LANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION OF

INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
AISYAH FITRIANI DASOPANG
CHRISTINE HELENA NATALIA
HENRI DUNANT BIHA
IMELDA SABRINA SIBARANI
LAUREN FERONICA

8156112025
8156112031
8156112037
8156112040
8156112048

B1 English Applied Linguistics

ENGLISH APPLIED LIGUISTICS PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is always changing. We've seen that language changes across space
and across social group. Language also varies across time. Generation by
generation, pronunciations evolve, new words are borrowed or invented, the
meaning of old words drifts, and morphology develops or decays. The rate of
change varies, but whether the changes are faster or slower, they build up until the
"mother tongue" becomes arbitrarily distant and different. After a thousand years,
the original and new languages will not be mutually intelligible. After ten

thousand years, the relationship will be essentially indistinguishable from chance

relationships between historically unrelated languages.
This process also happens in Indonesian Language. Since Indonesian
Language has been announce as the National Language, the use of Indonesian
Language spread more widely into many fields in society. The wide teritory where
Indonesian language is used, the diversity of speakers and as well as the rapid
development of society has encouraged the development of Indonesian Language.
Therefore, it is needed to develop Indonesian vocabularies in many fields,
especially for education.
Now Indonesia has 91.000 vocabularies and planned to be developed to
become 195.000 vocabularies at 2019 (Kemendikbud, 2016). The developement
of society especially in science and technology also influenced the development of
Indonesian vocabularies. To enrich the vocabularies of Indonesian Language,
ofcourse the words cannot be directly taken without legal process called as
standarization. Process of standarization is needed to cover the changes.
Processes of standardization come about whenever a number of variants are
available, one of which has to be selected, leaving the others in a subordinate
position. Kummer (2008) stated that standardization requires political
authorization and can only be achieved by means of institutional support. Often
linguistic experts are called upon to make the necessary selection and to decide on
the standardized forms. The enforcement of the resulting standard is, then, a
matter for the politically responsible bodies. The results of the process of
standardization are most often codified in grammars and dictionaries.
Thus, this study is aimed to explain the process of standarization in Indonesian
language and describe the regulation of standarization process in Indonesian
language.

B. Problems of the Study

The problems of the study are drawn as follows:
1. How is the process of terminologies standarization in Indonesian
language?
2. What is the regulation of standarization to make proper Indonesian
Language vocabularies?
C. The Objective of the Study
In carrying out the research, it is necessary to state the objectives of the
study clearly. So, the objectives of this study are:
1. To explain the process of standarization in Indonesian language.
2. To describe the regulation of standarization to make proper Indonesian
Language vocabularies.
D. The Scope of the Study
In this study, the researchers focus on the process of how is the terminology
standardized, dealing with the regular process of standardization in Indonesia.
E. The Significance of the Study
The findings of the study are expecte usef

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Theoritical Framework
1. Definition of Standardization
A standard language is therefore a set of abstract norms to which actual
usage may conform to a greater or lesser extent. It is thus that standardization can
be defined as an aim, an ideology, rather than an achieved (or achievable)
objective. A standard may consequently be defined as a variety of the language
which offers no variability and to which usage may or may not correspond; an
ideology and a goal, but rarely, if ever, existing in actuality.
2. The Purpose of Standardization
The main purpose of language is the transmission of thoughts and ideas
from one person to another, the ideal language would perform this function in the
most efficient and effective way possible. It is this theory that underlies the idea of
a standard language. If language as a system, that is the rules governing its use,
were completely uniform, misunderstanding would be rendered impossible as
each element could, and would, be used in a particular way entirely understood by
the person being spoken to. Everyone would use and understand the language in
the same way.

3. Processes of Standardization
Einer Haugen is the pioneer in setting models for describing the activitie
of Language planning. Haugen (1966) well known fourfold model describes the
stages of language planning thus: 1) Norm Seection, 2) Codification, 3)
Elaboration, 4) Acceptance.

1. Selection

This stage involves choosing a language or a variety for specific purposes

frequently associated with official status or normal roles. In other word norm
selection is one of the existing dialects is choosen for standardization purposes.
The choosen dialect is likely to be the one spoken by the more powerful and better
educated grooups living in or near the capital.
2. Codification
This stage is related to stabilization of the norm selected. Codification
presupposes norm selecion and is related to standardization processes.
Standardization involves at least two distinct language strategies. One requires the
elaboration and adoption of the variety among others; while the other consists the
creation of a new variety composed of some main dialects. The standardization
involves among others, producing dictionaries, grammmars, style, manuals,
punctuation and pronounciation guides etc, and it is carrie out by language
academies or individuals who do the work for academies.
3. Elaboration
Finally, norm elaboration refers to those activities which are aimed at
extending the functional reach of the standard variety as well as changes within
the existing standard to adapt it to new functions. This involves the on-going
terminological, orthographic, grammatical and stylistic development of the
codified standard to meet the demands of modern life and technology.
4. Acceptance
Acceptance is the end of standardization of language process. The
acceptance by the community of the norms of the variety selected over those of
rival varieties, through the promotion, spread, establishment and enforcement of
the norms. This is done through institutions, agencies, authorities such as schools,
ministries, the media, cultural establishments, etc. In fact, the standard language
comes to be regarded not just as the best form of the language, but as the language

itself (i.e consider the claim that Mandarin is Chinese in Singapore). The other
varieties are then dialects, which tend implicitly to get stigmatised as lesser forms,
associated with the not too highly regarded people, who are seen as less educated,
slovenly, uncouth, etc.

B. Conceptual Framework
Generally speaking the language is defined as a symbol. Generally,
language is defined as a symbol. As we know, the language consisting of words or
a set of words which have a meaning. The words is arranged alphabetically,
accompanied by explanation of its meaning and recorded into a dictionary or
lexicon. The function of language is as a tool of social communication commonly
among families, neighbors and friends. The function of language is as a tool of
social communication among families, neighbors and friends or others people.
The role of language is a unifying tool.
Each country has its own language which is the difference between a
country with other countries and also becomes a characteristic of the country.
Each language is the national language certainly has a regulation with the aim that
the language becomes fixed and does not change even though the speakers are not
the same. Thus, government has the obligation to standardize the language of its
country. Therefore, this study is aimed to see how the process of standarization in
Indonesian language and describe the regulation of standarization process in
Indonesian language.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH DESIGN

A. Research Design
In this research, the researcher uses describtive qualitative research.
Descriptive qualitative method is used when the researcher wants to describe the
condition and situation of something speciffically (William, 2007).
For the specific, the researcher conducted to describe all the data collected
about the process of standardization in Indonesian language, they are selction,
codification, elaboration, and acceptance (Haugen, 1966).
B. Data and Source of the Data
The sources of the data in this research were taken from
Balai Pusat Bahasa of North Sumatera which located Jl. Kolam
No.7, Kenangan Baru, Percut Sei Tuan, Medan, North Sumatera.

The data also taken from books and journal related to language
standarization.
C. The Technique of Collecting Data
Collecting data in this research done with two ways.
1. Interview
The interview is done between researchers and the head
of Kelompok Pengkajian Balai Bahasa of North Sumatera;
Mr. Sahril, S.S., M.Pd which is about Indonesian Language
Standarization.
2. Document Analysis
The researchers taken data from books and journal related
to language standarization to support the explanation
about standarization in Indonesian Language.

CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS

A. Standardization of Terminologies in Indonesian Language

1. The Process of Selecting
The Indonesian terminolgies were selected by considering several things.
Based on our interview, the process of selecting is the first step of
standardization. The Indonesian Languages terminologies were taken from
many resources especially from three important language classes, which are;
1) Indonesian Language include Malay Language, 2) The ethnic languages in
Indonesia, such as Javanese and Indonesian Ancient languages, 3) and also
from foreign language, such as English and Arabics.
From the explanation of Mr. Sahril, now Indonesia plan to develop
vocabularies. Balai Bahasa aim to find the new terminologies to enrich
Indonesian Language. They took the entries (lema) from the language that
used in the region (it can be taken from local language or foreign language)
For example, Mr. Sahril stated that in the process of listing the new entries,
they found the word taponing which has the same meaning with migrain.
The word migrain which comes from English term migraine has welknown
and used in Indonesia. This terminology hasnt have equal meaning in
Indonesia Language and the word taponing was found in Ancient
Bataknese Language which has the equal meaning with migrain.

2. Codification
The process of codification relates to make a role for a language that will
be standardized. It might be the pronunciation or utterance and grammar as
well. The purpose is in order to the user has guidance in using that language
appropriately. It is not only for the spoken language that is used in daily
activity but also in literary and journalistic terms.

In the process of standardizing of Bahasa Indonesia, codification is marked

by appearing Ejaan yang Disempurnakan (EYD). It is one of the guidance in
using Bahasa Indonesia as nation language of Indonesia. It contains many
things about Bahasa Indonesia. For example; the use of appropriate
grammatical function.
Based on our interview, Indonesia has their own rule to codify foreign
terminology. The example can be taken from word telephone, in line with
the rule, the sound of ph should become f, it will become telepon in
Bahasa Indonesia. It also happen with paragraph, phoneme, photo, and etc.
3. Elaboration
In this step, activities which are aimed to extend the functional
reach of the standard variety as well as changes within the existing
standard to adapt it to new functions are done. The terminology that have
been selected and codified will be discussed in many Linguistic
discussions. From our interview, in elaboration process Balai Bahasa as the
Indonesian representation has to bring the new terminology in
MABBIM (Majelis Bahasa Brunnei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia)
conference.
This conference will discuss about this terminology and make decision
regarding the function of this new terminology. The example of
elaboration which become common in our language is ATM. ATM is an
acronym from Automatic Teller Machine, the people in Malaysia, Brunnei,
and Indonesia used to use this term, so the linguists needed to find the
appropriate terminology from these country without changing the
abbreviation of this terminology. They decided to change it with Anjungan

Tunai Mandiri in this confrence and this will be widely used in the three
counties
4. Acceptance
In the end of the standardization of a language there are process called
acceptance. Based on the interview, Mr. Sahril stated that the process of
acceptance was done through the promotion, spread, establishment and
enforcement of the norms. This is done through institutions, agencies, authorities
such as schools, ministries, the media, cultural establishments, etc.

B. The Example of Process Standardization

In line with the whole processes above, as the example Mr. Sahril explain
the complete process of standardization of canggih the word canggih. At the
time Indonesian Linguist consider that it is important to find the equivalent
terminology of sophisticated which come from English word. So the linguists
do the selection from many ethnics language in Indonesia. In the selection they
found the word canggih from the ancient Lampung Language. This word then
was codified this languge into its function, and included in KBBI. After that, the
linguists did the elaboration process by actively discussed this new terminology in
many Linguistics Seminar and conference. Finally, they promoted, established,
and spread this new words through institutions, agencies, authorities such as
schools, ministries, the media, cultural establishments, etc. This word is well
accepted and used by the most society in Indonesia until now.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
The process of standardization of Indonesian language has four
stages of language planning thus: 1) Norm Selection, 2) Codification, 3)
Elaboration, 4) Acceptance. In selection process, some of ethnics and
foreign languages are selected to be Indonesian language. The process of
codification relates to make a role for a language that will be standardized.
It might be the pronunciation or utterances and grammar as well. After
selection and codification process, elaboration process becomes the third
process of standardization. In this process Balai Bahasa as the Indonesian
representation has to bring the new terminology in MABBIM (Majelis
Bahasa

Brunnei

Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia)

conference.

This

conference will discuss about this terminology and make decision

regarding the function of this new terminology. And the last process is
acceptance. Acceptance was done through the promotion, spread,
establishment and enforcement of the norms.

REFERENCES