3-4 Gas Laws Int - Reader - Study - Guide PDF

Name
CHAPTER 3
Class
Date
States of Matter
SECTION
4 Behavior of Gases
KEY IDEAS
As you read this section, keep these questions in mind:
What are some properties of gases?

How do changes of pressure, temperature, or volume
affect a gas?
What Are Some Properties of Gases?

Particles in a gas move rapidly in all directions. Some
of the unique properties of gases are listed below:
expand to fill their containers
easily mix with one another
have low densities
can be compressed
are mostly empty space
READING TOOLBOX
Organize As you read, make
a table that lists all of the gas
laws discussed in the section.
For each law, identify which
factor must stay constant,
which variables change, and
the relationship between the
variables.
GASES AND THEIR CONTAINERS
Gases exert pressure on their containers. For example,

as helium molecules inside a balloon move, they bump
into each other and the walls of the balloon. One molecule alone does not have a large effect. However, millions of molecules create a steady force. If too many gas
molecules are in the balloon, the total pressure they exert
can cause the balloon to break.
EHHDBG@<EHL>K
1. Predict What would
happen to pressure if you
removed some of the gas
particles from the balloon?
Gas particles exert pressure on the walls of a balloon.
A gas under pressure will escape its container if possible. For example, if you open the end of a balloon, gas
will rush out of the balloon. For this reason, gases in
pressurized containers, such as propane tanks or helium
tanks, can be very dangerous.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Interactive Reader
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States of Matter
Name
SECTION 4
Class
Date
Behavior of Gases continued
What Are the Gas Laws?

Gases behave differently than solids or liquids do. For
example, the volume of a gas can change due to pressure,
but the volume of a solid or liquid generally cannot. The
gas laws describe how variables such as pressure, volume, and temperature affect the behavior of gases. The
gas laws will help you understand and predict the behavior of gases in specific situations.
PRESSURE AND VOLUME
READING CHECK
2. Identify Boyles law
describes the relationship
between which two variables?
A diver is swimming at a depth of 10 m below sea

level. An air bubble escapes from her mouthpiece. As
the bubble rises to the surface, it gets bigger. When the
bubble reaches the waters surface, its volume is double
its original size.
This example shows the relationship between the volume and pressure of a gas, also known as Boyles law.
Boyles law is true for almost any gas, if temperature
and amount of gas are constant, or unchanged.
Boyles Law
For a certain amount of gas at a constant temperature, the
volume of a gas decreases as the gass pressure increases.
Likewise, the volume of a gas increases as the gass pressure
decreases.
In mathematical terms:
Boyles Law
(initial pressure)(initial volume) = (nal pressure)(nal volume)
P1V1 = P2V2
The figure below illustrates Boyles law. Both pistons

contain the same amount of gas at the same temperature.
EHHDBG@<EHL>K
3. Identify What happens to
volume as pressure
decreases?
If you lift the piston, pressure

decreases. The gas particles
spread farther apart, and the
volume increases.
If you push the piston, pressure

increases. The gas particles are
pushed closer together, and the
volume decreases.
Interactive Reader
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States of Matter
Name
SECTION 4
Class
Date
APPLYING BOYLES LAW
You can use Boyles law to predict changes in the pressure or volume of a gas. Remember that Boyles law is
true only when the temperature and amount of gas do not
change.
A balloon has a volume of 7.5 L at 100.0 kPa. As the
balloon rises in the atmosphere, the gas inside expands
to a volume of 11 L. Assume the balloon is at a constant
temperature and the amount of gas does not change.
What is the pressure when the volume is 11 L?
READING CHECK
4. Identify Under what
conditions does Boyles law
apply?
The ballon on the left has a volume of 7.5 L and a pressure of 100 kPa. As the balloon rises, it becomes larger. The balloons new volume is 11 L. The temperature
and number of molecules inside the balloon stay the same.
Step 1: List the given and unknown

values.
Given:
V1 = 7.5 L
P1 = 100.0 kPa
V2 = 11 L
Step 2: Write the equation and

rearrange to solve for the unknown.
P1V1 = P2V2
Step 3: Insert the known values and

solve for the unknown value.
Unknown:
P2
P1V1
P2 = _
V2
(100.0 kPa)(7.5 L)
P2 = __
11 L
Math Skills
5. Calculate A 300 mL
sample of hydrogen gas is
at a pressure of 0.500 kPa.
If the pressure increases to
0.750 kPa, what will be the
nal volume of the sample?
Assume that temperature
stays constant.
P2 = 68 kPa
PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE
Recall that temperature is a measure of the average

kinetic energy of particles. As the particles of a substance
move faster, the substances temperature increases. The
particles bump into each other and the sides of the container more often, which increases pressure. Thus, as
temperature increases, pressure increases. This is known
as Gay-Lussacs law.
Interactive Reader
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States of Matter
Name
SECTION 4
Class
Date
Gay-Lussacs Law
When volume is constant, the pressure of a gas
increases as temperature increases. Pressure
decreases as temperature decreases.
In other words, the pressure and temperature of a gas

are directly related. As one changes, the other changes in
the same direction.
8g^i^XVaI]^c`^c\
6. Compare How are the relationships between variables
described in Gay-Lussacs law
and Charless law similar?
TEMPERATURE AND VOLUME
Like the temperature and pressure of a gas, the temperature and volume of a gas are directly related. This
relationship is described in Charless Law.
Charless Law
When the amount of a gas and pressure are
constant, the volume of a gas increases as its
temperature increases. Likewise, as volume
decreases, temperature decreases.
The figure below illustrates Charless Law. Both pistons have the same amount of gas at the same pressure.
When temperature decreases, the

gas particles move more slowly and
volume decreases.
When temperature increases, the gas

particles move faster and volume
increases.
The following experiment also illustrates Charless law.
EHHDBG@<EHL>K
7. Identify What two factors
did not change during the
experiment?
Air-lled balloons are put

into liquid nitrogen.
The low temperature

of the liquid nitrogen
makes the volumes of
the air in the balloons
smaller.
When the balloons are

removed from the liquid
nitrogen, their temperature increases. The
volume of each balloon
increases to its original
volume.
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States of Matter
Name
SECTION 4
Class
Date
How Can Graphs Illustrate the Gas Laws?

You can use graphs to show how temperature, pressure, and volume affect gases. A graph can show the
relationship between two factors. For example, the graph
can show if a relationship is direct or inverse. In a direct
relationship, the two variables change in the same direction. In an inverse relationship, the variables change in
opposite directions. In the graph below, temperature and
volume have a direct relationship.
Volume versus Temperature for
a Gas at a Constant Pressure
Graphing Skills
0.700
8. Analyze Is the relationship shown in this graph

direct or inverse? How do
you know?
0.600
Volume (L)
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0
100
200
Temperature (K)
300
The shape of the line in a graph also describes the

relationship. If a graph is a straight line, such as the
graph above, one variable is directly or inversely
proportional to the other. In a proportional relationship,
the variables stay in the same ratio to each other as their
values change. If a graph is a curve, one variable is not
proportional to the other. This means that the variables
do not stay in the same ratio to each other as their values
change.
9. Analyze Is this relationship proportional? Explain

your answer.
EHHDBG@<EHL>K
Volume versus Pressure

for a Gas at a Constant Temperature
10. Identify Which gas law

does this graph represent?
0.500
Volume (L)
0.400
11. Infer Is the relationship

between the variables direct
or inverse? Explain your
answer.
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
100
200
300
Pressure (kPa)
400
Interactive Reader
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States of Matter
Name
Class
Date
Section 4 Review
SECTION VOCABULARY
gas laws the laws that state the mathematical
relationships between the volume, temperature, pressure, and quantity of a gas
1. Identify How do gas particles exert pressure on their container?
2. Apply Concepts Chandra notices that her bicycle tires have higher pressure during
the hot summer than during the cold winter. Which gas law explains her observation? Explain your answer.
3. Predict What would happen eventually to a balloon sitting in a sunny window?
Which gas law predicts this?
4. Describe In Boyles law, what is the relationship between pressure and volume?
5. Graph Relationships In the space below, create a graph showing the proportional
relationship between temperature and pressure described by Gay-Lussacs law.

Be sure to label the axes of your graph and give your graph a title.
Interactive Reader
66
States of Matter

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Name

What are some properties of gases?

What Are Some Properties of Gases?

GASES AND THEIR CONTAINERS

Gases exert pressure on their containers. For example,

Gas particles exert pressure on the walls of a balloon.

Behavior of Gases continued

What Are the Gas Laws?

A diver is swimming at a depth of 10 m below sea

The figure below illustrates Boyles law. Both pistons

If you lift the piston, pressure

If you push the piston, pressure

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Behavior of Gases continued

APPLYING BOYLES LAW

Step 1: List the given and unknown

Step 2: Write the equation and

Step 3: Insert the known values and

PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE

Recall that temperature is a measure of the average

Behavior of Gases continued

In other words, the pressure and temperature of a gas

TEMPERATURE AND VOLUME

When temperature decreases, the

When temperature increases, the gas

The following experiment also illustrates Charless law.

Air-lled balloons are put

The low temperature

When the balloons are

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Behavior of Gases continued

How Can Graphs Illustrate the Gas Laws?

8. Analyze Is the relationship shown in this graph

The shape of the line in a graph also describes the

9. Analyze Is this relationship proportional? Explain

Volume versus Pressure

10. Identify Which gas law

11. Infer Is the relationship

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

1. Identify How do gas particles exert pressure on their container?

3. Predict What would happen eventually to a balloon sitting in a sunny window?

Which gas law predicts this?

relationship between temperature and pressure described by Gay-Lussacs law.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

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