IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

WiseTex example: Creation of a bi-axial

bi axial 2D braid
and stiffness prediction
Overview:
WiseTex
1. Creation of the architecture
2. Assignment of yarn dimensions and fibre mechanical
properties
TexComp
1. Assignment of matrix mechanical properties
2. Computation of stiffness (in different frames)
Further
F h exercises
i
1

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Flowchart of setup and analysis

WiseTex

1. Define the RVE archtecture

1. Read the yarn file

2. Create yarn properties

2. Input matrix mechanical

Cross-section dimensions
Fibre mechanical properties
3. Build the analysis model
4. Save the yarn file

TexComp

properties
3 Perform
3.
P f
analysis
l i
4. Output selected results (Ex,
Ey, Ez, Gxy)

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Some definitions

Representative Volume Element (RVE)

For textile
composites the
RVE is
i a repetitive
ii
volume in 2D or 3D
textiles

Filament Fibre
Mono-filament: uses yyarns that consist
of a single long fiber
Multi-filament: uses two or more
filaments (usually thousands) that are
twisted together to form yarns

Tex is a measure of yarn density:

1 Tex = 1 gram per 1000 meters of yarn length
3

Twill 2*2 weave

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Scales used in WiseTex / TexComp

ca. 7m

Multiscale modelling
WiseTex uses micromechanics formulae
for tow properties
4

ca. 4-20+ mm

WiseTex builds the textile

structure and uses tow data
to compute RVE stiffnesses

ca. meters

Output would be used in

a macro- shell model

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Starting WiseTex and initialising the fabric type

Start the program WiseTex

The exercise will

generate/analyse a 2D
braid therefore activate
braid,
New > 2D braid

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Defining the RVE archtecture

The panel that opens is modified:
1. Convert the checkerboard to have a 4*4 dimension
2. Give the pattern shown - note a double click on boxes converts white to black (or vice
versa); a black box means the yarn crosses over another and white for crossing under.

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Checking the textile architecture

Further Graphical editor and 3D image tabs are available to help visualise the RVE
architecture.

To shift sections through the RVE

Accept the new architecture with OK
7

Rotating and changing the viewing

angles are possible

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Adding new yarns for the RVE

Yarns types are now added: We shall define two types and use different yarn types
for the weft and the warp directions.
To do this click the left mouse key in the Yarn box and then right mouse click to
open the panel Add a yarn.

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Definition of the first yarn

With a right mouse
click to open and edit
the panel below.

Assign the data to the first new yarn:

1.
2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Give the yarn a suitable title (Tenax...)

T b for
Tab
f yarn ttype M
Multi-filament
lti fil
t
Use an elliptical yarn description
Give yarn section dimensions (0.27, 2.98)
Specify 800 Tex
Activate the tab No Twist
Activate the box for Fibres

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Now define the yarn physical properties (No. Fibres, density)

Enter the data below under tabs Fibres and Compression:
1. For tension fibre properties use the title and properties shown
2. A unique colour for the yarn can be selected
3. For compression fibre properties check the supplied (default) data

10

Accept with OK

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Finally define the yarn mechanical data

Under the Mechanics

tab define:
1 Axial fibre
1.
properties
2 Transverse Fibre
2.
properties
3. Tenacity
(strength) data

Accept with OK
11

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Note
N
t the
th Vf data
d t is
i for
f
the yarn only it should
be high, but sensible.

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

The second (weft) yarn type is added

12

The previous operations are repeated to define a new yarn (for the weft)
The next slide gives the physical/mechanical data for this yarn

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Weft physical/mechanical data

The new yarn is defiled as before:
1. Section new dimensions...
2. Fibre properties (select a new
visualisation colour)
3. Co
3
Compression
p ess o properties
p ope t es
Define the same mechanical
data as previous

13

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Assigning yarn types to the RVE

Title

Assign
g the new yarns
y
to
the warp and weft
directions using selection
and set

Modelling information
for crimp

14

1. Set the yarns/cm (3,322) and spacing (3,01mm)

2. Click on the mm tab to assign

3,322
3
322
yarns/cm
3,01 mm

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Finishing and building the model

Use this option to
Build the model

If successful this
will appear

15

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Saving the yarn file

Save the file (File > Save As...) in a suitable directory with a
suitable name. For a 2D braid the default extension is .B2D

16

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Starting TexComp (to compute RVE stiffness)

Start the program TexComp

Read in the generated yarn path

model for the 2D braid

Activate the BUILD

BUILD tab

17

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Assignming matrix properties

Read (or define) matrix properties

for the composites.
Locate and use the epoxy.tcm
p y
file
supplied.

The default matrix properties can

be visualised (E = 3GPa).
Or different elastic data can be
assigned.

18

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Performing the RVE analysis

Under Solve > homogenise

start the analysis of the RVE

19

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

IFB

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Results: Youngs modulus

Activate Post > List Results > Properties

Select Young's Modulus and direction X, Y, Z

The following modulus data is obtained

Eyy = 38GPa
Exx = 55GPa
20

IFB

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Results: Shear Modulus

If shear modulus (Gxy) is selected under Post > List Results > Properties you
should obtain

Gxy = 1.24GPa

Shear modulus (Gxy) or other properties may be

computed in another axis frame.
E.g. use Post > Results CSYS and Global CSYS
with
h 45 about
b
the
h (vertical)
(
l) z-axis.
This would allow shear at 45 to the yarn directions to
be found.
The shear modulus (Gxy) under Post > List
Results > Properties should be 21.6GPa

21

Gxy =
21.6GPa

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Variation of E and G
Eyy = 38GPa

Homogenisation
for orthotropic
Hookes law

22

Exx = 55GPa

Gxy = 1.24GPa

Gxy =
21.6GPa

IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

Exercises

1 Force the two yarns to be identical (dimensions to be changed) and

1.
check the stiffnesses become balanced

2. Compare the different computation options (see tools > settings) for
stiffness:
i.

Mori-Tanaka

ii. Iso-strain
iii. Iso-stress

See next slides for

some explanation

23

IFB

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Review: Stiffness and Compliace laws

1D Isotropic material (Hookes law)

2D plane stress: Stiffness law

1 Q11 Q12

2 Q21 Q22
0
0
12

1

2
Q66 12
0
0

Q or
where:

2D plane stress: Compliance law

24

E1
1 12 21

Q22

E2
1 12 21

Q12 Q21

{} : Column matrix of stress

[Q] : Stiffness matrix
{ } : Column
{}
C l
matrix
t i off strain
t i

1 S11

2 S 21
0
12

Q11

S12
S 22
0

1

2
S 66 12
0
0

21 E1
12 E2

1 12 21 1 12 21

Q66 G12

where:
[S] : Compliance matrix = [Q]-1
S11 = 1/E1
S22 = 1/E2
S12 = S21 = -12 /E1 = - 21 /E2
S66 = 1/G12

IFB

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

TexComp: Basic ideas in homogenisation of the RVE

1. Each yarn is idealised

as a spline type
f
function
i
2. These are descretised
into segments

Each segment () has an orthotropic stiffness matrix in local frame (x

(x ,yy,zz)) given by [C]

C L

25

E11 12 E22

E22

sym

13 E33

23 E22

E33

G12

0
G13

0
0

0
0

G23

IFB

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

TexComp: Basic ideas in homogenisation of the RVE

Each segment is transformed to the global frame (x
(x,y,z)
y z) and summated for RVE stiffne
Analytical (stiffness)

Yarn segment stiffness and

stiffness transformations

2
2
a11
a12
2
a222
a21
a231
a232

2a21a31 2a32a22
2a a
2a12a32
11 31
2a11a21 2a12a22

2
a13
2
23
2
33

a
a
2a23a33
2a13a33
2a13a23

[C ] V [C ]G

C T

a22a23
a23a21
a21a22

a32a33
a33a31
a31a32

(a22a33 a23a32 ) (a23a31 a21a33 ) (a21a32 a22a31 )

(a32a13 a33a12 ) (a11a33 a13a31 ) (a31a12 a32a11 )

(a12a23 a13a22 ) (a13a21 a11a23 ) (a11a22 a12a21 )

a12a13

([T])-1=([T])T
26

Assembly

a11a13

a11a12

cos cos
aij sin
cos sin

Weighting factor of
grain
grain (segment)
volume with respect
to total volume

( =VGrain/V
(V
/ UnitCell)

sin cos
cos
sin sin

sin
0
cos

IFB

Composites modelling:
WiseTex example for stiffness of a 2D braid

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Iso-stress
Iso
stress versus iso
iso-strain
strain
For the iso-strain assumption stiffness
contribution of each grain (total = n) are
summed for the unit cell stiffness.

Identical computations are made for isostress except that grain compliance
contributions are summed.

Corresponding unit cell compliance is

inversion of the stiffness matrix.

Stiffness is obtained from inversion of the

unit cell compliance matrix.

Isostrain (Voigt)
Stiffness
Compliance

V
UC

[C]

Isostress (Reuss)

V [C]
1

V
1
[S]UC
[C]UC

Compliance
Stiffness

R
UC

[S]

V [S]G
1

1
[C]RUC [S]UC

Note: We have done this already and used iso-strain for E1 and iso-stress for E2

Iso-strain (summing stiffnesses)

27

E1 E f V f Em Vm

Iso-stress (summing compliances)

Vf
V
1

m
E2 E2 f Em