LITERATURE SURVEY
Zhifeng Chen has build up a wireless communication simulator including Gray coding
modulation, different channel models (AWGN, flat fading and frequency selective fading
channels), channel estimation, adaptive equalization, and demodulation [2]. He has tested the
effect of different channel models to the data and image in receiver with constellation and BER
(bit error rate) plots under QPSK modulation. Chengshan Xiao, Yahong Rosa Zheng, and
Norman C. Beaulieu were analyzed the statistical properties of Clarkes fading model with a
finite number of sinusoids and an improved reference model is proposed for the simulation of
Rayleigh fading channels [3]. Yahong Rosa Zheng and Chengshan Xiao proposed new sum-ofsinusoids statistical simulation models are proposed for Rayleigh fading channels [5].
In the communications literature, a number of different methods have been
proposed and used for the simulation of Rayleigh fading (Clarke 1968, Jakes 1974,
Smith 1975, Patzold, et al. 1996, Omidi, et al. 1999, Young and Beaulieu 200 0,
Ozen and Zoltowski 2001, Zheng and Xiao 2002, Baddour and Beaulieu 2005).
Jakes model (Jakes 1974) has been of great interest which is based on sum of
sinusoids approach. Simulators based on white noise filtering methods (Omidi, et al.
1999, Ozen and Zoltowski 2001, Baddour and Beaulieu 2005), and on the Inverse
Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) (Smith 1975, Young and Beaulieu 2000) method
have also become popular. It was shown in (Young and Beaulieu 2001) that the
fading signals which are produced by classical Jakes simulator are not wide-sense
stationary (WSS). On the other hand simulators based on the IDFT method are highquality and efficient. Unfortunately, a disadvantage of the IDFT method is that all
samples are generated with a single fast Fourier transform (FFT), hence the storage
requirements make it useless for the generation of very large number of samples
and for sample-by-sample simulations.
wireless CHANNEL MODELS
A Communcation Channel is the medium used to transmit information from one point to the
other. Though wired channels are fast, cost-effective and secure, they are short ranged, motion
restricted. The characteristics of wireless signal changes as it travels from the
transmitter antenna to the receiver antenna. These characteristics depend upon the
distance between the two antennas, the path(s) taken by the signal, and the
environment (buildings and other objects) around the path. The profile of received
signal can be obtained from that of the transmitted signal if we have a model of the
medium between the two. This model of the medium is called channel model.
In general, the power profile of the received signal can be obtained by convolving
the power profile of the transmitted signal with the impulse response of the
channel. Convolution in time domain is equivalent to multiplication in the frequency
domain. Therefore, the transmitted signal x, after propagation through the channel
H becomes y:
y (f) =H (f)x(f)+n(f)
Here H (f) is channel response, and n(f) is the noise. Note that x, y, H, and n are all
functions of the signal frequency f.
Ideally, modeling a channel is calculating all the
physical processing affecting a signal from the transmitter to the receiver.
Since different paths are of different lengths, a single impulse sent from the
transmitter will result in multiple copies being received at different times as shown
in Figure
The maximum delay after which the received signal becomes negligible is
called maximum delay
spread max. A large max indicates a highly dispersive channel. Often root-meansquare (rms) value
of the delay-spread rms is used instead of the maximum.
The wireless environment is highly unstable and fading is due to multipath
propagation. Multipath propagation leads to rapid fluctuations of the phase and
amplitude of the signal. The presence of reflectors in the environment surrounding a
transmitter and receiver create multiple paths that a transmitted signal can
traverse. As a result, the receiver sees the superposition of multiple copies of the
transmitted signal, each traversing a different path. Each signal copy will
experience differences in attenuation, delay and phase shift while traveling from the
source to the receiver. This can result in either constructive or destructive
interference, amplifying or attenuating the signal power seen at the receiver.
Due to these EM wave propagation mechanisms, radio propagation can be roughly described
multipath fading phenomenon.
Multipath fading in wireless communication systems is commonly modeled by Rayleigh,
Additive white Gaussian noise and Rician distributions.
Rayleigh Fading
Rayleigh Fading is a reasonable model when there are many objects in the environment that
scatter the radio signal before it reaches the receiver. Rayleigh fading is most applicable when
there is no dominant line-of-sight propagation between the transmitter and receiver. The
Rayleigh fading is a good approximation of realistic channel conditions [1]. Rayleigh fading
model assumes that the magnitude of a signal that has passed through transmission medium will
vary randomly, or fade, according to a Rayleigh distribution. It is well known that a Rayleigh
fading process is characterized by its power spectral density and its auto-correlation
function. The autocorrelation function depends on the Doppler frequency which
corresponds to the relative motion of the receiver and transmitter. The term Rayleigh
fading channel refers to a multiplicative distortion h(t) of the transmitted signal s(t), as in y(t) =
h(t)s(t)+ n(t), where y(t) is the received waveform and n(t) is the noise. For a wireless channel,
the envelope of the channel response is modeled to have a Rayleigh distribution. If each
multipath component in the received signal is independent then the PDF of its envelope is
rayleigh
The simplest type of channel is the Gaussian channel. It is the noise
generated in the receiver when the transmission path is ideal. The noise is
assumed to have constant power spectral density over the channel
bandwidth, and a Gaussian amplitude probability density function. In the
AWGN channel is the model in which white Gaussian noise is added to the
signal in order to meet the specified SNR. The Gaussian channel is important
for providing an upper bound on system performance.
Performance comparison of the different channel models
In this section we have compared the performances of the channels at low
SNR, at medium SNR, at high SNR.
The above figure shows that at very low SNR the Rician signal is approximately Rayleigh
distributed.
Comparison of simulation performance between Rayleigh, AWGN and Rician
channels for BER= 10-3.
MODULATION
TECHNIQUES
16 QAM
RAYLEIGH
CHANNEL
(SNR in dB)
28.3
AWGN CHANNEL
(SNR in dB)
RICIAN CHANNEL
(SNR in dB)
16.9
33.8
From the comparison table 1 it is clear that rician channel supports high SNR
than
AWGN channel and rayleigh channels.
References
[1] M. Patzold, Mobile Fading Channels. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
[2] Zhifeng Chen, Performance Analysis of Channel Estimation and Adaptive Equalization in
Slow Fading Channel, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, 2002.
[3] Cheng-Xiang Wang, Member, IEEE, Dongfeng Yuan, Senior Member, IEEE, Hsiao-Hwa
Chen, Senior Member,IEEE, and Wen Xu, Senior Member, IEEE, An Improved Deterministic
SoS Channel Simulator for Multiple Uncorrelated Rayleigh Fading Channels, IEEE
Transactions on wireless Communications, Vol. 7, No. 9, SEPTEMBER 2008.
[4] Halil Tanyer Eyyuboglu, MATLAB simulation of multiuser detection in CDMA
Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Volume 3 January
2005, ISSN 1307-6884.
[5] Jingxian Wu, Chengshan Xiao, Senior Member, IEEE, and Khaled Ben Letaief, Fellow,
IEEE, Multiuser Channel Estimation for CDMA Systems over Frequency-Selective Fading
Channels, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, VOL. 4, No. 4, JULY 2005.
[6] Y. X. Li and X. J. Huang, The simulation of independent Rayleigh faders, IEEE Trans.
Commun., vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 15031514, Sept. 2002.
[7] Julio Aruz, Discrete Rayleigh Fading Channel Modeling, Department of Information
Sciences and Telecom, University of Pittsburgh,135 N. Belle field Ave., March 2002.
[8] K.Feher, Radio Propagation and Cellular Engineering Concepts
[9] T. S.Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition, 2004.
