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Handouts - Formulas

This document defines and explains many common statistical measures and concepts used to summarize and analyze numerical and categorical data. It covers measures of central tendency and dispersion for numerical data like the mean, standard deviation, and variance. It also covers measures for nominal data like proportions and percentages. Additionally, it discusses concepts like correlation, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, and measures of diagnostic accuracy like sensitivity and specificity.

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LK Ming
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44 views3 pages

Handouts - Formulas

This document defines and explains many common statistical measures and concepts used to summarize and analyze numerical and categorical data. It covers measures of central tendency and dispersion for numerical data like the mean, standard deviation, and variance. It also covers measures for nominal data like proportions and percentages. Additionally, it discusses concepts like correlation, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, and measures of diagnostic accuracy like sensitivity and specificity.

Uploaded by

LK Ming
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measures on Numerical Data

Mean,

Standard Deviation,

Variance,

s2

Coefficient of Variation,

cv

x x

n 1

s
100%
x

Measures on Nominal Data


Proportions,

a
ab

Percentages,

a
100%
ab

Rates,

a
base
ab

Ratios,

a/b

Measures for Two Characteristics


x x y y
r
Correlation Coefficient,
2
2
x x y y
Coefficient of Determination,

r2

Relative Risk,

RR

Odds Ratio,

OR

A / A B
C / C D

A / A C / C / A C A / C
B / B D / D / B D B / D

Variations in Data
Kappa Statistic,

OC
1 C

Probability
Mutually Exclusive,

P A B C P A P B P C

Not Mutually Exclusive,

P A D P A P D P A D

Independent,

P A B C P A P B P C

Not Independent,

P B D P B | D P D
P B P D | B

Probability Distributions
Binomial Distribution,

n
n k
P X k p k 1 p
k

Poisson Distribution,

P X k

e
k!

n
n!

k! n k !
k

Normal Distribution,

f ( x)

Standard Normal Distribution,

f x

2
2
1
e x / 2
2

e x

/2

Estimating and Comparing Means


X

X
SEM

Critical Ratio / Test Statistic,

z, t

Standard Error of the Mean,

SEM

Confidence Interval,

C. I . X z , t SEM X z , t SEM

SE for Paired Groups,

SE for Independent Groups,

sp

F statistic,

d d

sd

z, t

or

SE d

n 1

sd

n1 1 s12 n2 1 s 22

n
SE X 1 X 2 s p

n1 n2 2

1
1

n1 n2

s12
s 22

ANOVA
Means Square among Groups,

Error Mean Square,

n X

MS A

j 1

n 1 s

n 1

MS E

F statistic,

df j 1

df n j 1

MS A
MS E

Estimating and Comparing Proportions


n

z-approximation for binary distributions,

SE a b

Pooled Proportions,

SE p a p b

Chi-Square Test,

2 df

p 1 p p 1 p

nb
nb

O E 2
E

all cells

McNemar Test,

a!b!c! d ! n!

b c 1
bc

Association and Prediction


t Test for Correlation,

r n2
1 r2

n a p a nb p b
n a nb

df r 1 c 1

a b ! c d ! a c ! b d !

Fishers Exact Test,

1
n

a 1 a b 1 b

na
nb

SE of Two Proportions,

SE

Fishers z Transformation,

Spearmans Rho,

z r

1 1 r
ln

2 1 r

Regression Correlation,

z r z
1 / n 3

R R R R
R R R R
X X Y Y
b
a Y bX
X X
x

rs

Least Squares,

br

sy

rb

sx

sx
sy

Error Analysis and Propagation


Addition / Subtraction,

a x2 y2 z2

Multiplication / Division,

a

x
a
x

Multiplication by Constant,

a C x

Power,

n x
a
x

Arbitrary Functions,

da
x
dx

General Derivative Method,

a
x

y

y

a
z
z

Sensitivity and Specificity


TP / TP FN
Sensitivity,
TN / FP TN
Specificity,
Positive predictive value (PPV), TP / TP FP
Negative predictive value (NPV), TN / TN FN
TP TN / TP FP TN FN
Accuracy,
Likelihood ratio of positive test, sensitivity / 1 specificity
Posttest odds,

posttest odds pretest odds likelihood ratio

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