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    Valence Bond Theory and Hybrid Atomic Orbitals

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    Rai
    The document discusses valence bond theory and hybrid atomic orbitals. It explains that compounds like SF4 and IF3 use d2sp3 hybrid orbitals, with SF4 having an octahedral shape. It provides a table summarizing the hybrid orbitals, molecular shapes, and electron configurations of various compounds based on the number of bonding pairs and lone pairs. Common central atoms are those that are more electropositive than the terminal atoms.

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    Valence Bond Theory and Hybrid Atomic Orbitals

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    Rai
    100 views2 pages
    The document discusses valence bond theory and hybrid atomic orbitals. It explains that compounds like SF4 and IF3 use d2sp3 hybrid orbitals, with SF4 having an octahedral shape. It provides a table summarizing the hybrid orbitals, molecular shapes, and electron configurations of various compounds based on the number of bonding pairs and lone pairs. Common central atoms are those that are more electropositive than the terminal atoms.

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    Its about chemical bonds.

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    The document discusses valence bond theory and hybrid atomic orbitals. It explains that compounds like SF4 and IF3 use d2sp3 hybrid orbitals, with SF4 having an octahedral shape. It provides a table summarizing the hybrid orbitals, molecular shapes, and electron configurations of various compounds based on the number of bonding pairs and lone pairs. Common central atoms are those that are more electropositive than the terminal atoms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    100 views2 pages

    Valence Bond Theory and Hybrid Atomic Orbitals

    Uploaded by

    Rai
    The document discusses valence bond theory and hybrid atomic orbitals. It explains that compounds like SF4 and IF3 use d2sp3 hybrid orbitals, with SF4 having an octahedral shape. It provides a table summarizing the hybrid orbitals, molecular shapes, and electron configurations of various compounds based on the number of bonding pairs and lone pairs. Common central atoms are those that are more electropositive than the terminal atoms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    8/31/2016

    ValenceBondTheoryandHybridAtomicOrbitals

    representedbyTeCl4E,whereErepresentsalonepairofelectrons.Twolonepairsoccupytwosuch
    orbitalsinthemoleculeBrF3,orBrF3E2.ThesestructuresaregiveninaVSEPRtableof5and6
    coordinations.

    ThecompoundSF4isanotherAX4Etype,andmanyinterhalogencompoundsClF3andIF3areAX3E2
    type.TheionI3isofthetypeAX2E3.

    Thed2sp3hybridorbitals
    Thesixd2sp3hybridorbitalsresultedwhentwo3d,one3s,and
    three3patomicorbitalsaremixed.Whenanatommakesuseof
    sixd2sp3hybridorbitalstobondtosixotheratoms,themolecule
    takestheshapeofanoctahedron,intermsofmoleculargeometry.
    ThegascompoundSF6isatypicalsuchstructure.Thislink
    providesothershapesaswell.
    Therearealsocasesthatsomeofthed2sp3hybridorbitalsare
    occupiedbylonepairelectronsleadingtothestructuresofthe
    followingtypes:
    AX6,AX5E,AX4E2AX3E3andAX2E4
    IOF5,IF5E,XeF4E2
    NoknowncompoundsofAX3E3andAX2E4areknownor
    recognized,becausetheyarepredictedtohaveaTshapeandlinearshaperespectivelywhenthelonepairs
    ofelectronsareignored.

    Molecularshapesofcompounds
    Whilethehybridizedorbitalswereintroduced,intheforegoingdiscussion,ValenceshellElectronpair
    Repulsion(VSEPR)Modelwereincludedtosuggesttheshapesofvariousmolecules.Specifically,theVSEPR
    modelcountsunsharedelectronpairsandthebondedatomsastheVSEPRnumber.Asingle,doubleand
    tripplebondisconsideredas1.AfterhavingconsideredthehybridizedorbitalsandtheVSEPRmodel,wecan
    nottakeasystematicapproachtorationalizetheshapesofmanymoleculesbasedonthenumberofvalence
    electrons.
    Asummaryintheformofatableisgivenheretoaccountfortheconceptsofhybridorbitals,valencebond
    theory,VSEPR,resonancestructures,andoctetrule.Inthistable,thegeometricshapesofthemoleculesare
    describedbylinear,trigonalplanar,tetrahedral,trigonalbypyramidal,andoctahedral.Thehybridorbitals
    usearesp,sp2,sp3,dsp3,andd2sp3.
    TheVSEPRnumberisthesameforallmoleculesofeachgroup.InsteadofusingNH3E,andOH2E2,weuse
    :NH3,::OH2toemphasizetheunshared(orlone)electronpairs.
    Asummaryofhybridorbitals,valencebondtheory,VSEPR,
    resonancestructures,andoctetrule.
    Trigonal
    Trigonal
    Linear
    Tetrahedral
    Octahedral
    planar
    bipyramidal
    sp
    BeH2
    BeF2
    CO2
    HCN
    HCCH

    sp2
    BH3
    BF3
    CH2O
    (>C=O)
    >C=C<
    CO32

    sp3
    CH4
    CF4
    CCl4
    CH3Cl
    NH4

    http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/hybrid.html

    dsp3
    PF5
    PCl5
    PFCl4
    :SF4
    :TeF4
    ::ClF3

    d2sp3
    SF6
    IOF5
    PF6
    SiF62
    :BrF5
    4/7

    8/31/2016

    ValenceBondTheoryandHybridAtomicOrbitals

    benzene
    graphite
    fullerenes
    NO2
    N3
    :OO2(O3)
    :SO2
    SO3

    :NH3
    :PF3
    :SOF2
    ::OH2
    ::SF2

    ::BrF3
    :::XeF2

    :IF5
    ::XeF4

    :::I3
    (:::II2)
    :::ICl2

    SiO44
    PO43
    SO42
    ClO4

    aloneoddelectron:aloneelectronpair
    Thistablecorrelatesalotofinterestingchemicalconceptsinordertounderstandthemolecularstructuresof
    thesecompoundsorions.Therearesomeintriqueingchemicalrelationshipsamongthemoleculesineach
    columnforyoutoponder.
    OnlyBeandCatomsareinvolvedinlinearmolecules.Ingasphase,BeH2andBeF2arestable,andthese
    moleculesdonotsatisfytheoctetrule.TheelementCmakesuseofsphybridizedorbitalsandithastheability
    toformdoubleandtriplebondsintheselinearmolecules.
    Carboncompoundsarepresentintrigonalplanarandtetrahedralmolecules,usingdifferenthybridorbitals.The
    extraelectroninnitrogenforitscompoundsinthesegroupsappearasloneunpairedelectronorloneelectron
    pairs.MoreelectronsinOandSleadtocompoundswithloneelectronpairs.Thefiveatomanionsare
    tetrahedral,andmanyresonancestructurescanbewrittenforthem.
    Trigonalbipyramidalandoctahedralmoleculeshave5and6VSEPRpairs.Whenthecentralatomscontain
    morethan5or6electrons,theextraelectronsformlonepairs.Thenumberoflonepairscaneasilybederived
    usingLewisdotstructuresforthevalenceelectrons.
    Indescribingtheshapesofthesemolecules,weoftenignorethelonepairs.Thus,NO2,N3,:OO2(O3),and
    :SO2arebentmoleculeswhereas:NH3,:PF3,and:SOF2arepyramidal.Youalreadyknowthat::OH2(water)
    and::SF2arebentmolecules.
    Theloneelectronpairtakesuptheequatoriallocationin:SF4,whichhasthesamestructureas:TeF4described
    earlier.Ifyoulayamodelofthismoleculeontheside,itlookslikeabutterfly.Bythesamereason,::ClF3and
    ::BrF3haveaTshape,and:::XeF2,:::I3,and:::ICl2arelinear.
    Similarly,:BrF5and:IF5aresquarepyramidalwhereas::XeF4issquareplanar.

    TheCenterAtom
    Anicestudentaskedabrilliantquestion.
    Whichatomintheformulaisusuallythecenteratom?
    Usually,theatominthecenterismoreelectropositivethantheterminalatoms.However,theHandhalogen
    atomsareusuallyattheterminalpositionsbecausetheyformonlyonebond.
    Takealookatthechemicalformulasinthetable,andseeiftheabovestatementistrue.
    However,theapplicationofVSEPRtheorycanbeexpandedtocomplicatedmoleculessuchas
    HHHO
    |||//
    HCC=C=CC=CCC
    ||\
    HNOH
    /\
    HH

    ByapplyingtheVSEPRtheory,onededucesthefollowingresults:
    HCCbondangle=109o
    HC=Cbondangle=120o,geometryaroundCtrigonalplanar
    C=C=Cbondangle=180o,inotherwordslinear
    HNCbondangle=109o,tetrahedralaroundN
    COHbondangle=105or109o,2loneelectronpairsaroundO
    http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/hybrid.html

    5/7

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