmonic Quantities (cont.)

V (t ) V

Note :

U (t ) V (t ) U+V

V (t ) j V
t

This assumes that the two

sinusoidal signals are at the
same frequency.
There are no time derivatives
in the phasor domain!

However,
U (t )V (t ) UV
All phasors are complex numbers, but not all complex numbers are
phasors!
10

Complex Vectors
Transform each component of a time-harmonic vector function into a
complex vector.

V (t ) x Vx cos(t x ) y Vy cos(t y ) zVz cos(t z )

V x Vx e jx y Vy e

j y

zVz e jz

To see this:

z cos( t z )
V (t ) x Vx cos( t x ) y Vy cos( t y ) zV
Re

j
x Vx e jx y Vy e y zVz e jz e jt

Re V e jt

Hence

V (t ) V
11

Example 1.15 (Shen & Kong)

Assume

A x + jy

Find the corresponding time-domain vector

A(t )

A(t ) Re ( x jy ) e
A(t ) Re ( x jy )(cos t j sin t )
A(t ) Re A e jt

jt

A(t ) x cos t y sin t

Ax2 Ay2 cos2 t sin 2 t 1

y
t = 3/2

t =

t = 0

A(t ) x cos t y sin t

t = /2

The vector rotates with time!

12

Example 1.16 (Shen & Kong)

Recall from example 1.15
A x jy and A(t ) x cos t y sin t
Let B j ( x jy ) jx y

B(t ) x sin t y cost

A B z (A x B y A y B x )

We have to be careful about

drawing conclusions from
cross and dot products in the
phasor domain!

z (1)(1) ( j )( j )
z ( 1) ( 1)
0
AB 0

However,

A(t ) B(t ) 0

A(t ) B(t ) z cos 2 t sin 2 t z

13

Time Average of Time-Harmonic Quantities

V (t ) V0 cos(t )
1 T
V (t ) V0 cos(t ) dt 0
T 0
1 2

T
=

1
V (t )
T
2

2
V
V 2 (t ) 0
T

V02 cos 2 (t ) dt
1 cos[2(t )]

2
2
V
V
T

V 2 (t ) 0 0
T 2 2

dt

Hence

V02
V (t )
2
2

14

Time Average of Time-Harmonic Quantities (cont.)

Next, consider the time average of a product of sinusoids:

V (t ) I t

1 T
V0 cos(t ) I 0 cos(t dt
T 0

1
V (t ) I (t ) V0 I 0
T
VI
0 0
T

V0 I 0
T

0 cos(t ) cos(t )dt

cos cos 2t

dt
2

cos
T

Sinusoidal (time ave = 0)

cos
V0 I 0

15

Time Average of Time-Harmonic Quantities (cont.)

Next, consider

I0 e
V0 e j I 0 e j

VI V0 e
*

V0 I 0 e
Hence,

j *

Re VI* V0 I 0 cos
Recall that

cos
V (t ) I (t ) V0 I 0

Hence

(from previous slide)

1
V (t ) I (t ) Re VI*
2

16

Time Average of Time-Harmonic Quantities (cont.)

The results directly extend to vectors that vary sinusoidally in time.

D t E t Dx Ex + Dy E y + Dz Ez

Consider:

Dx, y , z t Re Dx, y , z e jt etc.

D E = Dx Ex + Dy E y + Dz Ez
1
1
1
*
*
Re D x E x Re D y E y Re D z E*z
2
2
2
1
Re D x E*x + D y E*y + D z E*z
2
Hence

D t E t

1
*
Re D E
2

17

Time Average of Time-Harmonic Quantities (cont.)

The result holds for both dot product and cross products.

D t E t

1
*
Re D E
2

E t H t

1
*
Re E H
2

D x, y, z, t Re D x, y, z e jt etc.

18

Time Average of Time-Harmonic Quantities (cont.)

To illustrate, consider the time-average stored electric energy for a
sinusoidal field.

1
U E t D t E t
2
U E t

(from ECE 3318)

1
D t E t
2
1 1
*
Re D E
2 2

U E t

1
*
Re D E
4

19

Time Average of Time-Harmonic Quantities (cont.)

Similarly,

U H t

1
*
Re B H
4

20

Frequently Used Symbols

from Shen & Kong text book

21

Frequently Used Symbols (cont.)

from Shen & Kong text book

22

Frequently Used Symbols (cont.)

from Shen & Kong text book

23

Frequently Used Symbols (cont.)

from Shen & Kong text book

24

Frequently Used Symbols (cont.)

from Shen & Kong text book

25

Frequently Used Symbols (cont.)

from Shen & Kong text book

26

ECE 3317
Dr. Jiefu Chen

Notes 3
Review of Vector Calculus
z

z
zA
y

y
yA
x
xA
x

Adapted from notes by Prof. Stuart A. Long

1

Del Operator
x

y
z
x
y
z

This is an operator.

y
z
x
y
z

Gradient

Laplacian

2
2
2
2 2 2
x y z
2

(Vector)

(Scalar)

Del Operator (cont.)

x

Vector A:

Divergence

Curl

y
z
x
y
z

A Ax x Ay y Az z

Ax Ay Az
A

x
y
z

(Scalar)

Az Ay
Ay Ax
Ax Az
A x

(Vector)

Del Operator in Different Coordinates

from Shen & Kong text book

Vector Identities
Two fundamental zero identities:

A 0
0

Vector Identities (cont.)

Another useful identity:

A B B A A B

This will be useful in the derivation of the Poynting theorem.

Gradient

= x y z
x
z
y
The gradient vector tells us the direction of maximum change in a function.

d
=
d

Divergence Operator
z

Ax Ay Az
A

x
y
z

z
zA

V x y z
y

A Lim

V 0

A n dS
S

y
yA
x
xA

examples: A x ; A xx ; A xx

The divergence measures the rate at which flux emanates from a region of space.
8

van Goghs Starry Night (1888)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Starry_Night

Curl Operator
z

Az Ay
Ay Ax
Ax Az

A x

y, z 0
C

A dr

y "right-hand rule"
y

C
A x Lim
y ,z 0

yz

examples: A yx ; A yx
A = velocity vector

River

A z < 0
Paddle wheel

x
A component of the curl tells us the rotation about that axis.
10

van Goghs another Starry Night (1889)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Starry_Night

11

ECE 3317
Dr. Jiefu Chen

Notes 4
Maxwells Equations

Adapted from notes by Prof. Stuart A. Long

1

Electromagnetic Fields
Four vector quantities
E

electric field strength [Volt/meter]

D electric flux density

[Coulomb/meter2]

H magnetic field strength [Amp/meter]

B

magnetic flux density [Weber/meter2] or [Tesla]

each are functions of space and time

e.g. E(x,y,z,t)

J electric current density [Amp/meter2]

v electric charge density

[Coul/meter3]

Sources generating
electromagnetic fields
2

Maxwells Equations
(Time-varying, differential form)

B
E
t
D
H J
t
B 0
D v

Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell (18311879)
James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish mathematician and
theoretical physicist. His most significant achievement was the
development of the classical electromagnetic theory, synthesizing
all previous unrelated observations, experiments and equations
of electricity, magnetism and even optics into a consistent theory.
His set of equationsMaxwell's equationsdemonstrated that
electricity, magnetism and even light are all manifestations of the
same phenomenon: the electromagnetic field. From that moment
on, all other classical laws or equations of these disciplines
became simplified cases of Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's work
in electromagnetism has been called the "second great
unification in physics", after the first one carried out by Isaac
Newton.
Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel
through space in the form of waves, and at the constant speed of
light. Finally, in 1864 Maxwell wrote A Dynamical Theory of the
Electromagnetic Field where he first proposed that light was in
fact undulations in the same medium that is the cause of electric
and magnetic phenomena. His work in producing a unified model
of electromagnetism is considered to be one of the greatest
advances in physics.

(Wikipedia)

The Original Maxwells Equations by Maxwell in 1864

www.geoment.e-e-e.gr

A More Elegant Form by Heaviside in 1885

B
E
t
D
H J
t
B 0
D v

Hertz Experimentally Proved the Existence

of Electromagentic Field in 1887
seas.harvard.edu

Maxwells Equations (cont.)

B
Faradays law
E
t
D Amperes law
H J
t
B 0 Magnetic Gauss law
D v

Electric Gauss law

Faradays Law

B
E
t
D
H J
t
B 0
D v

www.electrical4u.com

A changing magnetic field can

create an electric current

B Amperes Law
E
t
D
H J
t
B 0

www.miniphysics.com

D v
Magnetic field can be created
by current or changing electric
field (displacement current)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field
10

Gauss Law
Magnetic
B
E
t
D
H J
t
B 0

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field

D v
Magnetic flux density is always

a divergence free vector field

11

Electric Gauss Law

B
E

t
The divergence of electric flux
D
density is due to electric
charge
H J
t
B 0
D v

notendur.hi.is

12

Law of Conservation of Electric

Charge (Continuity Equation)
H J

D
t

D
H J

0 J D
t
Flow of electric
current out of volume
(per unit volume)

v
J
t

Rate of decrease of electric

charge (per unit volume)

13

Continuity Equation (cont.)

v
J
t
Integrate both sides over an arbitrary volume V:

v
V J V t dV
Apply the divergence theorem:

J
V

Hence:

J n
S

J n
dV
t
V

S
V

n
14

Continuity Equation (cont.)

v
J n
dV
t
V
S

Physical interpretation:
V

n
iout

dV
v dV

t
t V
V

iout

Qencl

or

(This assumes that the

surface is stationary.)

Qencl
iin
t
15

Maxwells Equations (cont.)

Time - Dependent
B
E
t

D
H J
t

B 0

D v

H J

B 0

Time -Independent (Statics)

E 0
Decouples E and H

D v

E is a function of v and H is a function of J

16

Maxwells Equations (cont.)

Time-harmonic (phasor) domain

j
t

E j B
H J j D
B 0
D v

17

Constitutive Relations
The characteristics of the media relate D to E and H to B
Free Space

D 0 E ( 0 = permittivity )
B 0 H (0 = permeability)

8.8541878 10-12 [F/m]

0 = 4 10-7 [H/m] (exact)

0 0

c = 2.99792458 108 [m/s]

(exact value that is defined)

18

Constitutive Relations (cont.)

Free space, in the phasor domain:

D = 0 E ( 0 = permittivity )
B = 0 H (0 = permeability)

This follows from the fact that

aV t aV
(where a is a real number)
19

Constitutive Relations (cont.)

In a material medium:

D = E ( = permittivity )
B = H ( = permeability)

= 0 r

r = relative permittivity

0 r

r = relative permittivity

20

Terminology
Properties of or

Variation

Independent of

space

homogenous

inhomogeneous

frequency

non-dispersive

dispersive

()

time

stationary

non-stationary

()

field strength

linear

non-linear

direction of
E or H

isotropic

Dependent on

anisotropic

(, , )

()

=

21

Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Media

homogeneous medium
and don t change with space

hamiltoncityschools.com

a bottle of pure water

inhomogeneous medium
(, , )

(, , )

mckinneymuseum.appstate.edu

rock under microscope

22

Dispersive and Nondispersive Media

nondispersive medium
and don t change with frequency

dispersive medium
()

()

www.nature.com

free space (vacuum)

water
23

Stationary and Nonstationary Media

stationary medium
and don t change with time

nonstationary medium
()

()

www.nature.com

free space (vacuum)

water (when temperature changes with time)

24

Linear and Nonlinear Media

linear medium
and don t change with field strength

keysan.me

nonlinear medium
()

()

www.comsol.com
www.camelcitydispatch.com

free space (vacuum)

magnet / ferromagnetic material

25

Isotropic and Anisotropic Media

isotropic medium

anisotropic medium

and are scalar numbers

=
=

Ex

Ey

www.slideserve.com

Ex

Ey

x
free space (vacuum)

x
some type of orthotropic medium
26

Isotropic Materials
(and ) are scalar quantities,
which means that E || D (and H || B )

D E
B H
y

Dx = Ex

Dy = E y

Ex

Bx = H x
By = H y

Hx
Hy

Ey
x

27

Anisotropic Materials
(or ) is a tensor (can be written as a matrix)

Example:

Dx x Ex

Dy y E y
Dz z Ez

Dx x 0 0 Ex
D 0
E
0
y
y
y
Dz 0 0 z Ez
or

D E

This results in E and D being NOT proportional to each other.

28

Anisotropic Materials (cont.)

Practical example: transversely isotropic medium

Dx h 0 0 Ex
D 0
E
0
h
y
y
Dz 0 0 v Ez
www.nap.edu
www.slb.com

sedimentary rock

29

ECE 3317
Dr. Jiefu Chen

Notes 5
Poynting Theorem

Adapted from notes by Prof. Stuart A. Long

Poynting Theorem
The Poynting theorem is one of the most important EM theory. It tells
us the power flowing in an electromagnetic field.
John Henry Poynting (1852-1914)
John Henry Poynting was an English physicist. He was a
professor of physics at Mason Science College (now the University
of Birmingham) from 1880 until his death.
He was the developer and eponym of the Poynting vector, which
describes the direction and magnitude of electromagnetic energy
flow and is used in the Poynting theorem, a statement about energy
conservation for electric and magnetic fields. This work was first
published in 1884. He performed a measurement of Newton's
gravitational constant by innovative means during 1893. In 1903 he
was the first to realize that the Sun's radiation can draw in small
particles towards it. This was later coined the Poynting-Robertson
effect.
In the year 1884 he analyzed the futures exchange prices of
commodities using statistical mathematics.

(Wikipedia)
2

Poynting Theorem
B
E
t
D
H J
t

From these we obtain:

B
H E H
t
D
E H J E E
t

Poynting Theorem (cont.)

B
H E H
t
D
E H J E E
t
Subtract, and use the following vector identity:

H E E H E H
We then have:

B
D
E H J E H
E
t
t
4

Poynting Theorem (cont.)

B
D
E H J E H
E
t
t
Next, assume that Ohm's law applies for the electric current:

J E
B
D
E H E E H
E
t
t
or

B
D
E H E H
E
t
t
2

Poynting Theorem (cont.)

B
D
E H E H
E
t
t
2

From calculus (chain rule), we have that

D
1
E
E
E
E E

t
t
2 t

B
H
1

H
H
H H

t
t
2 t

Hence we have

1
1
E H E
H H
E E
2 t
2 t
2

Poynting Theorem (cont.)

1
1
E H E
H H
E E
2 t
2 t
2

This may be written as

1
1 2
2
E H E
H
E
2 t
2 t
2

or

1
1
2
2
E H E H E
t 2
t 2

Poynting Theorem (cont.)

Final differential (point) form of Poynting theorem:

1
1
2
2
E H E H E
t 2
t 2

Poynting Theorem (cont.)

Volume (integral) form
Integrate both sides over a volume and then apply the divergence theorem:

1
1
2
2
E H E H E
t 2
t 2

E H dV E dV
2

1
1
2
2

H
dV

dV

t 2
t 2

1
1
2
2
S E H n dS V E dV V t 2 H dV V t 2 E dV
2

Poynting Theorem (cont.)

Final volume form of Poynting theorem:

1
1
2
2

n
dS

E
dV

H
dV

dV
S
V
V t 2

t 2

V
2

For a stationary surface:

E H n dS E dV
2

t V

1
2
2
1
H dV E dV
t V 2
2

10

Poynting Theorem (cont.)

Physical interpretation:

(Assume that S is stationary.)

E H n dS E dV
t V
S
V
2

1
2
2
1
H dV E dV
t V 2
2

Power dissipation as heat (Joule's law)

Rate of change of stored magnetic energy

Rate of change of stored electric energy

Right-hand side = power flowing into the region V.

11

Poynting Theorem (cont.)

Hence

E H n dS power flowing into the region

S

Or, we can say that

E H n dS power flowing out of the region

S

Define the Poynting vector:

S EH

S n dS power flowing out of the region

S
12

Poynting Theorem (cont.)

Analogy:

S n dS power flowing out of the region

S

J n dS current flowing out of the region

S

J = current density vector

S = power flow vector

13

Poynting Theorem (cont.)

S EH

direction of power flow

E
The units of S are [W/m2].

14

Power Flow
S EH

surface S

n
The power P flowing through the surface S (from left to right) is:

P S n dS
S

15

Time-Average Poynting Vector

Assume sinusoidal (time-harmonic) fields)

S x, y, z, t E x, y, z, t H x, y, z, t
E x, y, z, t Re E x, y, z e jt
H x, y, z, t Re H x, y, z e jt
From our previous discussion (notes 2) about time averages, we know that

S t E t H t

1
Re E H*
2

16

Complex Poynting Vector

Define the complex Poynting vector:

1
S E H*
2
We then have that

S x, y, z, t = Re S x, y, z

17

Note on Circuit Theory

Although the Poynting vector can always be used to calculate power flow,
at low frequency circuit theory can be used, and this is usually easier.

Example (DC circuit):

P

V0

P E H z dS
S

P V0 I

if AC, P

1
V0 I0*
2

The second form is much easier to calculate!

18

Example: Parallel-Plate Transmission Line

y
I

+
V -

At z = 0:

V 0 V0

I 0 I0

y
E
H

x
w
19

Example (cont.)
At z = 0:

y
I

V0

E( x, y,0) y
h

+
V -

I
H x, y,0 x 0
w

(from ECE 2317 / 3318)

1
S E H*
2

E
H

1 V0 I 0
z
2 h w

w
20

Example (cont.)
*

1 V0 I0
S z
2 h w

y
I

+
V -

Hence
x

h w

h w

0 0

0 0

Pf S z dx dy Sz dx dy

w
z

1 V0 I0
Pf wh
2 h w

y
E
H

1
Pf V0 I0*
2

w
21

ECE 3317
Dr. Jiefu Chen

Notes 6
Transmission Lines
(Time Domain)

Adapted from notes by Prof. Stuart A. Long

Transmission Lines
A transmission line is a two-conductor system that is used to
transmit a signal from one point to another point.
Two common examples:

a
b

Coaxial cable

Twin lead

A transmission line is normally used in the balanced mode, meaning equal and
opposite currents (and charges) on the two conductors.
2

Transmission Lines (cont.)

Heres what they look like in real-life.

Coaxial cable

Twin lead

Transmission Lines (cont.)

CAT 5 cable
(twisted pair)

Transmission Lines (cont.)

Some practical notes:
Coaxial cable is a perfectly shielded system (no interference).
Twin line is not a shielded system more susceptible to noise and
interference.
Twin line may be improved by using a form known as twisted pair
(e.g., CAT 5 cable). This results in less interference.

+
+

+
+

+
-

Coax

-l
Twin lead
5

Transmission Lines (cont.)

Another common example (for printed circuit boards):

w
h

Microstrip line

Transmission Lines (cont.)

Transmission lines are commonly met on printed-circuit boards.

Microstrip line

A microwave integrated circuit (MIC)

Transmission Lines (cont.)

Microstrip line

Transmission Lines (cont.)

Transmission lines commonly met on printed-circuit boards
w

r
h

h
Microstrip

www.embedded.com

w
Stripline

rebrn.com

Transmission Lines (cont.)

Symbol for transmission line:
I z, t
V z, t +

z
4 parameters
Note: We use this schematic to represent a general transmission line, no
matter what the actual shape of the conductors.

10

Transmission Lines (cont.)

Four fundamental parameters that characterize any transmission line:

z
These are per unit length parameters.
4 parameters

C = capacitance/length [F/m]
L = inductance/length [H/m]

R = resistance/length [/m]
G = conductance/length [S/m]

Capacitance between the two wires

Inductance due to stored magnetic energy
Resistance due to the conductors
Conductance due to the filling material
between the wires
11

Circuit Model
I z, t

V z, t +

Dz

Circuit Model:
RDz

LDz

GDz

CDz

Dz
12

Coaxial Cable
ma

Example (coaxial cable)

mb
r

d = conductivity of dielectric [S/m]

m = conductivity of metal [S/m]

2 0 r
C
b
ln
a

F/m

0 b
L
ln
2 a

H/m

2 d
b
ln
a

S/m

1
1
R

a ma
b mb

(skin depth of metal)

a ,b

/m

ma ,mb
13

Coaxial Cable (cont.)

Overview of derivation: capacitance per unit length
E

+
+
a
+
+
+
b
-

Q 1
C

V Dz V

-l

b
V E d
ln
d
2 0 r
2 0 r a
a
a
b

(suggested reading, not required)

2 0 r
C
b
ln
a
14

Coaxial Cable (cont.)

Overview of derivation: inductance per unit length
y

Js

1
L
I Dz

I
Dz 0 H d Dz 0
d
2
a
a
I b
Dz 0
ln
2 a
b

0 b
ln
2 a

(suggested reading, not required)

15

Coaxial Cable (cont.)

Overview of derivation: conductance per unit length

RC Analogy:
a
b

d
C G

2
C
b
ln
a

2 d
G
b
ln
a
(suggested reading, not required)
16

Coaxial Cable (cont.)

Relation Between L and C:

2 0 r
b
ln
a

F/m

0 b
ln
2 a

H/m

LC 0 r 0 r
Speed of light in dielectric medium:

Hence:

1
LC 2
cd

cd

r r

0 0

This is true for ALL transmission lines.

17

Telegraphers Equations
Apply KVL and KCL laws to a small slice of line:
I (z,t)

+
V (z,t)
-

RDz

LDz

I (z+Dz,t)

GDz

CDz

+
V (z+Dz,t)
z

z+Dz

I ( z , t )
KVL : V ( z, t ) V ( z Dz , t ) I ( z , t ) RDz LDz
t
V ( z Dz , t )
KCL : I ( z, t ) I ( z Dz , t ) V ( z Dz , t ) GDz C Dz
t
18

Telegraphers Equations (cont.)

Hence

V ( z Dz , t ) V ( z , t )
I ( z , t )
RI ( z, t ) L
Dz
t
I ( z Dz , t ) I ( z , t )
V ( z Dz , t )
GV ( z Dz , t ) C
Dz
t
Now let Dz

0:

Telegraphers Equations (TEs)

V
I
RI L
z
t
I
V
GV C
z
t
19

Telegraphers Equations (cont.)

Take
the derivative
of the first
TE with
z. with
To
combine
these, take
derivative
ofrespect
the firstto
one
respect
to z: in from the second TE.
Substitute

V
I
I
R L
z
z
z t

I
V
GV C
z
t

I
I
R L
z
t z
V
V
V

R GV C
L G
C

t
t
t

20

Telegraphers Equations (cont.)

V
V
V

V
R GV C
L G
C

z
t
t
t

Hence, we have:

V
V
V
RG V ( RC LG )
LC
z
t
t
2

There is no exact solution to this differential equation, except for

the lossless case.
The same equation also holds for i.
21

Telegraphers Equations (cont.)

Lossless case:

RG0

V
V
V
RG V ( RC LG )
LC
z
t
t
2

V
V
LC
z
t
2

wave equation

Note: The current satisfies the same differential equation.

The same equation also holds for i.
22

Solution to Telegrapher's Equations

Hence we have

V 1 V

z
c t
2

Solution:

V z, t f z c t g z c t
d

where f and g are arbitrary functions.

This is called the DAlembert solution to the wave equation

(the
is in the also
formholds
of traveling
Thesolution
same equation
for i. waves).
23

Traveling Waves
Proof of solution

V 1 V

z
c t
2

General solution:

V z, t f z c t g z c t
d

V z, t
f z c t g z c t
z
V z, t
c f z c t c g z c t
t
2

It is seen that the differential equation is satisfied by the general solution.

24

Traveling Waves (cont.)

Example
(square pulse):

t=0

f (z)

z
z0

V z, t f z c t

snapshots of the wave

V(z,t)

t=0

t = t1 > 0

t = t2 > t1
z

z0

z0 + cd t1

z0 + cd t2
25

Traveling Waves (cont.)

Example
(square pulse):

g (z)

t=0
z
z0

V z, t g z c t
d

snapshots of the wave

V(z,t)

t = t2 > t1

t = t1 > 0

t=0
z

z0 - cd t2

z0 - cd t1

z0
26

Traveling Waves (cont.)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrapher%27s_equations

Schematic showing a wave flowing rightward down a lossless transmission

line. Black dots represent electrons, and the arrows show the electric field

The transmission of signal / energy is based on wave propagation,

not electron movement (current) !

27

Traveling Waves (cont.)

Loss causes an attenuation in the signal level, and it also causes distortion
(the pulse changes shape and usually gets broader).

V(z,t)

t=0

t = t1 > 0

t = t2 > t1
z

z0

z0 + cd t1

z0 + cd t2

(These effects can be studied numerically, but not here in 3317.)

28

Current
Our goal is to now solve for the current on the line.
(first Telegraphers equation)

Lossless

V
I
RI L
z
t

V
I
L
z
t

Assume the following forms:

V z, t f z c t g z c t
d

I z, t u z c t v z c t
d

The derivatives are:

V z, t
f z c t g z c t
z
I z, t
c u z c t c v z c t
t
d

29

Current (cont.)
V
I
L
z
t

This becomes

f z c t g z c t L c u z c t c v z c t
d

Equating like terms, we have

f z c t L c u z c t
d

g z c t L c v z c t
d

Hence we have

uz c t
d

1
f z c t
Lc
d

1
v z c t
gz c t
Lc
d

Note: There may be a constant

of integration, but this would
correspond to a DC current,
which is ignored here.

30

Current (cont.)
Observation about term:

1
L
1
Lc L
L
C
LC

d

Define the characteristic impedance Z0 of the line:

L
Z0
C
Then

The units of Z0 are Ohms.

1
u z cd t
f z cd t
Z0
1
v z cd t g z cd t
Z0
31

Current (cont.)
General solution:

V z, t f z c t g z c t
d

1
I z, t f z cd t g z cd t
Z0
For a forward wave, the current waveform is the same as the
voltage, but reduced in amplitude by a factor of Z0.
For a backward traveling wave, there is a minus sign as well.
32

Current (cont.)
Picture for a forward-traveling wave:
V z , t f z cd t
1
I z, t
f z cd t
Z0

forward-traveling wave

I z, t

V z, t

+
-

V z, t
Z0
I z, t
33

Current (cont.)
Physical interpretation of minus sign for the backward-traveling wave:
V z, t g z cd t

backward-traveling wave

1
I z, t g z cd t
Z0

I z, t

I z, t

z, t

z
+
-

The minus sign arises from the reference direction for the current.
V z, t
Z0
I z, t

V z, t
Z0
I z, t
34

Coaxial Cable
Example: Find the characteristic impedance of a coax.

2 0 r
C
b
ln
a
a

0 b
ln
2 a

F/m
H/m

L
Z0

0 b
ln
2 a
2 0 r
b
ln
a

1
Z0
2

0 1
b
ln
0 r a
35

Coaxial Cable (cont.)

1
1
b
Z0
0
ln
2
r a
r

0
0
0

(intrinsic impedance of free space)

8.8541878 10-12 [F/m]

0 = 4 10-7 [H/m] (exact)

376.7303
36

Twin Lead
r
a = radius of wires

d
C

Z0

0 r

F/m

d
cosh 1
2a

d
cosh
r
2a

0
d
cosh 1

2a

Z0

H/m

d
ln
r a

0
d

37

Twin Line (cont.)

These are the common values used for TV.
75-300 [] transformer

300 [] twin line

Coaxial cable

Z0 75

75 [] coax

Twin line

Z0 300

38

Microstrip Line

w
h

Parallel-plate formulas:

w
C 0 r , w
h
h
L 0 , w
w

h
h

Z 0 0
w

1 h
,
r w
h
39

Microstrip Line (cont.)

t = strip thickness

More accurate CAD formulas:

Z0

eff
r

120

eff
r

w / h 1.393 0.667 ln w / h 1.444

r 1 r 1
2

1 t / h
r

2 1 12 h / w 4.6 w / h
w w

(w / h 1)

(w / h 1)

t
2h
1

ln


t
40

ECE 3317
Dr. Jiefu Chen

Notes 7
Transmission Lines
(Pulse Propagation and)
Adapted from notes by Prof. Stuart A. Long

Pulse on Transmission Line

A voltage signal is applied at the input of the
semi-infinite transmission line.

Vg t

I I z, t
+

Z0

V V z, t

z=0

Example:

Sawtooth wave

Vg t

t
t
2

Pulse on Transmission Line (cont.)

Vg t

Z0

V z, t V z, t

z=0

V z, t f z cd t

Goal: determine the function f

At z = 0: V 0, t f cd t Vg t

f Vg / cd

cd t

Hence

V z, t f z cd t Vg z cd t / cd Vg t z / cd
3

Pulse on Transmission Line (cont.)

cd

Pulse

Vg t

Z0

+
-

V z, t V z, t

z=0

V z, t Vg t z / cd
At any position z, the pulse that is measured is the same as the input pulse,
except that it is delayed by a time td = z / cd.

Note that the shape of the pulse as a function of z is a

scaled mirror image of the pulse shape as a function of t.
4

Pulse on Transmission Line (cont.)

Note the delay in the trace on this oscilloscope.

cd

z cd t

Vg t

Vg t

z=0

z>0

z=0

Vg t

z>0
td z / cd

t
t

t
t

Pulse on Transmission Line (cont.)

The pulse is shown emerging from the source end of the line.
A series of snapshots is shown.
t = t1< t
t= 0

t = t2 = t

t = t4 > t3

t = t3 > t2

Vg t

z=0

Vg t

t
t
6

Step Function Source

Another example (battery and switch)

t=0
+

V0 = 1 [V]

Vg t

Z0

z=0

1.0

Vg t

unit step function u(t)

t
Vg t u t

Step Function Source (cont.)

t = t1

t=0

t = t2

cd

t=0
+
V0

V0

Vg t

Z0

Matched Load
RL Z 0
I I z, t

Vg t

Z0

V V z, t

RL

z=L

z=0

On line:

V z, t
Z0

I z, t

At load:

V L, t
RL
I L, t

(forward-traveling wave)

Hence, at z = L, the two relations are the same since RL = Z0.

When the waveform hits the load end, it sees a continuation of the line.
There is no reflection.
9

Absorption by Load
This shows the sawtooth waveform propagating on a matched line.
cd
t=0

t = t1

t = t2

t = t3

t = t4

t = t5

t = t6

Vg t

Z0

z=0

RL
z=L

The pulse is shown emerging from the source end of the line, traveling
down the line, and then being absorbed by the matched load.

10

Absorption by Load (cont.)

Step function on matched line
t = t1

t=0

t = t2

V0

t=T

t=0
+
V0

Vg t

RL
z=L

z=0
Time to reach the load end:

L
T
cd

For t > T we have reached steady state: V(z,t) = V0 everywhere on the line.

11