Dexter C.
Canalita
THE
STUDY OF MATTER its
composition,
structure,
properties, transformation
from one form to another
and
the
energy
that
accompanies
this
transformation.
Chemistry is the central science dealing with
the composition of matter and the changes in
composition that matter undergoes.
Chemistry is also concerned with energy and
energy changes of matter.
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons,
Inc
1-3
The
ANSWER
is
that
chemistry, by its very nature,
is the CENTRAL SCIENCE,
central to a fundamental
understanding
of
other
sciences and technologies.
The Central Science
Astronomy Nuclear ChemistryHealth and Medicine
Biology
Physics
Biology
Geology
Plant Sciences
Biochemistry Environmental Science
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY study of most carbon-based
compounds.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY deals with all substances
which are not considered organic
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - deals with the application of
physical laws of chemical change and chemical systems.
BIOCHEMISTRY concerned with the chemistry of life
processes and living organisms.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY concerned mainly with the
various techniques and laboratory methods to determine the
composition of matter.
Collect the facts or data relevant to the
problem.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Done with carefully designed observations and
experimentation.
Formulate a hypothesis that accounts for the
data and that can be tested further.
Plan and do additional experiments to test
the hypothesis.
Modify the hypothesis as necessary.
The Scientific Method
Law: Statements of natural
phenomena to which there
are no known exceptions.
Hypothesis: A tentative
explanation of the facts that can
be tested further
Theory: Well-tested hypothesis.
SOLIDS
LIQUIDS
GASES
Definite shape
Indefinite shape
Indefinite shape
Definite volume
Definite volume
Indefinite volume
Essentially
incompressible
Only slightly
compressible
Compressible
Particles are tightly
packed together
Particles are mobile, able
to move around each
other
Particles are far apart and
are small compared to
the volume they occupy
Particles are held
together by very strong
forces of attraction
Particles are held
together by strong forces
of attraction
The attractive forces are
so weak that the particles
are independent of each
other
Physical States of Matter
Classifications of Matter
1.4
Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes it undergoes
Matter is anything that occupies space and has
mass.
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a
definite composition and distinct properties.
Water
Sugar
Gold
1.4
An element is a substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by chemical
means.
114 elements have been identified
82 elements occur naturally on Earth
gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon
32 elements have been created by scientists
technetium, americium, seaborgium
1.4
A compound is a substance composed of atoms
of two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.
Compounds can only be separated into their
pure components (elements) by chemical
means.
Water (H2O)
Glucose (C6H12O6)
Ammonia (NH3)
1.4
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances
in which the substances retain their distinct identities.
1. Homogenous mixture composition of the
mixture is the same throughout.
soft drink, sea water
2. Heterogeneous mixture composition is not
uniform throughout.
cement, fruit salad
iron filings in sand
1.4
Physical means can be used to separate a mixture
into its pure components.
distillation
magnet
1.4
decantation - the process of pouring out the
liquid leaving heavier solids to settle at
bottom of container
filtration separation of an insoluble solid from
the liquid using a porous substance or filter paper
evaporation - separating a soluble solid
from a liquid by transforming solvent to
gaseous form
distillation converting the liquid to gas, then
collecting the liquid components by condensation
Physical or Chemical?
A physical change does not alter the composition
or identity of a substance.
sugar dissolving
ice melting
in water
A chemical change alters the composition or
identity of the substance(s) involved.
hydrogen burns in
air to form water
1.6
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CLASSIFICATION
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES properties
that depends on the amount of material like
mass, length and volume.
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES depend on the
quality of material. Examples: odor, color,
specific gravity, solubility, boiling point,
melting point and electrical conductivity.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Describes a chemical change that a
substances undergoes. Examples: burning,
Extensive and Intensive Properties
An extensive property of a material depends upon
how much matter is is being considered.
mass
length
volume
An intensive property of a material does not
depend upon how much matter is is being
considered.
density
temperature
color
1.6
SELF-CHECK
USING THE CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
FOR
MATTER,
CLASSIFY
THE
FOLLOWING:
ANSWERS:
1. VINEGAR
1. HOMOGENEOUS
2. HALO HALO
2. HETEROGENEOUS
3. SALT WATER
3. HOMOGENEOUS
4. SAND IN WATER
4. HETEROGENEOUS
5. SUGAR
5. COMPOUND
6. ELEMENT
6. COPPER WIRE
SELF CHECK
WHAT KIND OF CHANGE (PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL)
DOES EACH PROCESS BELOW UNDERGOES?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Formation of clouds
Corrosion of iron
Tanning of leather
Melting of sugar
Burning of plastic
Making of ice candy
Ripening of papaya
Cooking/boiling of eggs
ANSWER
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Physical
Chemical
Chemical
Physical
Chemical
Physical
Chemical
Chemical
Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass.
mass measure of the quantity of matter
SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g
weight force that gravity exerts on an object
weight = c x mass
A 1 kg bar will weigh
on earth, c = 1.0
1 kg on earth
on moon, c ~ 0.1
0.1 kg on moon
1.7
International System of Units (SI)
1.7
1.7
Volume SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m3)
1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3
1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3
1.7
Density SI derived unit for density is kg/m3
1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3
mass
density = volume
m
d= V
A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5
g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass?
m
d= V
m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g
1.7
K = 0C + 273.15
273 K = 0 0C
373 K = 100 0C
0F
= 9 x 0C + 32
5
32 0F = 0 0C
212 0F = 100 0C
1.7
Convert 172.9 0F to degrees Celsius.
9
=
x 0C + 32
5
0F 32 = 9 x 0C
5
0F
5 x (0F 32) = 0C
9
0C = 5 x (0F 32)
9
0C = 5 x (172.9 32) = 78.3
9
1.7
Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems
1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed
2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the
problem was solved correctly.
given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity
given unit x
desired unit
given unit
= desired unit
1.9
Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems
How many mL are in 1.63 L?
Conversion Unit 1 L = 1000 mL
1000 mL
1.63 L x
= 1630 mL
1L
2
1L
L
1.63 L x
= 0.001630
1000 mL
mL
1.9
The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is
this speed in miles per hour?
conversion units
meters to miles
seconds to hours
1 mi = 1609 m
1 min = 60 s
1 mi
60 s
m
x
x
343
s 1609 m
1 min
1 hour = 60 min
60 min
mi
x
= 767
hour
1 hour
1.9
