1.

Hello world in C language

//C hello world example
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello world\n");
return 0;
}
Purpose of Hello world program may be to say hello to people or the users of your software or
application.
Output of program:

Download Hello world program.

Hello world program in c
We may store "hello world" in a character array as a string constant and then print it.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char string[] = "Hello World";
printf("%s\n", string);
return 0;
}
Don't worry if you didn't understand above code as you may not be familiar with arrays yet.
Printing hello world indefinitely
Using loop we can print "Hello World" a desired number of time or indefinitely.
#include <stdio.h>
#define TRUE 1
int main()
{

while (TRUE)
{
printf("Hello World\n");
}
return 0;
}
While loop will execute forever until it is terminated, to terminate press (Ctrl + C) in windows
operating system.
2.C program print integer
This c program ask user to input an integer and then prints it. Input is done using scanf function
and number is printed on screen using printf.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a;
printf("Enter an integer\n");
scanf("%d", &a);
printf("Integer that you have entered is %d\n", a);
return 0;

}
Download integer program.
Output of program:

In c language we have data type for different types of data, for integer data it is int, for character
date char, for floating point data it's float and so on. For large integers you can use long or long
long data type. To store integers which are greater than 2^18-1 which is the range of long long
data type you may use strings. In the below code we store an integer in a string and then display
it.
C program to store integer in a string
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
char n[1000];
printf("Input an integer\n");
scanf("%s", n);
printf("%s", n);
return 0;
}
Output of program:
Input an integer
13246523123156432123154131212341564313219
13246523123156432123154131212341564313219
Advantage of using string is that we can store very very large integers. C programming language
does not has a built in type to handle large numbers.
3.C program to add two numbers
C program to add two numbers: This c language program perform the basic arithmetic
operation of addition on two numbers and then prints the sum on the screen. For example if the
user entered two numbers as 5, 6 then 11 (5 + 6) will be printed on the screen.
C programming code
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a, b, c;
printf("Enter two numbers to add\n");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
c = a + b;
printf("Sum of entered numbers = %d\n",c);
return 0;
}

Output of program:

Download Add numbers program executable.

In the expression (c = a + b) overflow may occur if sum of a and b is larger than maximum value
which can be stored in variable c.
Addition without using third variable
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a = 1, b = 2;
/* Storing result of addition in variable a */
a = a + b;
/** Not recommended because original value of a is lost
* and you may be using it somewhere in code considering it
* as it was entered by the user.
*/
printf("Sum of a and b = %d\n", a);
return 0;
}
C program to add two numbers repeatedly
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a, b, c;
char ch;
while (1) {
printf("Inut two integers\n");
scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
getchar();

c = a + b;
printf("(%d) + (%d) = (%d)\n", a, b, c);
printf("Do you wish to add more numbers (y/n)\n");
scanf("%c", &ch);
if (ch == 'y' || ch == 'Y')
continue;
else
break;
}
return 0;

}
Output of program:
Inut two integers
2 6
(2) + (6) = (8)
Do you wish to add more
y
Inut two integers
2 -6
(2) + (-6) = (-4)
Do you wish to add more
y
Inut two integers
-5 3
(-5) + (3) = (-2)
Do you wish to add more
y
Inut two integers
-5 -6
(-5) + (-6) = (-11)
Do you wish to add more
n

numbers (y/n)

numbers (y/n)

numbers (y/n)

numbers (y/n)

Adding numbers in c using function

#include<stdio.h>
long addition(long, long);
main()
{
long first, second, sum;
scanf("%ld%ld", &first, &second);

sum = addition(first, second);

printf("%ld\n", sum);
return 0;
}
long addition(long a, long b)
{
long result;
result = a + b;
return result;

}
We have used long data type as it can handle large numbers, if you want to add still larger
numbers which doesn't fit in long range then use array, string or other data structure.
4. C program to check odd or even
C program to check odd or even: We will determine whether a number is odd or even by using
different methods all are provided with a code in c language. As you have study in mathematics
that in decimal number system even numbers are divisible by 2 while odd are not so we may use
modulus operator(%) which returns remainder, For example 4%3 gives 1 ( remainder when four
is divided by three). Even numbers are of the form 2*p and odd are of the form (2*p+1) where p
is is an integer.
C program to check odd or even using modulus operator
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;
printf("Enter an integer\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n%2 == 0)
printf("Even\n");
else
printf("Odd\n");
return 0;

}
We can use bitwise AND (&) operator to check odd or even, as an example consider binary of 7
(0111) when we perform 7 & 1 the result will be one and you may observe that the least
significant bit of every odd number is 1, so ( odd_number & 1 ) will be one always and also
( even_number & 1 ) is zero.

C program to check odd or even using bitwise operator

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;
printf("Enter an integer\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n & 1 == 1)
printf("Odd\n");
else
printf("Even\n");
return 0;
}
Find odd or even using conditional operator
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;
printf("Input an integer\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
n%2 == 0 ? printf("Even\n") : printf("Odd\n");
return 0;
}
C program to check odd or even without using bitwise or modulus operator
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;
printf("Enter an integer\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
if ((n/2)*2 == n)
printf("Even\n");
else
printf("Odd\n");
return 0;

}
In c programming language when we divide two integers we get an integer result, For example
the result of 7/3 will be 2. So we can take advantage of this and may use it to find whether the
number is odd or even. Consider an integer n we can first divide by 2 and then multiply it by 2 if
the result is the original number then the number is even otherwise the number is odd. For
example 11/2 = 5, 5*2 = 10 (which is not equal to eleven), now consider 12/2 = 6 and 6*2 = 12
(same as original number). These are some logic which may help you in finding if a number is
odd or not.
5. C program to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
C program to perform basic arithmetic operations which are addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division of two numbers. Numbers are assumed to be integers and will be
entered by the user.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int first, second, add, subtract, multiply;
float divide;
printf("Enter two integers\n");
scanf("%d%d", &first, &second);
add = first + second;
subtract = first - second;
multiply = first * second;
divide = first / (float)second;

//typecasting

printf("Sum = %d\n",add);
printf("Difference = %d\n",subtract);
printf("Multiplication = %d\n",multiply);
printf("Division = %.2f\n",divide);
return 0;
}
Download Arithmetic operations program.

Output of program:

In c language when we divide two integers we get integer result for example 5/2 evaluates to 2.
As a general rule integer/integer = integer and float/integer = float or integer/float = float. So
we convert denominator to float in our program, you may also write float in numerator. This
explicit conversion is known as typecasting.
6. C program to check whether input alphabet is a vowel or not
This code checks whether an input alphabet is a vowel or not. Both lower-case and upper-case
are checked.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char ch;
printf("Enter a character\n");
scanf("%c", &ch);
if (ch == 'a' || ch == 'A' || ch == 'e' || ch == 'E' || ch == 'i' ||
ch == 'I' || ch =='o' || ch=='O' || ch == 'u' || ch == 'U')
printf("%c is a vowel.\n", ch);
else
printf("%c is not a vowel.\n", ch);
return 0;

}
Output of program:

Check vowel using switch statement

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char ch;
printf("Input a character\n");
scanf("%c", &ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 'a':
case 'A':
case 'e':
case 'E':
case 'i':
case 'I':
case 'o':
case 'O':
case 'u':
case 'U':
printf("%c is a vowel.\n", ch);
break;
default:
printf("%c is not a vowel.\n", ch);
}
}

return 0;

Function to check vowel

int check_vowel(char a)
{
if (a >= 'A' && a <= 'Z')
a = a + 'a' - 'A';
/* Converting to lower case or use a = a +
32 */
if (a == 'a' || a == 'e' || a == 'i' || a == 'o' || a == 'u')
return 1;
return 0;
}
This function can also be used to check if a character is a consonant or not, if it's not a vowel
then it will be a consonant, but make sure that the character is an alphabet not a special
character.

7. C program to check leap year

C program to check leap year: c code to check leap year, year will be entered by the user.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int year;
printf("Enter a year to check if it is a leap year\n");
scanf("%d", &year);
if ( year%400 == 0)
printf("%d is a leap year.\n", year);
else if ( year%100 == 0)
printf("%d is not a leap year.\n", year);
else if ( year%4 == 0 )
printf("%d is a leap year.\n", year);
else
printf("%d is not a leap year.\n", year);
return 0;

}
Download Leap year program.
Output of program:

Please read the leap year article at Wikipedia, it will help you to understand the program. This
code is based on Gregorian Calendar.
8. Add digits of number in c
C program to add digits of a number: Here we are using modulus operator(%) to extract
individual digits of number and adding them.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()

int n, t, sum = 0, remainder;

printf("Enter an integer\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
t = n;
while (t != 0)
{
remainder = t % 10;
sum
= sum + remainder;
t
= t / 10;
}
printf("Sum of digits of %d = %d\n", n, sum);
return 0;

}
If you wish you can modify input variable (n) and do not use an additional variable (t) but it is
not recommended.
Output of program:

For example if the input is 98, sum(variable) is 0 initially

98%10 = 8 (% is modulus operator which gives us remainder when 98 is divided by 10).
sum = sum + remainder
so sum = 8 now.
98/10 = 9 because in c whenever we divide integer by another integer we get an integer.
9%10 = 9
sum = 8(previous value) + 9
sum = 17
9/10 = 0.
So finally n = 0, loop ends we get the required sum.
Download Add digits program.
Find sum of digits in c without modulus operator
C program to find sum of digit of an integer which does not use modulus operator. Our program
uses a character array (string) for storing an integer. We convert every character of string into
an integer and add all these integers.
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int c, sum, t;
char n[1000];
printf("Input an integer\n");
scanf("%s", n);
sum = c = 0;
while (n[c] != '\0') {
t
= n[c] - '0'; // Converting character to integer
sum = sum + t;
c++;
}
printf("Sum of digits of %s = %d\n", n, sum);
return 0;
}
An advantage of this method is that input integer can be very large which may not be stored in
int or long long data type see an example below in output.
Output of program:
Input an integer
123456789123456789123456789
Sum of digits of 123456789123456789123456789 = 135
Add digits using recursion
#include <stdio.h>
int add_digits(int);
int main()
{
int n, result;
scanf("%d", &n);
result = add_digits(n);
printf("%d\n", result);
}

return 0;

int add_digits(int n) {
static int sum = 0;

if (n == 0) {
return 0;
}
sum = n%10 + add_digits(n/10);
return sum;
}
Static variable sum is used and is initialized to 0, it' value will persists after function calls i.e. it is
initialized only once when a first call to function is made.
9. Factorial program in c
Factorial program in c: c code to find and print factorial of a number, three methods are given,
first one uses for loop, second uses a function to find factorial and third using recursion.
Factorial is represented using '!', so five factorial will be written as (5!), n factorial as (n!). Also
n! = n*(n-1)*(n-2)*(n-3)...3.2.1 and zero factorial is defined as one i.e. 0! = 1.
Factorial program in c using for loop
Here we find factorial using for loop.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int c, n, fact = 1;
printf("Enter a number to calculate it's factorial\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
for (c = 1; c <= n; c++)
fact = fact * c;
printf("Factorial of %d = %d\n", n, fact);
return 0;
}
Download Factorial program.
Output of code:

Factorial program in c using function

#include <stdio.h>
long factorial(int);
int main()
{
int number;
long fact = 1;
printf("Enter a number to calculate it's factorial\n");
scanf("%d", &number);
printf("%d! = %ld\n", number, factorial(number));
return 0;
}
long factorial(int n)
{
int c;
long result = 1;
for (c = 1; c <= n; c++)
result = result * c;
}

return result;

Factorial program in c using recursion

#include<stdio.h>
long factorial(int);
int main()
{
int n;
long f;
printf("Enter an integer to find factorial\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n < 0)
printf("Negative integers are not allowed.\n");
else
{
f = factorial(n);
printf("%d! = %ld\n", n, f);
}

return 0;
}
long factorial(int n)
{
if (n == 0)
return 1;
else
return(n * factorial(n-1));
}
Recursion is a technique in which a function calls itself, for example in above code factorial
function is calling itself. To solve a problem using recursion you must first express its solution in
recursive form.
10. C program to find hcf and lcm
C program to find hcf and lcm: The code below finds highest common factor and least common
multiple of two integers. HCF is also known as greatest common divisor(GCD) or greatest
common factor(gcf).
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a, b, x, y, t, gcd, lcm;
printf("Enter two integers\n");
scanf("%d%d", &x, &y);
a = x;
b = y;
while
t =
b =
a =
}

(b != 0) {
b;
a % b;
t;

gcd = a;
lcm = (x*y)/gcd;
printf("Greatest common divisor of %d and %d = %d\n", x, y, gcd);
printf("Least common multiple of %d and %d = %d\n", x, y, lcm);
return 0;

}
Download HCF and LCM program.

Output of program:

C program to find hcf and lcm using recursion

#include <stdio.h>
long gcd(long, long);
int main() {
long x, y, hcf, lcm;
printf("Enter two integers\n");
scanf("%ld%ld", &x, &y);
hcf = gcd(x, y);
lcm = (x*y)/hcf;
printf("Greatest common divisor of %ld and %ld = %ld\n", x, y, hcf);
printf("Least common multiple of %ld and %ld = %ld\n", x, y, lcm);
}

return 0;

long gcd(long a, long b) {

if (b == 0) {
return a;
}
else {
return gcd(b, a % b);
}
}
C program to find hcf and lcm using function
#include <stdio.h>
long gcd(long, long);
int main() {
long x, y, hcf, lcm;
printf("Enter two integers\n");
scanf("%ld%ld", &x, &y);

hcf = gcd(x, y);

lcm = (x*y)/hcf;
printf("Greatest common divisor of %ld and %ld = %ld\n", x, y, hcf);
printf("Least common multiple of %ld and %ld = %ld\n", x, y, lcm);
}

return 0;

long gcd(long x, long y) {

if (x == 0) {
return y;
}
while (y != 0) {
if (x > y) {
x = x - y;
}
else {
y = y - x;
}
}
return x;
}
11. Decimal to binary conversion
C program to convert decimal to binary: c language code to convert an integer from decimal
number system(base-10) to binary number system(base-2). Size of integer is assumed to be 32
bits. We use bitwise operators to perform the desired task. We right shift the original number by
31, 30, 29, ..., 1, 0 bits using a loop and bitwise AND the number obtained with 1(one), if the
result is 1 then that bit is 1 otherwise it is 0(zero).
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, c, k;
printf("Enter an integer in decimal number system\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("%d in binary number system is:\n", n);
for (c = 31; c >= 0; c--)
{
k = n >> c;

if (k & 1)
printf("1");
else
printf("0");
}
printf("\n");
return 0;

}
Download Decimal binary program.
Output of program:

Above code only prints binary of integer, but we may wish to perform operations on binary so in
the code below we are storing the binary in a string. We create a function which returns a
pointer to string which is the binary of the number passed as argument to the function.
C code to store decimal to binary conversion in a string
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
char *decimal_to_binary(int);
main()
{
int n, c, k;
char *pointer;
printf("Enter an integer in decimal number system\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
pointer = decimal_to_binary(n);
printf("Binary string of %d is: %s\n", n, t);
free(pointer);
}

return 0;

char *decimal_to_binary(int n)
{
int c, d, count;

char *pointer;
count = 0;
pointer = (char*)malloc(32+1);
if ( pointer == NULL )
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
for ( c = 31 ; c >= 0 ; c-- )
{
d = n >> c;
if ( d & 1 )
*(pointer+count) = 1 + '0';
else
*(pointer+count) = 0 + '0';
count++;
}
*(pointer+count) = '\0';
return

pointer;

}
Memory is allocated dynamically because we can't return a pointer to a local variable (character
array in this case). If we return a pointer to local variable then program may crash or we get
incorrect result.
12. C program to find ncr and npr
C program to find nCr and nPr: This code calculate nCr which is n!/(r!*(n-r)!) and nPr = n!/(nr)!
C program to find nCr using function
#include <stdio.h>
long factorial(int);
long find_ncr(int, int);
long find_npr(int, int);
int main()
{
int n, r;
long ncr, npr;
printf("Enter the value of n and r\n");
scanf("%d%d",&n,&r);
ncr = find_ncr(n, r);
npr = find_npr(n, r);

printf("%dC%d = %ld\n", n, r, ncr);

printf("%dP%d = %ld\n", n, r, npr);
}

return 0;

long find_ncr(int n, int r) {

long result;
result = factorial(n)/(factorial(r)*factorial(n-r));
}

return result;

long find_npr(int n, int r) {

long result;
result = factorial(n)/factorial(n-r);
}

return result;

long factorial(int n) {
int c;
long result = 1;
for (c = 1; c <= n; c++)
result = result*c;
return result;

}
Download NCR and NPR program.
Output of program:

Another way to calculate nPr and nCr using functions

We use long long data type in our program to handle large numbers.
#include <stdio.h>
#define ll long long

void find_ncr_npr(int, int, ll*, ll*);

ll find_npr(int, int);
ll factorial(int);
int main()
{
int n, r;
ll ncr, npr;
printf("Input n and r\n");
scanf("%d%d", &n, &r);
find_ncr_npr(n, r, &npr, &ncr);
printf("%dC%d = %lld\n", n, r, ncr);
printf("%dP%d = %lld\n", n, r, npr);
return 0;
}
void find_ncr_npr(int n, int r, ll *npr, ll *ncr) {
*npr = find_npr(n, r);
*ncr = *npr/factorial(r);
}
ll find_npr(int n, int r) {
ll result = 1;
int c = 1;
while (c <= r) {
result = result * (n - r + c);
c++;
}
}

return result;

ll factorial(int n) {
int c;
ll result = 1;
for (c = 1; c <= n; c++)
result = result*c;
}

return result;

13. C program to add n numbers

This c program add n numbers which will be entered by the user. Firstly user will enter a
number indicating how many numbers user wishes to add and then user will enter n numbers.
In the first c program to add numbers we are not using an array, and using array in the second
code.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, sum = 0, c, value;
printf("Enter the number of integers you want to add\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d integers\n",n);
for (c = 1; c <= n; c++)
{
scanf("%d", &value);
sum = sum + value;
}
printf("Sum of entered integers = %d\n",sum);
return 0;

}
You can use long int data type for sum variable.
Download Add n numbers program.
Output of program:

C programming code using array

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, sum = 0, c, array[100];

scanf("%d", &n);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
{
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
sum = sum + array[c];
}
printf("Sum = %d\n",sum);
return 0;
}
The advantage of using array is that we have a record of numbers inputted by user and can use
them further in program if required and obviously storing numbers will require additional
memory.
Add n numbers using recursion
#include <stdio.h>
long calculateSum(int [], int);
int main()
{
int n, c, array[100];
long result;
scanf("%d", &n);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
result = calculateSum(array, n);
printf("Sum = %ld\n", result);
}

return 0;

long calculateSum(int a[], int n) {

static long sum = 0;
if (n == 0)
return sum;
sum = sum + a[n-1];
return calculateSum(a, --n);
}

13. C program to swap two numbers

C program to swap two numbers with and without using third variable, swapping in c
using pointers, functions (Call by reference) and using bitwise XOR operator, swapping means
interchanging. For example if in your c program you have taken two variable a and b where a = 4
and b = 5, then before swapping a = 4, b = 5 after swapping a = 5, b = 4
In our c program to swap numbers we will use a temp variable to swap two numbers.
Swapping of two numbers in c
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x, y, temp;
printf("Enter the value of x and y\n");
scanf("%d%d", &x, &y);
printf("Before Swapping\nx = %d\ny = %d\n",x,y);
temp = x;
x
= y;
y
= temp;
printf("After Swapping\nx = %d\ny = %d\n",x,y);
return 0;

}
Download Swap numbers program.
Output of program:

Swapping of two numbers without third variable

You can also swap two numbers without using temp or temporary or third variable. In that case
c program will be as shown :#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{

int a, b;
printf("Enter two integers to swap\n");
scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
a = a + b;
b = a - b;
a = a - b;
printf("a = %d\nb = %d\n",a,b);
return 0;

}
To understand above logic simply choose a as 7 and b as 9 and then do what is written in
program. You can choose any other combination of numbers as well. Sometimes it's a good way
to understand a program.
Swap two numbers using pointers
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x, y, *a, *b, temp;
printf("Enter the value of x and y\n");
scanf("%d%d", &x, &y);
printf("Before Swapping\nx = %d\ny = %d\n", x, y);
a = &x;
b = &y;
temp = *b;
*b
= *a;
*a
= temp;
printf("After Swapping\nx = %d\ny = %d\n", x, y);
return 0;
}
Swapping numbers using call by reference
In this method we will make a function to swap numbers.
#include <stdio.h>
void swap(int*, int*);
int main()
{

int x, y;
printf("Enter the value of x and y\n");
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
printf("Before Swapping\nx = %d\ny = %d\n", x, y);
swap(&x, &y);
printf("After Swapping\nx = %d\ny = %d\n", x, y);
return 0;
}
void swap(int *a, int *b)
{
int temp;

temp = *b;
*b
= *a;
*a
= temp;

C programming code to swap using bitwise XOR

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x, y;
scanf("%d%d", &x, &y);
printf("x = %d\ny = %d\n", x, y);
x = x ^ y;
y = x ^ y;
x = x ^ y;
printf("x = %d\ny = %d\n", x, y);
return 0;
}
Swapping is used in sorting algorithms that is when we wish to arrange numbers in a particular
order either in ascending order or in descending.
14. C program to reverse a number
C Program to reverse a number :- This program reverse the number entered by the user and
then prints the reversed number on the screen. For example if user enter 123 as input then 321
is printed as output. In our program we use modulus(%) operator to obtain the digits of a

number. To invert number look at it and write it from opposite direction or the output of code is
a number obtained by writing original number from right to left. To reverse or invert large
numbers use long data type or long long data type if your compiler supports it, if you still have
large numbers then use strings or other data structure.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, reverse = 0;
printf("Enter a number to reverse\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
while (n != 0)
{
reverse = reverse * 10;
reverse = reverse + n%10;
n
= n/10;
}
printf("Reverse of entered number is = %d\n", reverse);
return 0;
}
Download Reverse number program.
Output of program:

C program to reverse number using recursion

#include <stdio.h>
long reverse(long);
int main()
{
long n, r;
scanf("%ld", &n);
r = reverse(n);

printf("%ld\n", r);
}

return 0;

long reverse(long n) {
static long r = 0;
if (n == 0)
return 0;

r = r * 10;
r = r + n % 10;
reverse(n/10);
return r;

15. Palindrome Numbers

Palindrome number in c: A palindrome number is a number such that if we reverse it, it will not
change. For example some palindrome numbers examples are 121, 212, 12321, -454. To check
whether a number is palindrome or not first we reverse it and then compare the number
obtained with the original, if both are same then number is palindrome otherwise not. C
program for palindrome number is given below.
Palindrome number algorithm
1. Get the number from user.
2. Reverse it.
3. Compare it with the number entered by the user.
4. If both are same then print palindrome number
5. Else print not a palindrome number.
Palindrome number program c
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, reverse = 0, temp;
printf("Enter a number to check if it is a palindrome or not\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
temp = n;
while( temp != 0 )
{
reverse = reverse * 10;
reverse = reverse + temp%10;
temp = temp/10;

}
if ( n == reverse )
printf("%d is a palindrome number.\n", n);
else
printf("%d is not a palindrome number.\n", n);
return 0;
}
Download Palindrome number program.
Output of program:

16. C program to print patterns of numbers and stars

These program prints various different patterns of numbers and stars. These codes illustrate
how to create various patterns using c programming. Most of these c programs involve usage of
nested loops and space. A pattern of numbers, star or characters is a way of arranging these in
some logical manner or they may form a sequence. Some of these patterns are triangles which
have special importance in mathematics. Some patterns are symmetrical while other are not.
Please see the complete page and look at comments for many different patterns.
*
***
*****
*******
*********
We have shown five rows above, in the program you will be asked to enter the numbers of rows
you want to print in the pyramid of stars.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int row, c, n, temp;
printf("Enter the number of rows in pyramid of stars you wish to
see ");
scanf("%d",&n);
temp = n;

for ( row = 1 ; row <= n ; row++ )

{
for ( c = 1 ; c < temp ; c++ )
printf(" ");
temp--;
for ( c = 1 ; c <= 2*row - 1 ; c++ )
printf("*");
printf("\n");
}
return 0;

}
Download Stars pyramid program.
Output of program:

For more patterns or shapes on numbers and characters see comments below and also see codes
on following pages:
Floyd triangle
Pascal triangle
Consider the pattern
*
**
***
****
*****
to print above pattern see the code below:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, c, k;

printf("Enter number of rows\n");

scanf("%d",&n);
for ( c = 1 ; c <= n ; c++ )
{
for( k = 1 ; k <= c ; k++ )
printf("*");
printf("\n");
}
return 0;

}
Using these examples you are in a better position to create your desired pattern for yourself.
Creating a pattern involves how to use nested loops properly, some pattern may involve
alphabets or other special characters. Key aspect is knowing how the characters in pattern
changes.
C pattern programs
Pattern:

*
*A*
*A*A*
*A*A*A*
C pattern program of stars and alphabets:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int n, c, k, space, count = 1;
printf("Enter number of rows\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
space = n;
for ( c = 1 ; c <= n ; c++)
{
for( k = 1 ; k < space ; k++)
printf(" ");
for ( k = 1 ; k <= c ; k++)

printf("*");
if ( c > 1 && count < c)
{
printf("A");
count++;
}

}
printf("\n");
space--;
count = 1;

}
return 0;

}
Pattern:
1

232
34543
4567654
567898765
C program:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int n, c, d, num = 1, space;
scanf("%d",&n);
space = n - 1;
for ( d = 1 ; d <= n ; d++ )
{
num = d;
for ( c = 1 ; c <= space ; c++ )
printf(" ");
space--;
for ( c = 1 ; c <= d ; c++ )
{
printf("%d", num);

num++;

}
num--;
num--;
for ( c = 1 ; c < d ; c++)
{
printf("%d", num);
num--;
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
17. C program to print diamond pattern
Diamond pattern in c: This code print diamond pattern of stars. Diamond shape is as follows:
*
***
*****
***
*
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, c, k, space = 1;
printf("Enter number of rows\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
space = n - 1;
for (k = 1; k <= n; k++)
{
for (c = 1; c <= space; c++)
printf(" ");
space--;
for (c = 1; c <= 2*k-1; c++)
printf("*");

printf("\n");

space = 1;
for (k = 1; k <= n - 1; k++)
{
for (c = 1; c <= space; c++)
printf(" ");
space++;
for (c = 1 ; c <= 2*(n-k)-1; c++)
printf("*");
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
Download Diamond program.
Output of program:

C program to print diamond using recursion

#include <stdio.h>
void print (int);
int main () {
int rows;

scanf("%d", &rows);
print(rows);
}

return 0;

void print (int r) {

int c, space;
static int stars = -1;
if (r <= 0)
return;
space = r - 1;
stars += 2;
for (c = 0; c < space; c++)
printf(" ");
for (c = 0; c < stars; c++)
printf("*");
printf("\n");
print(--r);
space = r + 1;
stars -= 2;
for (c = 0; c < space; c++)
printf(" ");
for (c = 0; c < stars; c++)
printf("*");
}

printf("\n");

18. C program for prime number

Prime number program in c: c program for prime number, this code prints prime numbers
using c programming language. To check whether a number is prime or not see another code
below. Prime number logic: a number is prime if it is divisible only by one and itself. Remember
two is the only even and also the smallest prime number. First few prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7,
11, 13, 17....etc. Prime numbers have many applications in computer science and mathematics. A
number greater than one can be factorized into prime numbers, For example 540 = 2 2*33*51
Prime number program in c language
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
int n, i = 3, count, c;
printf("Enter the number of prime numbers required\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
if ( n >= 1 )
{
printf("First %d prime numbers are :\n",n);
printf("2\n");
}
for ( count = 2 ; count <= n ; )
{
for ( c = 2 ; c <= i - 1 ; c++ )
{
if ( i%c == 0 )
break;
}
if ( c == i )
{
printf("%d\n",i);
count++;
}
i++;
}
return 0;
}
Download Prime number program.
Output of program:

C program for prime number or not

#include<stdio.h>

main()
{
int n, c = 2;
printf("Enter a number to check if it is prime\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for ( c = 2 ; c <= n - 1 ; c++ )
{
if ( n%c == 0 )
{
printf("%d is not prime.\n", n);
break;
}
}
if ( c == n )
printf("%d is prime.\n", n);
return 0;
}
C program for prime number using function
#include<stdio.h>
int check_prime(int);
main()
{
int n, result;
printf("Enter an integer to check whether it is prime or not.\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
result = check_prime(n);
if ( result == 1 )
printf("%d is prime.\n", n);
else
printf("%d is not prime.\n", n);
}

return 0;

int check_prime(int a)
{
int c;
for ( c = 2 ; c <= a - 1 ; c++ )

if ( a%c == 0 )
return 0;

}
if ( c == a )
return 1;

}
There are many logic to check prime numbers, one given below is more efficient then above
method.
for ( c = 2 ; c <= (int)sqrt(n) ; c++ )
Only checking from 2 to square root of number is sufficient.
There are many more efficient logic available.
19. Armstrong number c program
Armstrong number c program: c programming code to check whether a number is Armstrong or
not. Armstrong number is a number which is equal to sum of digits raise to the power total
number of digits in the number. Some Armstrong numbers are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 153, 370, 407, 1634,
8208 etc. Read more about Armstrong numbers at Wikipedia. We will consider base 10
numbers in our program. Algorithm to check Armstrong is: First we calculate number of digits
in our program and then compute sum of individual digits raise to the power number of digits. If
this sum equals input number then number is Armstrong otherwise not an Armstrong number.
Examples:
7 = 7^1
371 = 3^3 + 7^3 + 1^3 (27 + 343 +1)
8208 = 8^4 + 2^4 +0^4 + 8^4 (4096 + 16 + 0 + 4096).
1741725 = 1^7 + 7^7 + 4^7 + 1^7 + 7^7 + 2^7 +5^7 (1 + 823543 + 16384 + 1 + 823543 +128 +
78125)
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int power(int, int);
int main()
{
int n, sum = 0, temp, remainder, digits = 0;
printf("Input an integer\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
temp = n;
// Count number of digits
while (temp != 0) {
digits++;
temp = temp/10;
}
temp = n;

while (temp != 0) {
remainder = temp%10;
sum = sum + power(remainder, digits);
temp = temp/10;
}
if (n == sum)
printf("%d is an Armstrong number.\n", n);
else
printf("%d is not an Armstrong number.\n", n);
}

return 0;

int power(int n, int r) {

int c, p = 1;
for (c = 1; c <= r; c++)
p = p*n;
return p;
}
Download Check Armstrong number program.
Output of program:

C program to check Armstrong number using function

We will use long long data type in our program so that we can check numbers up to 2^64-1.
#include <stdio.h>
int check_armstrong(long long);
long long power(int, int);
int main () {
long long n;
printf("Input a number\n");
scanf("%lld", &n);
if (check_armstrong(n) == 1)
printf("%lld is an armstrong number.\n", n);
else

printf("%lld is not an armstrong number.\n", n);

}

return 0;

int check_armstrong(long long n) {

long long sum = 0, temp;
int remainder, digits = 0;
temp = n;
while (temp != 0) {
digits++;
temp = temp/10;
}
temp = n;
while (temp != 0) {
remainder = temp%10;
sum = sum + power(remainder, digits);
temp = temp/10;
}
if (n == sum)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
long long power(int n, int r) {
int c;
long long p = 1;
for (c = 1; c <= r; c++)
p = p*n;
return p;
}
Output of program:
Input a number
35641594208964132
35641594208964132 is an Armstrong number.
20. C program to generate and print armstrong numbers
C program to generate Armstrong numbers. In our program user will input two integers and we
will print all Armstrong numbers between two integers. Using a for loop we will check numbers
in the desired range. In our loop we call our function check_armstrong which returns 1 if

number is Armstrong and 0 otherwise. If you are not familiar with Armstrong numbers
see Check Armstrong number program.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int check_armstrong(int);
int power(int, int);
int main () {
int c, a, b;
printf("Input two integers\n");
scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
for (c = a; c <= b; c++) {
if (check_armstrong(c) == 1)
printf("%d\n", c);
}
return 0;
}
int check_armstrong(int n) {
long long sum = 0, temp;
int remainder, digits = 0;
temp = n;
while (temp != 0) {
digits++;
temp = temp/10;
}
temp = n;
while (temp != 0) {
remainder = temp%10;
sum = sum + power(remainder, digits);
temp = temp/10;
}

if (n == sum)
return 1;
else
return 0;

int

power(int n, int r) {

int c, p = 1;
for (c = 1; c <= r; c++)
p = p*n;
return p;
}
Download Generate Armstrong numbers program.
Output of program:

In the sample output we are printing Armstrong numbers in range [0, 1000000].
21. Fibonacci series in c
Fibonacci series in c programming: c program for Fibonacci series without and with recursion.
Using the code below you can print as many numbers of terms of series as desired. Numbers of
Fibonacci sequence are known as Fibonacci numbers. First few numbers of series are 0, 1, 1, 2,
3, 5, 8 etc, Except first two terms in sequence every other term is the sum of two previous terms,
For example 8 = 3 + 5 (addition of 3, 5). This sequence has many applications in mathematics
and Computer Science.
Fibonacci series in c using for loop
/* Fibonacci Series c language */
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, first = 0, second = 1, next, c;
printf("Enter the number of terms\n");
scanf("%d",&n);

printf("First %d terms of Fibonacci series are :-\n",n);

for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
{
if ( c <= 1 )
next = c;
else
{
next = first + second;
first = second;
second = next;
}
printf("%d\n",next);
}
return 0;
}
Output of program:

Fibonacci series program in c using recursion

#include<stdio.h>
int Fibonacci(int);
main()
{
int n, i = 0, c;
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Fibonacci series\n");
for ( c = 1 ; c <= n ; c++ )
{
printf("%d\n", Fibonacci(i));
i++;
}

return 0;

int Fibonacci(int n)
{
if ( n == 0 )
return 0;
else if ( n == 1 )
return 1;
else
return ( Fibonacci(n-1) + Fibonacci(n-2) );
}
Recursion method is less efficient as it involves function calls which uses stack, also there are
chances of stack overflow if function is called frequently for calculating larger Fibonacci
numbers.
22. C program to print Floyd's triangle
C program to print Floyd's triangle:- This program prints Floyd's triangle. Number of rows of
Floyd's triangle to print is entered by the user. First four rows of Floyd's triangle are as follows :1
23
456
7 8 9 10
It's clear that in Floyd's triangle nth row contains n numbers.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, i,

c, a = 1;

printf("Enter the number of rows of Floyd's triangle to print\n");

scanf("%d", &n);
for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
for (c = 1; c <= i; c++)
{
printf("%d ",a);
a++;
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;

}
Download Floyd triangle program.

Output of program:

C program to print Floyd's triangle using recursion

#include <stdio.h>
void print_floyd(int);
int main()
{
int n, i,

c, a = 1;

printf("Input number of rows of Floyd's triangle to print\n");

scanf("%d", &n);
print_floyd(n);
return 0;
}
void print_floyd(int n) {
static int row = 1, c = 1;
int d;
if (n <= 0)
return;
for (d = 1; d <= row; ++d)
printf("%d ", c++);
printf("\n");
row++;
print_floyd(--n);
}
23. C program to print Pascal triangle
Pascal Triangle in c: C program to print Pascal triangle which you might have studied in
Binomial Theorem in Mathematics. Number of rows of Pascal triangle to print is entered by the
user. First four rows of Pascal triangle are shown below :-

1
11
121
1331
Pascal triangle in c
#include <stdio.h>
long factorial(int);
int main()
{
int i, n, c;
printf("Enter the number of rows you wish to see in pascal
triangle\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
for (c = 0; c <= (n - i - 2); c++)
printf(" ");
for (c = 0 ; c <= i; c++)
printf("%ld ",factorial(i)/(factorial(c)*factorial(i-c)));
printf("\n");
}
}

return 0;

long factorial(int n)
{
int c;
long result = 1;
for (c = 1; c <= n; c++)
result = result*c;
return result;
}
Download Pascal triangle program.

Output of program:

For more patterns or shapes on numbers and characters see codes on following pages:
Patterns programs
Floyd triangle
24. C program to add two numbers using pointers
This program performs addition of two numbers using pointers. In our program we have two
two integer variables x, y and two pointer variables p and q. Firstly we assign the addresses of x
and y to p and q respectively and then assign the sum of x and y to variable sum. Note that & is
address of operator and * is value at address operator.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int first, second, *p, *q, sum;
printf("Enter two integers to add\n");
scanf("%d%d", &first, &second);
p = &first;
q = &second;
sum = *p + *q;
printf("Sum of entered numbers = %d\n",sum);
return 0;

}
Download Add integers using pointers program.

Output of program:

C program to add numbers using call by reference

#include <stdio.h>
long add(long *, long *);
int main()
{
long first, second, *p, *q, sum;
printf("Input two integers to add\n");
scanf("%ld%ld", &first, &second);
sum = add(&first, &second);
printf("(%ld) + (%ld) = (%ld)\n", first, second, sum);
return 0;
}
long add(long *x, long *y) {
long sum;
sum = *x + *y;
return sum;
}
25. C program to find maximum element in array
This code find maximum or largest element present in an array. It also prints the location or
index at which maximum element occurs in array. This can also be done by using pointers (see
both codes). The algorithm to find maximum is first we assume that maximum element occurs
at beginning of array and stores that value in a variable. Then we compare it with other array
elements one by one, if any element is greater than our assumed maximum then maximum
value and index at which it occurs is updated. Similarly we can find minimum element in an
array.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()

int array[100], maximum, size, c, location = 1;

printf("Enter the number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Enter %d integers\n", size);
for (c = 0; c < size; c++)
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
maximum = array[0];
for (c = 1; c < size; c++)
{
if (array[c] > maximum)
{
maximum = array[c];
location = c+1;
}
}

printf("Maximum element is present at location %d and it's value is

%d.\n", location, maximum);
return 0;
}
If maximum occurs two or more times times in array then index at which it occurs first is
printed or maximum value at smallest index. You can easily modify this code this code to print
largest index at which maximum occur. You can also store all indices at which maximum occur
in an array.
Download Maximum element in array program.
Output of program:

C programming code to find maximum using function

Our function returns index at which maximum element occur.
#include <stdio.h>

int find_maximum(int[], int);

int main() {
int c, array[100], size, location, maximum;
printf("Input number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Enter %d integers\n", size);
for (c = 0; c < size; c++)
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
location = find_maximum(array, size);
maximum = array[location];
printf("Maximum element location = %d and value = %d.\n", location +
1, maximum);
return 0;
}
int find_maximum(int a[], int n) {
int c, max, index;
max = a[0];
index = 0;
for (c = 1; c < n; c++) {
if (a[c] > max) {
index = c;
max = a[c];
}
}
}

return index;

C programming code using pointers

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
long array[100], *maximum, size, c, location = 1;
printf("Enter the number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%ld", &size);
printf("Enter %ld integers\n", size);

for ( c = 0 ; c < size ; c++ )

scanf("%ld", &array[c]);
maximum = array;
*maximum = *array;
for (c = 1; c < size; c++)
{
if (*(array+c) > *maximum)
{
*maximum = *(array+c);
location = c+1;
}
}
printf("Maximum element found at location %ld and it's value is
%ld.\n", location, *maximum);
return 0;
}
The complexity of above code is O(n) as the time used depends on the size of input array or in
other words time to find maximum increases linearly as array size grows.
26. C program to find minimum element in array
C code to find minimum or smallest element present in an array. It also prints the location or
index at which minimum element occurs in array. This can also be done by using pointers (see
both the codes). Our algorithm first assumes first element as minimum and then compare it
with other elements if an element is smaller than it then it becomes the new minimum and this
process is repeated till complete array is scanned.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int array[100], minimum, size, c, location = 1;
printf("Enter the number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%d",&size);
printf("Enter %d integers\n", size);
for ( c = 0 ; c < size ; c++ )
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
minimum = array[0];
for ( c = 1 ; c < size ; c++ )
{

if ( array[c] < minimum )

{
minimum = array[c];
location = c+1;
}

printf("Minimum element is present at location %d and it's value

is %d.\n", location, minimum);
return 0;
}
If minimum occurs two or more times times in array then index at which it occurs first is printed
or minimum value at smallest index. You can modify this code this code to print largest index at
which minimum occur. You can also store all indices at which minimum occur in an array.
Download Minimum element in array program.
Output of program:

C programming code to find minimum using function

Our function returns index at which minimum element occur.
#include <stdio.h>
int find_minimum(int[], int);
int main() {
int c, array[100], size, location, minimum;
printf("Input number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Input %d integers\n", size);
for (c = 0; c < size; c++)
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
location = find_minimum(array, size);
minimum = array[location];

printf("Minimum element location = %d and value = %d.\n", location +

1, minimum);
return 0;
}
int find_minimum(int a[], int n) {
int c, min, index;
min = a[0];
index = 0;
for (c = 1; c < n; c++) {
if (a[c] < min) {
index = c;
min = a[c];
}
}
}

return index;

C programming code using pointers

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int array[100], *minimum, size, c, location = 1;
printf("Enter the number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%d",&size);
printf("Enter %d integers\n", size);
for ( c = 0 ; c < size ; c++ )
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
minimum = array;
*minimum = *array;
for ( c = 1 ; c < size ; c++ )
{
if ( *(array+c) < *minimum )
{
*minimum = *(array+c);
location = c+1;
}
}

printf("Minimum element found at location %d and it's value is

%d.\n", location, *minimum);
return 0;
}
27. Linear search in c
Linear search in c programming: The following code implements linear search (Searching
algorithm) which is used to find whether a given number is present in an array and if it is
present then at what location it occurs. It is also known as sequential search. It is very simple
and works as follows: We keep on comparing each element with the element to search until the
desired element is found or list ends. Linear search in c language for multiple occurrences and
using function.
Linear search c program
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int array[100], search, c, n;
printf("Enter the number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter %d integer(s)\n", n);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
printf("Enter the number to search\n");
scanf("%d", &search);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
{
if (array[c] == search)
/* if required element found */
{
printf("%d is present at location %d.\n", search, c+1);
break;
}
}
if (c == n)
printf("%d is not present in array.\n", search);
return 0;
}
Download Linear search program.

Output of program:

C program for binary search

Linear search for multiple occurrences
In the code below we will print all the locations at which required element is found and also the
number of times it occur in the list.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int array[100], search, c, n, count = 0;
printf("Enter the number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d numbers\n", n);
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
printf("Enter the number to search\n");
scanf("%d", &search);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++) {
if (array[c] == search) {
printf("%d is present at location %d.\n", search, c+1);
count++;
}
}
if (count == 0)
printf("%d is not present in array.\n", search);
else
printf("%d is present %d times in array.\n", search, count);
return 0;
}
Download Linear search multiple occurrence program.

Output of code:

C program for linear search using function

#include <stdio.h>
long linear_search(long [], long, long);
int main()
{
long array[100], search, c, n, position;
printf("Input number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%ld", &n);
printf("Input %d numbers\n", n);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
scanf("%ld", &array[c]);
printf("Input number to search\n");
scanf("%ld",&search);
position = linear_search(array, n, search);
if (position == -1)
printf("%d is not present in array.\n", search);
else
printf("%d is present at location %d.\n", search, position+1);
}

return 0;

long linear_search(long a[], long n, long find) {

long c;

for (c = 0 ;c < n ; c++ ) {

if (a[c] == find)
return c;
}
return -1;
}
Linear search function using pointers
long linear_search(long *pointer, long n, long find)
{
long c;
for (c = 0; c < n; c++) {
if (*(pointer+c) == find)
return c;
}
return -1;
}
Time required to search an element using linear search algorithm depends on size of list. In best
case element is present at beginning of list and in worst case element is present at the end. Time
complexity of linear search is O(n).
28. C program for binary search
C program for binary search: This code implements binary search in c language. It can only be
used for sorted arrays, but it's fast as compared to linear search. If you wish to use binary search
on an array which is not sorted then you must sort it using some sorting technique say merge
sort and then use binary search algorithm to find the desired element in the list. If the element
to be searched is found then its position is printed.
The code below assumes that the input numbers are in ascending order.
C programming code for binary search
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int c, first, last, middle, n, search, array[100];
printf("Enter number of elements\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter %d integers\n", n);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
scanf("%d",&array[c]);
printf("Enter value to find\n");

scanf("%d", &search);
first = 0;
last = n - 1;
middle = (first+last)/2;
while (first <= last) {
if (array[middle] < search)
first = middle + 1;
else if (array[middle] == search) {
printf("%d found at location %d.\n", search, middle+1);
break;
}
else
last = middle - 1;
middle = (first + last)/2;

}
if (first > last)
printf("Not found! %d is not present in the list.\n", search);
return 0;
}
C program for linear search
Download Binary search program.
Output of program:

Binary search is faster than linear search but list should be sorted, hashing is faster than binary
search and perform searches in constant time.
29. C program to reverse an array
C program to reverse an array: This program reverses the array elements. For example if a is an
array of integers with three elements such that
a[0] = 1
a[1] = 2

a[2] = 3
Then on reversing the array will be
a[0] = 3
a[1] = 2
a[0] = 1
Given below is the c code to reverse an array.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, c, d, a[100], b[100];
printf("Enter the number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter the array elements\n");
for (c = 0; c < n ; c++)
scanf("%d", &a[c]);
/*
* Copying elements into array b starting from end of array a
*/
for (c = n - 1, d = 0; c >= 0; c--, d++)
b[d] = a[c];
/*
* Copying reversed array into original.
* Here we are modifying original array, this is optional.
*/
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
a[c] = b[c];
printf("Reverse array is\n");
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
printf("%d\n", a[c]);
return 0;
}
Download Reverse array program.

Output of program:

Reverse array by swapping (without using additional memory)

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int array[100], n, c, t, end;
scanf("%d", &n);
end = n - 1;
for (c = 0; c < n; c++) {
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
}
for (c = 0; c < n/2; c++) {
t
= array[c];
array[c]
= array[end];
array[end] = t;
}

end--;

printf("Reversed array elements are:\n");

for (c = 0; c < n; c++) {
printf("%d\n", array[c]);
}
return 0;
}
C program to reverse an array using pointers
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

void reverse_array(int*, int);

int main()
{
int n, c, *pointer;
scanf("%d",&n);
pointer = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*n);
if( pointer == NULL )
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
scanf("%d",(pointer+c));
reverse_array(pointer, n);
printf("Original array on reversal is\n");
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
printf("%d\n",*(pointer+c));
free(pointer);
return 0;
}
void reverse_array(int *pointer, int n)
{
int *s, c, d;
s = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*n);
if( s == NULL )
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
for ( c = n - 1, d = 0 ; c >= 0 ; c--, d++ )
*(s+d) = *(pointer+c);
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
*(pointer+c) = *(s+c);
free(s);
}
Array is passed to function and a new array is created and contents of passed array (in reverse
order) are copied into it and finally contents of new array are copied into array passed to
function.

30. C program to insert an element in an array

This code will insert an element into an array, For example consider an array a[10] having three
elements in it initially and a[0] = 1, a[1] = 2 and a[2] = 3 and you want to insert a number 45 at
location 1 i.e. a[0] = 45, so we have to move elements one step below so after insertion a[1] = 1
which was a[0] initially, and a[2] = 2 and a[3] = 3. Array insertion does not mean increasing its
size i.e array will not be containing 11 elements.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int array[100], position, c, n, value;
printf("Enter number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d elements\n", n);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
printf("Enter the location where you wish to insert an element\n");
scanf("%d", &position);
printf("Enter the value to insert\n");
scanf("%d", &value);
for (c = n - 1; c >= position - 1; c--)
array[c+1] = array[c];
array[position-1] = value;
printf("Resultant array is\n");
for (c = 0; c <= n; c++)
printf("%d\n", array[c]);
return 0;
}
Download Insert element in array program.

Output of program:

31. C program to delete an element from an array

This program delete an element from an array. Deleting an element does not affect the size of
array. It is also checked whether deletion is possible or not, For example if array is containing
five elements and you want to delete element at position six which is not possible.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int array[100], position, c, n;
printf("Enter number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d elements\n", n);
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
printf("Enter the location where you wish to delete element\n");
scanf("%d", &position);
if ( position >= n+1 )
printf("Deletion not possible.\n");
else
{
for ( c = position - 1 ; c < n - 1 ; c++ )
array[c] = array[c+1];

printf("Resultant array is\n");

for( c = 0 ; c < n - 1 ; c++ )
printf("%d\n", array[c]);
}
return 0;

}
Download Delete element from array program.
Output of program:

32. C program to merge two arrays

C program to merge two arrays into third array: Arrays are assumed to be sorted in ascending
order. You enter two short sorted arrays and combine them to get a large array.
C programming code to merge two sorted arrays
#include <stdio.h>
void merge(int [], int, int [], int, int []);
int main() {
int a[100], b[100], m, n, c, sorted[200];
printf("Input number of elements in first array\n");
scanf("%d", &m);
printf("Input %d integers\n", m);
for (c = 0; c < m; c++) {
scanf("%d", &a[c]);
}
printf("Input number of elements in second array\n");
scanf("%d", &n);

printf("Input %d integers\n", n);

for (c = 0; c < n; c++) {
scanf("%d", &b[c]);
}
merge(a, m, b, n, sorted);
printf("Sorted array:\n");
for (c = 0; c < m + n; c++) {
printf("%d\n", sorted[c]);
}
return 0;
}
void merge(int a[], int m, int b[], int n, int sorted[]) {
int i, j, k;
j = k = 0;
for (i = 0; i < m + n;) {
if (j < m && k < n) {
if (a[j] < b[k]) {
sorted[i] = a[j];
j++;
}
else {
sorted[i] = b[k];
k++;
}
i++;
}
else if (j == m) {
for (; i < m + n;) {
sorted[i] = b[k];
k++;
i++;
}
}
else {
for (; i < m + n;) {
sorted[i] = a[j];
j++;
i++;
}
}
}
}

Download Merge arrays program.

Output of program:

If the arrays are not sorted then you can sort them first and then use the above merge function,
another method is to merge them and then sort the array. Sorting two smaller arrays will take
less time as compared to sorting a big array. Merging two sorted array is used in merge sort
algorithm.
33. C program for bubble sort
C program for bubble sort: c programming code for bubble sort to sort numbers or arrange them
in ascending order. You can easily modify it to print numbers in descending order.
Bubble sort algorithm in c
/* Bubble sort code */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int array[100], n, c, d, swap;
printf("Enter number of elements\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d integers\n", n);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
for (c = 0 ; c < ( n - 1 ); c++)
{
for (d = 0 ; d < n - c - 1; d++)

if (array[d]
{
swap
array[d]
array[d+1]
}

> array[d+1]) /* For decreasing order use < */

= array[d];
= array[d+1];
= swap;

}
printf("Sorted list in ascending order:\n");
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
printf("%d\n", array[c]);
return 0;
}
Download Bubble sort program.
Output of program:

Bubble sort in c language using function

#include <stdio.h>
void bubble_sort(long [], long);
int main()
{
long array[100], n, c, d, swap;
printf("Enter number of elements\n");
scanf("%ld", &n);
printf("Enter %ld integers\n", n);

for (c = 0; c < n; c++)

scanf("%ld", &array[c]);
bubble_sort(array, n);
printf("Sorted list in ascending order:\n");
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
printf("%ld\n", array[c]);
}

return 0;

void bubble_sort(long list[], long n)

{
long c, d, t;
for (c = 0 ; c < ( n - 1 ); c++)
{
for (d = 0 ; d < n - c - 1; d++)
{
if (list[d] > list[d+1])
{
/* Swapping */
t
= list[d];
list[d]
= list[d+1];
list[d+1] = t;
}

}
You can also sort strings using Bubble sort, it is less efficient as its average and worst case
complexity is high, there are many other fast sorting algorithms.
34. insertion sort in c
Insertion sort in c: c program for insertion sort to sort numbers. This code implements insertion
sort algorithm to arrange numbers of an array in ascending order. With a little modification it
will arrange numbers in descending order.
Insertion sort algorithm implementation in c
/* insertion sort ascending order */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, array[1000], c, d, t;

printf("Enter number of elements\n");

scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d integers\n", n);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++) {
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
}
for (c = 1 ; c <= n - 1; c++) {
d = c;
while ( d > 0 && array[d] < array[d-1]) {
t
= array[d];
array[d]
= array[d-1];
array[d-1] = t;
}

d--;

}
printf("Sorted list in ascending order:\n");
for (c = 0; c <= n - 1; c++) {
printf("%d\n", array[c]);
}
return 0;

}
Download Insertion sort program.
Output of program:

35. Selection sort in c

Selection sort in c: c program for selection sort to sort numbers. This code implements selection
sort algorithm to arrange numbers of an array in ascending order. With a little modification it
will arrange numbers in descending order.
Selection sort algorithm implementation in c
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int array[100], n, c, d, position, swap;
printf("Enter number of elements\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d integers\n", n);
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
for ( c = 0 ; c < ( n - 1 ) ; c++ )
{
position = c;
for ( d = c + 1 ; d < n ; d++ )
{
if ( array[position] > array[d] )
position = d;
}
if ( position != c )
{
swap = array[c];
array[c] = array[position];
array[position] = swap;
}
}
printf("Sorted list in ascending order:\n");
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
printf("%d\n", array[c]);
return 0;
}
Download Selection sort program.

Output of program:

36. C program to add two matrix

This c program add two matrices i.e. compute the sum of two matrices and then print it. Firstly
user will be asked to enter the order of matrix (number of rows and columns) and then two
matrices. For example if the user entered order as 2, 2 i.e. two rows and two columns and
matrices as
First Matrix :12
34
Second matrix :45
-1 5
then output of the program (sum of First and Second matrix) will be
57
29
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m, n, c, d, first[10][10], second[10][10], sum[10][10];
printf("Enter the number of rows and columns of matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d", &m, &n);
printf("Enter the elements of first matrix\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)

for (d = 0; d < n; d++)

scanf("%d", &first[c][d]);
printf("Enter the elements of second matrix\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
for (d = 0 ; d < n; d++)
scanf("%d", &second[c][d]);
printf("Sum of entered matrices:-\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++) {
for (d = 0 ; d < n; d++) {
sum[c][d] = first[c][d] + second[c][d];
printf("%d\t", sum[c][d]);
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
Download Add Matrix program.
Output of program:

37. Subtract matrices

C code to subtract matrices of any order. This program finds difference between corresponding
elements of two matrices and then print the resultant matrix.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m, n, c, d, first[10][10], second[10][10], difference[10][10];
printf("Enter the number of rows and columns of matrix\n");

scanf("%d%d", &m, &n);

printf("Enter the elements of first matrix\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
for (d = 0 ; d < n; d++)
scanf("%d", &first[c][d]);
printf("Enter the elements of second matrix\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
for (d = 0; d < n; d++)
scanf("%d", &second[c][d]);
printf("Difference of entered matrices:-\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++) {
for (d = 0; d < n; d++) {
difference[c][d] = first[c][d] - second[c][d];
printf("%d\t",difference[c][d]);
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
Download Subtract matrices program.
Output of program:

38. C program to transpose a matrix

This c program prints transpose of a matrix. It is obtained by interchanging rows and columns
of a matrix. For example if a matrix is
12
34
56
then transpose of above matrix will be
135

246
When we transpose a matrix then the order of matrix changes, but for a square matrix order
remains same.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m, n, c, d, matrix[10][10], transpose[10][10];
printf("Enter the number of rows and columns of matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d", &m, &n);
printf("Enter the elements of matrix\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
for(d = 0; d < n; d++)
scanf("%d",&matrix[c][d]);
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
for( d = 0 ; d < n ; d++ )
transpose[d][c] = matrix[c][d];
printf("Transpose of entered matrix :-\n");
for (c = 0; c < n; c++) {
for (d = 0; d < m; d++)
printf("%d\t",transpose[c][d]);
printf("\n");
}
return 0;

}
Download Transpose Matrix program.
Output of program:

39. Matrix multiplication in c

Matrix multiplication in c language: c program to multiply matrices (two dimensional array),
this program multiplies two matrices which will be entered by the user. Firstly user will enter
the order of a matrix. If the entered orders of two matrix is such that they can't be multiplied
then an error message is displayed on the screen. You have already studied the logic to multiply
them in Mathematics.
Matrix multiplication in c language
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m, n, p, q, c, d, k, sum = 0;
int first[10][10], second[10][10], multiply[10][10];
printf("Enter the number of rows and columns of first matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d", &m, &n);
printf("Enter the elements of first matrix\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
for (d = 0; d < n; d++)
scanf("%d", &first[c][d]);
printf("Enter the number of rows and columns of second matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d", &p, &q);
if (n != p)
printf("Matrices with entered orders can't be multiplied with each
other.\n");
else
{
printf("Enter the elements of second matrix\n");
for (c = 0; c < p; c++)
for (d = 0; d < q; d++)
scanf("%d", &second[c][d]);
for (c = 0; c <
for (d = 0; d
for (k = 0;
sum = sum
}

m; c++) {
< q; d++) {
k < p; k++) {
+ first[c][k]*second[k][d];

multiply[c][d] = sum;
sum = 0;
}

printf("Product of entered matrices:-\n");

for (c = 0; c < m; c++) {
for (d = 0; d < q; d++)
printf("%d\t", multiply[c][d]);
}

printf("\n");

}
return 0;

}
Download Matrix multiplication program.
A 3 X 3 matrix multiply in c is shown as example below.

Matrices are frequently used while doing programming and are used to represent graph data
structure, in solving system of linear equations and many more. Lot of research is being done on
how to multiply matrices using minimum number of operations. You can also implement it
using pointers.
40. C program print string
This program print a string. String can be printed by using various functions such as printf,
puts.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char array[20] = "Hello World";
printf("%s\n",array);

return 0;
}
To input a string we use scanf function.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char array[100];
printf("Enter a string\n");
scanf("%s", array);

printf("You entered the string %s\n",array);

return 0;

Input string containing spaces

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char a[80];
gets(a);
printf("%s\n", a);
return 0;

}
Note that scanf can only input single word strings, to receive strings containing spaces use gets
function.
C program to print string using recursion
#include <stdio.h>
void print(char*);
int main() {
char s[100];
gets(s);
print(s);
return 0;
}
void print(char *t) {

if (*t == '\0')
return;
printf("%c", *t);
print(++t);
}
Print string using loop
We print string using for loop by printing individual characters of string.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char s[100];
int c, l;
gets(s);
l = strlen(s);
for (c = 0; c < l; c++)
printf("%c", s[c]);
return 0;
}
41. String length
This program prints length of string, for example consider the string "c programming" it's length
is 13. Null character is not counted when calculating string length. To find string length we use
strlen function of string.h.
C program to find string length
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char a[100];
int length;
printf("Enter a string to calculate it's length\n");
gets(a);
length = strlen(a);
printf("Length of entered string is = %d\n",length);
return 0;

}
Download String length program.
Output of program:

C program to find string length without strlen

You can also find string length without strlen function. We create our own function to find string
length.
#include <stdio.h>
int string_length(char []);
int main()
{
char s[1000];
int length;
printf("Input a string\n");
gets(s);
length = string_length(s);
printf("Length of \"%s\" = %d\n", s, length);
return 0;
}
int string_length(char s[]) {
int c = 0;
while (s[c] != '\0')
c++;
}

return c;

Function to find string length using pointers

int string_length(char *s) {
int c = 0;
while(*(s+c))
c++;

return c;

42. C program to compare two strings

This c program compares two strings using strcmp, without strcmp and using pointers. For
comparing strings without using library function see another code below.
C program to compare two strings using strcmp
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char a[100], b[100];
printf("Enter the first string\n");
gets(a);
printf("Enter the second string\n");
gets(b);
if (strcmp(a,b) == 0)
printf("Entered strings are equal.\n");
else
printf("Entered strings are not equal.\n");
return 0;
}
Function strcmp is case sensitive and returns 0 if both strings are equal.
Download Compare Strings program.
Output of program:

C program to compare two strings without using strcmp

Here we create our own function to compare strings.
#include <stdio.h>
int compare_strings(char [], char []);
int main()

int flag;
char a[1000], b[1000];
printf("Input first string\n");
gets(a);
printf("Input second string\n");
gets(b);
flag = compare_strings(a, b);
if (flag == 0)
printf("Entered strings are equal.\n");
else
printf("Entered strings are not equal.\n");
return 0;

}
int compare_strings(char a[], char b[])
{
int c = 0;
while (a[c] == b[c]) {
if (a[c] == '\0' || b[c] == '\0')
break;
c++;
}
if (a[c] == '\0' && b[c] == '\0')
return 0;
else
return -1;
}
C program to compare two strings using pointers
In this method we will make our own function to perform string comparison, we will use
character pointers in our function to manipulate string.
#include<stdio.h>
int compare_string(char*, char*);
int main()
{
char first[1000], second[1000], result;
printf("Input first string\n");

gets(first);
printf("Input second string\n");
gets(second);
result = compare_string(first, second);
if (result == 0)
printf("Both strings are same.\n");
else
printf("Entered strings are not equal.\n");
return 0;

int compare_string(char *first, char *second) {

while (*first == *second) {
if (*first == '\0' || *second == '\0')
break;
first++;
second++;
}
if (*first == '\0' && *second == '\0')
return 0;
else
return -1;
}
43. String copying in c programming
This program copy string using library function strcpy, to copy string without using strcpy see
source code below in which we have made our own function to copy string.
C program to copy a string
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char source[1000], destination[1000];
printf("Input a string\n");
gets(source);
strcpy(destination, source);
printf("Source string:
\"%s\"\n", source);
printf("Destination string: \"%s\"\n", destination);

return 0;
}
Output of program:

C program to copy string without using strcpy

We create our own function to copy string and do not use the library function strcpy.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void copy_string(char [], char []);
int main() {
char s[1000], d[1000];
printf("Input a string\n");
gets(s);
copy_string(d, s);
printf("Source string:
\"%s\"\n", s);
printf("Destination string: \"%s\"\n", d);
}

return 0;

void copy_string(char d[], char s[]) {

int c = 0;

while (s[c] != '\0') {

d[c] = s[c];
c++;
}
d[c] = '\0';

C program to copy a string using pointers

Function to copy string using pointers.
void copy_string(char *target, char *source) {
while (*source) {
*target = *source;

source++;
target++;
}
*target = '\0';
}
44. C program to concatenate strings
This program concatenates strings, for example if the first string is "c " and second string is
"program" then on concatenating these two strings we get the string "c program". To
concatenate two strings we use strcat function of string.h, to concatenate without using library
function see another code below which uses pointers.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char a[1000], b[1000];
printf("Enter the first string\n");
gets(a);
printf("Enter the second string\n");
gets(b);
strcat(a,b);
printf("String obtained on concatenation is %s\n",a);
return 0;
}
Download String Concatenation program.
Output of program:

Concatenate strings without strcat function

C program to concatenate strings without using library function strcat of string.h header file. We
create our own function.
#include <stdio.h>

void concatenate(char [], char []);

int main()
{
char p[100], q[100];
printf("Input a string\n");
gets(p);
printf("Input a string to concatenate\n");
gets(q);
concatenate(p, q);
printf("String obtained on concatenation is \"%s\"\n", p);
}

return 0;

void concatenate(char p[], char q[]) {

int c, d;
c = 0;
while (p[c] != '\0') {
c++;
}
d = 0;
while (q[d] != '\0') {
p[c] = q[d];
d++;
c++;
}
p[c] = '\0';

}
The first for loop in concatenate function is calculating string length so you can also use strlen
function if you wish.
String concatenation using pointers
#include <stdio.h>
void concatenate_string(char*, char*);
int main()
{
char original[100], add[100];

printf("Enter source string\n");

gets(original);
printf("Enter string to concatenate\n");
gets(add);
concatenate_string(original, add);
printf("String after concatenation is \"%s\"\n", original);
return 0;
}
void concatenate_string(char *original, char *add)
{
while(*original)
original++;
while(*add)
{
*original = *add;
add++;
original++;
}
*original = '\0';
}
45. Reverse string
This program reverses a string entered by the user. For example if a user enters a string "reverse
me" then on reversing the string will be "em esrever". We show you four different methods to
reverse string the first one uses strrev library function of string.h header file, second without
using strrev and in third we make our own function to reverse string using pointers, reverse
string using recursion and Reverse words in string. If you are using first method then you must
include string.h in your program.
C programming code
/* String reverse in c*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char arr[100];
printf("Enter a string to reverse\n");
gets(arr);

strrev(arr);
printf("Reverse of entered string is \n%s\n",arr);
return 0;

}
Download Reverse string program.
Output of program:

C program to reverse string without using function

Below code does not uses strrev library function to reverse a string. First we calculate the length
of string using strlen function and then assigns characters of input string in reverse order to
create a new string using a for loop. You can also calculate length of string without using strlen.
We use comma operator in for loop to initialize multiple variables and increment/decrement
variables.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char s[100], r[100];
int n, c, d;
printf("Input a string\n");
gets(s);
n = strlen(s);
for (c = n - 1, d = 0; c >= 0; c--, d++)
r[d] = s[c];
r[d] = '\0';
printf("%s\n", r);
}

return 0;

C program to reverse a string using pointers

Now we will invert string using pointers or without using library function strrev.

#include<stdio.h>
int string_length(char*);
void reverse(char*);
main()
{
char string[100];
printf("Enter a string\n");
gets(string);
reverse(string);
printf("Reverse of entered string is \"%s\".\n", string);
}

return 0;

void reverse(char *string)

{
int length, c;
char *begin, *end, temp;
length = string_length(string);
begin = string;
end
= string;
for (c = 0; c < length - 1; c++)
end++;
for (c = 0;
{
temp
=
*end
=
*begin =

c < length/2; c++)

*end;
*begin;
temp;

begin++;
end--;

}
int string_length(char *pointer)
{
int c = 0;
while( *(pointer + c) != '\0' )
c++;

return c;

C program to reverse a string using recursion

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void reverse(char*, int, int);
int main()
{
char a[100];
gets(a);
reverse(a, 0, strlen(a)-1);
printf("%s\n",a);
}

return 0;

void reverse(char *x, int begin, int end)

{
char c;
if (begin >= end)
return;
c
= *(x+begin);
*(x+begin) = *(x+end);
*(x+end)
= c;
reverse(x, ++begin, --end);

}
In recursion method we swap characters at the begin and at the end and then move towards the
middle of the string. This method is inefficient due to repeated function calls but useful in
practicing recursion.
46.C palindrome program, c program for palindrome
C program for palindrome or palindrome in c programming: palindrome program in c language,
c code to check if a string is a palindrome or not and for palindrome number. This program
works as follows :- at first we copy the entered string into a new string, and then we reverse the
new string and then compares it with original string. If both of them have same sequence of
characters i.e. they are identical then the entered string is a palindrome otherwise not. To
perform copy, reverse and compare operations we use strcpy, strrev and strcmp functions of
string.h respectively, if you do not wish to use these functions see c programming code for
palindrome without using string functions. Some palindrome strings examples are "a", dad",
"radar", "madam", "abcba" etc.

C program for palindrome

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char a[100], b[100];
printf("Enter the string to check if it is a palindrome\n");
gets(a);
strcpy(b,a);
strrev(b);
if (strcmp(a,b) == 0)
printf("Entered string is a palindrome.\n");
else
printf("Entered string is not a palindrome.\n");
return 0;
}
Download palindrome program.
Output of program:

Palindrome number in c
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int n, reverse = 0, temp;
printf("Enter a number to check if it is a palindrome or not\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
temp = n;
while (temp != 0)
{
reverse = reverse * 10;
reverse = reverse + temp%10;
temp
= temp/10;
}

if (n == reverse)
printf("%d is a palindrome number.\n", n);
else
printf("%d is not a palindrome number.\n", n);
}

return 0;

C program for palindrome without using string functions

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char text[100];
int begin, middle, end, length = 0;
gets(text);
while (text[length] != '\0')
length++;
end = length - 1;
middle = length/2;
for (begin = 0; begin < middle; begin++)
{
if (text[begin] != text[end])
{
printf("Not a palindrome.\n");
break;
}
end--;
}
if (begin == middle)
printf("Palindrome.\n");
return 0;
}
C program check palindrome
#include <stdio.h>
int is_palindrome(char*);
void copy_string(char*, char*);
void reverse_string(char*);
int string_length(char*);
int compare_string(char*, char*);

int main()
{
char string[100];
int result;
printf("Input a string\n");
gets(string);
result = is_palindrome(string);
if ( result == 1 )
printf("\"%s\" is a palindrome string.\n", string);
else
printf("\"%s\" is not a palindrome string.\n", string);
}

return 0;

int is_palindrome(char *string)

{
int check, length;
char *reverse;
length = string_length(string);
reverse = (char*)malloc(length+1);
copy_string(reverse, string);
reverse_string(reverse);
check = compare_string(string, reverse);
free(reverse);
if ( check == 0 )
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
int string_length(char *string)
{
int length = 0;
while(*string)
{
length++;
string++;
}

return length;
}
void copy_string(char *target, char *source)
{
while(*source)
{
*target = *source;
source++;
target++;
}
*target = '\0';
}
void reverse_string(char *string)
{
int length, c;
char *begin, *end, temp;
length = string_length(string);
begin = string;
end = string;
for ( c = 0 ; c < ( length - 1 ) ; c++ )
end++;
for ( c =
{
temp =
*end =
*begin

0 ; c < length/2 ; c++ )

*end;
*begin;
= temp;

begin++;
end--;
}

int compare_string(char *first, char *second)

{
while(*first==*second)
{
if ( *first == '\0' || *second == '\0' )
break;
first++;
second++;
}

if( *first == '\0' && *second == '\0' )

return 0;
else
return -1;
}
Pointers are used in functions, you can develop your code without using pointers.
47. C program to convert string to integer without using atoi function
C program to convert string to integer: It is frequently required to convert a string to an integer
in applications. String should consists of digits only and an optional '-' (minus) sign at beginning
for integers. For string containing other characters we can stop conversion as soon as a non digit
character is encountered but in our program we will handle ideal case when only valid
characters are present in string. Library function atoi can be used to convert string to an integer
but we will create our own function.
C programming code
// C program to convert string to integer without using atoi function
#include <stdio.h>
int toString(char []);
int main()
{
char a[100];
int n;
printf("Input a valid string to convert to integer\n");
scanf("%s", a);
n = toString(a);
printf("String

= %s\nInteger = %d\n", a, n);

return 0;
}
int toString(char a[]) {
int c, sign, offset, n;
if (a[0] == '-') {
sign = -1;
}
if (sign == -1) {
offset = 1;
}
else {
offset = 0;

// Handle negative integers

// Set starting position to convert

}
n = 0;
for (c = offset; a[c] != '\0'; c++) {
n = n * 10 + a[c] - '0';
}
if (sign == -1) {
n = -n;
}
return n;

}
Similarly you can convert string to long.
Output of program:

48. C program to delete vowels from a string

Remove vowels from a string in c: c program to remove or delete vowels from a string, if the
input string is "c programming" then output will be "c prgrmmng". In the program we create a
new string and process entered string character by character, and if a vowel is found it is not
added to new string otherwise the character is added to new string, after the string ends we copy
the new string into original string. Finally we obtain a string without any vowels.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int check_vowel(char);
int main()
{
char s[100], t[100];
int i, j = 0;
printf("Enter a string to delete vowels\n");
gets(s);
for(i = 0; s[i] != '\0'; i++) {
if(check_vowel(s[i]) == 0) {
t[j] = s[i];
j++;
}
}

//not a vowel

t[j] = '\0';
strcpy(s, t);

//We are changing initial string

printf("String after deleting vowels: %s\n", s);

}

return 0;

int check_vowel(char c)
{
switch(c) {
case 'a':
case 'A':
case 'e':
case 'E':
case 'i':
case 'I':
case 'o':
case 'O':
case 'u':
case 'U':
return 1;
default:
return 0;
}
}
Output of program:

C programming code using pointers

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
int check_vowel(char);
main()
{
char string[100], *temp, *pointer, ch, *start;

printf("Enter a string\n");
gets(string);
temp = string;
pointer = (char*)malloc(100);
if( pointer == NULL )
{
printf("Unable to allocate memory.\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
start = pointer;
while(*temp)
{
ch = *temp;
if ( !check_vowel(ch) )
{
*pointer = ch;
pointer++;
}
temp++;
}
*pointer = '\0';

*/

pointer = start;
strcpy(string, pointer); /* If you wish to convert original string
free(pointer);
printf("String after removing vowel is \"%s\"\n", string);

return 0;

int check_vowel(char a)
{
if ( a >= 'A' && a <= 'Z' )
a = a + 'a' - 'A';
if ( a == 'a' || a == 'e' || a == 'i' || a == 'o' || a == 'u')
return TRUE;
return FALSE;
}

49. Substring in c programming, c substring

Substring in c programming: c programming code to find a substring from a given string and
for all substrings of a string, For example substrings of string "the" are "t", "th", "the", "h", "he"
and "e" to find substring we create our own c substring function which returns a pointer to
string. String address, length of substring required and position from where to extract substring
are the three arguments passed to function. String.h does not contain any library function to
directly find substring.
C substring code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char string[1000], sub[1000];
int position, length, c = 0;
printf("Input a string\n");
gets(string);
printf("Enter the position and length of substring\n");
scanf("%d%d", &position, &length);
while (c < length) {
sub[c] = string[position+c-1];
c++;
}
sub[c] = '\0';
printf("Required substring is \"%s\"\n", sub);
return 0;

}
C substring program output:

C substring program using function

We create a function and pass it four arguments original string array, substring array, position
and length of desired substring. As call by reference is used we do not need to return substring
array. See another code below in which we return pointer to substring, which we create in our
array using dynamic memory allocation.
#include <stdio.h>

void substring(char [], char[], int, int);

int main()
{
char string[1000], sub[1000];
int position, length, c = 0;
printf("Input a string\n");
gets(string);
printf("Enter the position and length of substring\n");
scanf("%d%d", &position, &length);
substring(string, sub, position, length);
printf("Required substring is \"%s\"\n", sub);
}

return 0;

void substring(char s[], char sub[], int p, int l) {

int c = 0;

while (c < l) {
sub[c] = s[p+c-1];
c++;
}
sub[c] = '\0';

C substring program using pointers

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
char* substring(char*, int, int);
int main()
{
char string[100], *pointer;
int position, length;
printf("Input a string\n");
gets(string);
printf("Enter the position and length of substring\n");
scanf("%d%d",&position, &length);
pointer = substring( string, position, length);

printf("Required substring is \"%s\"\n", pointer);

free(pointer);
return 0;
}
/*C substring function: It returns a pointer to the substring */
char *substring(char *string, int position, int length)
{
char *pointer;
int c;
pointer = malloc(length+1);
if (pointer == NULL)
{
printf("Unable to allocate memory.\n");
exit(1);
}
for (c = 0 ; c < length ; c++)
{
*(pointer+c) = *(string+position-1);
string++;
}
*(pointer+c) = '\0';
return pointer;
}
C code for all substrings of a string
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <malloc.h>
char* substring(char*, int, int);
int main()
{
char string[100], *pointer;
int position = 1, length = 1, temp, string_length;
printf("Enter a string\n");
gets(string);

temp = string_length = strlen(string);

printf("Substring of \"%s\" are\n", string);
while (position <= string_length)
{
while (length <= temp)
{
pointer = substring(string, position, length);
printf("%s\n", pointer);
free(pointer);
length++;
}
temp--;
position++;
length = 1;
}
}

return 0;

/* Use substring function given in above c program*/

Substring code output:

50. C program to check subsequence

C program to check Subsequence, don't confuse subsequence with substring. In our program we
check if a string is a subsequence of another string. User will input two strings and we find if one
of the strings is a subsequence of other. Program prints yes if either first string is a subsequence
of second or second is a subsequence of first. We pass smaller length string first because our
function assumes first string is of smaller or equal length than the second string.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int check_subsequence (char [], char[]);

int main () {
int flag;
char s1[1000], s2[1000];
printf("Input first string\n");
gets(s1);
printf("Input second string\n");
gets(s2);
/** Passing smaller length string first */
if (strlen(s1) < strlen(s2))
flag = check_subsequence(s1, s2);
else
flag = check_subsequence(s2, s1);
if (flag)
printf("YES\n");
else
printf("NO\n");
return 0;
}
int check_subsequence (char a[], char b[]) {
int c, d;
c = d = 0;
while (a[c] != '\0') {
while ((a[c] != b[d]) && b[d] != '\0') {
d++;
}
if (b[d] == '\0')
break;
d++;
c++;
}
if (a[c] == '\0')
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
Output of program:
Input first string
computer science is awesome

Input second string

tree
YES
The logic of function is simple we keep on comparing characters of two strings, if mismatch
occur then we move to next character of second string and if characters match indexes of both
strings is increased by one and so on. If the first string ends then it is a subsequence otherwise
not.
51. C program to sort a string in alphabetic order
C program to sort a string in alphabetic order: For example if user will enter a string
"programming" then output will be "aggimmnoprr" or output string will contain characters in
alphabetical order. In our program we assume input string contains only lower case alphabets.
First we count and store how many times characters 'a' to 'z' appear in input string and then
create another string which contains characters 'a' to 'z' as many times as they appear in the
input string.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char ch, input[100], output[100];
int no[26] = {0}, n, c, t, x;
printf("Enter some text\n");
scanf("%s", input);
n = strlen(input);
/** Store how many times characters (a to z)
appears in input string in array */
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
{
ch = input[c] - 'a';
no[ch]++;
}
t = 0;
/** Insert characters a to z in output string
that many number of times as they appear
in input string */
for (ch = 'a'; ch <= 'z'; ch++)
{

x = ch - 'a';
for (c = 0; c < no[x]; c++)
{
output[t] = ch;
t++;
}

}
output[t] = '\0';

printf("%s\n", output);
return 0;

}
Output of program:

C program using pointers

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
void sort_string(char*);
int main()
{
char string[100];
printf("Enter some text\n");
gets(string);
sort_string(string);
printf("%s\n", string);
}

return 0;

void sort_string(char *s)

{
int c, d = 0, length;
char *pointer, *result, ch;
length = strlen(s);

result = (char*)malloc(length+1);
pointer = s;
for ( ch = 'a' ; ch <= 'z' ; ch++ )
{
for ( c = 0 ; c < length ; c++ )
{
if ( *pointer == ch )
{
*(result+d) = *pointer;
d++;
}
pointer++;
}
pointer = s;
}
*(result+d) = '\0';
strcpy(s, result);
free(result);

}
Download Sort string program.
52. C program remove spaces, blanks from a string
C code to remove spaces or excess blanks from a string, For example consider the string
"c programming"
There are two spaces in this string, so our program will print a string
"c programming". It will remove spaces when they occur more than one time consecutively in
string anywhere.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char text[1000], blank[1000];
int c = 0, d = 0;
printf("Enter some text\n");
gets(text);
while (text[c] != '\0') {
if (text[c] == ' ') {
int temp = c + 1;
if (text[temp] != '\0') {
while (text[temp] == ' ' && text[temp] != '\0') {

if (text[temp] == ' ') {

c++;
}
temp++;
}

}
blank[d] = text[c];
c++;
d++;
}
blank[d] = '\0';
printf("Text after removing blanks\n%s\n", blank);
return 0;

}
If you want you can copy blank into text string so that original string is modified.
Download Remove spaces program.
Output of program:

C programming code using pointers

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define SPACE ' '
char *process(char*);
int main()
{
char text[1000], *r;
printf("Enter a string\n");
gets(text);
r = process(text);
printf("\"%s\"\n", r);

free(r);
}

return 0;

char *process(char *text) {

int length, c, d;
char *start;
c = d = 0;
length = strlen(text);
start = (char*)malloc(length+1);
if (start == NULL)
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
while (*(text+c) != '\0') {
if (*(text+c) == ' ') {
int temp = c + 1;
if (*(text+temp) != '\0') {
while (*(text+temp) == ' ' && *(text+temp) != '\0') {
if (*(text+temp) == ' ') {
c++;
}
temp++;
}
}
}
*(start+d) = *(text+c);
c++;
d++;
}
*(start+d)= '\0';
}

return start;

53. C program to change case of a string

Strlwr function convert a string to lower case and strupr function convert a string to upper
case.Here we will change string case with and without strlwr, strupr functions. These functions
convert case of alphabets and ignore other characters which may be present in a string.
strlwr in c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()

char string[1000];
printf("Input a string to convert to lower case\n");
gets(string);
printf("Input string in lower case: \"%s\"\n",strlwr(string));

return

0;

strupr in c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char string[1000];
printf("Input a string to convert to upper case\n");
gets(string);
printf("Input string in upper case: \"%s\"\n",strupr(string));
return

0;

}
Change string to upper case without strupr
#include <stdio.h>
void upper_string(char []);
int main()
{
char string[100];
printf("Enter a string to convert it into upper case\n");
gets(string);
upper_string(string);
printf("Entered string in upper case is \"%s\"\n", string);
return 0;
}
void upper_string(char s[]) {
int c = 0;

while (s[c] != '\0') {

if (s[c] >= 'a' && s[c] <= 'z') {
s[c] = s[c] - 32;
}
c++;
}
}
Change string to lower case without strlwr
#include <stdio.h>
void lower_string(char []);
int main()
{
char string[100];
printf("Enter a string to convert it into lower case\n");
gets(string);
lower_string(string);
printf("Entered string in lower case is \"%s\"\n", string);
return 0;
}
void lower_string(char s[]) {
int c = 0;
while (s[c] != '\0') {
if (s[c] >= 'A' && s[c] <= 'Z') {
s[c] = s[c] + 32;
}
c++;
}

}
You can also implement functions using pointers.

C program to change case from upper to lower and lower to upper

Below program change case of alphabets if a lower case alphabet is found it is converted to
upper and if an upper case is found it is converted to lower case.
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int c = 0;
char ch, s[1000];

printf("Input a string\n");
gets(s);
while (s[c] != '\0') {
ch = s[c];
if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z')
s[c] = s[c] + 32;
else if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z')
s[c] = s[c] - 32;
c++;
}
printf("%s\n", s);
return 0;
}
Output of program:
Input a string
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{0123456789}ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ{0123456789}abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
If a digit or special character is present in string it is left as it is.
54. C program to swap two strings
C program to swap strings i.e. contents of two strings are interchanged.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <malloc.h>
int main()
{
char first[100], second[100], *temp;
printf("Enter the first string\n");
gets(first);
printf("Enter the second string\n");
gets(second);
printf("\nBefore Swapping\n");
printf("First string: %s\n",first);
printf("Second string: %s\n\n",second);
temp = (char*)malloc(100);

strcpy(temp,first);
strcpy(first,second);
strcpy(second,temp);
printf("After Swapping\n");
printf("First string: %s\n",first);
printf("Second string: %s\n",second);
return 0;

}
Download Swap strings program.
Output of program:

55. C program to find frequency of characters in a string

This program computes frequency of characters in a string i.e. which character is present how
many times in a string. For example in the string "code" each of the character 'c', 'o', 'd', and 'e'
has occurred one time. Only lower case alphabets are considered, other characters (uppercase
and special characters) are ignored. You can easily modify this program to handle uppercase and
special symbols.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char string[100];
int c = 0, count[26] = {0};
printf("Enter a string\n");
gets(string);
while (string[c] != '\0')
{
/** Considering characters from 'a' to 'z' only
and ignoring others */

if (string[c] >= 'a' && string[c] <= 'z')

count[string[c]-'a']++;
}

c++;

for (c = 0; c < 26; c++)

{
/** Printing only those characters
whose count is at least 1 */
if (count[c] != 0)
printf("%c occurs %d times in the entered
string.\n",c+'a',count[c]);
}
return 0;
}
Explanation of "count[string[c]-'a']++", suppose input string begins with 'a' so c is 0 initially and
string[0] = 'a' and string[0]-'a' = 0 and we increment count[0] i.e. a has occurred one time and
repeat this till complete string is scanned.
Download Character frequency program.
Output of program:

Did you notice that string in the output of program contains every alphabet at least once.

Calculating frequency using function

We will make a function which computes frequency of characters in input string and print in a
table (see output image below).
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void find_frequency(char [], int []);
int main()
{
char string[100];
int c, count[26] = {0};
printf("Input a string\n");
gets(string);
find_frequency(string, count);
printf("Character Count\n");
for (c = 0 ; c < 26 ; c++)
printf("%c \t %d\n", c + 'a', count[c]);
return 0;
}
void find_frequency(char s[], int count[]) {
int c = 0;
while (s[c] != '\0') {
if (s[c] >= 'a' && s[c] <= 'z' )
count[s[c]-'a']++;
c++;
}
}

Output of progran:

We do not pass no of elements of array count[] to function find_frequency as they will always be
26. But you can pass if you wish to do so.
56. Anagram in c
Anagram in c: c program to check whether two strings are anagrams or not, string is assumed to
consist of alphabets only. Two words are said to be anagrams of each other if the letters from
one word can be rearranged to form the other word. From the above definition it is clear that
two strings are anagrams if all characters in both strings occur same number of times. For
example "abc" and "cab" are anagram strings, here every character 'a', 'b' and 'c' occur only one
time in both strings. Our algorithm tries to find how many times characters appear in the strings
and then comparing their corresponding counts.
C anagram programming code
#include <stdio.h>
int check_anagram(char [], char []);
int main()
{
char a[100], b[100];
int flag;
printf("Enter first string\n");
gets(a);
printf("Enter second string\n");
gets(b);

flag = check_anagram(a, b);

if (flag == 1)
printf("\"%s\" and \"%s\" are anagrams.\n", a, b);
else
printf("\"%s\" and \"%s\" are not anagrams.\n", a, b);
}

return 0;

int check_anagram(char a[], char b[])

{
int first[26] = {0}, second[26] = {0}, c = 0;
while (a[c] != '\0')
{
first[a[c]-'a']++;
c++;
}
c = 0;
while (b[c] != '\0')
{
second[b[c]-'a']++;
c++;
}
for (c = 0; c < 26; c++)
{
if (first[c] != second[c])
return 0;
}
return 1;
}
Download Anagram program.
Output of program:

57. C program to read a file

C program to read a file: This program reads a file entered by the user and displays its contents
on the screen, fopen function is used to open a file it returns a pointer to structure FILE. FILE is
a predefined structure in stdio.h . If the file is successfully opened then fopen returns a pointer
to file and if it is unable to open a file then it returns NULL. fgetc function returns a character
which is read from the file and fclose function closes the file. Opening a file means we bring file
from disk to ram to perform operations on it. The file must be present in the directory in which
the executable file of this code sis present.
C program to open a file
C programming code to open a file and to print it contents on screen.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char ch, file_name[25];
FILE *fp;
printf("Enter the name of file you wish to see\n");
gets(file_name);
fp = fopen(file_name,"r"); // read mode
if( fp == NULL )
{
perror("Error while opening the file.\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
printf("The contents of %s file are :\n", file_name);
while( ( ch = fgetc(fp) ) != EOF )
printf("%c",ch);
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
Download Read file program.

Output of program:

There are blank lines present at end of file. In our program we have opened only one file but you
can open multiple files in a single program and in different modes as desired. File handling is
very important when we wish to store data permanently on a storage device. All variables and
data of program is lost when program exits so if that data is required later we need to use files.
58. C program to copy files
C program to copy files: This program copies a file, firstly you will specify the file to copy and
then you will enter the name of target file, You will have to mention the extension of file also. We
will open the file that we wish to copy in read mode and target file in write mode.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char ch, source_file[20], target_file[20];
FILE *source, *target;
printf("Enter name of file to copy\n");
gets(source_file);
source = fopen(source_file, "r");
if( source == NULL )
{
printf("Press any key to exit...\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
printf("Enter name of target file\n");
gets(target_file);
target = fopen(target_file, "w");
if( target == NULL )
{
fclose(source);

printf("Press any key to exit...\n");

exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
while( ( ch = fgetc(source) ) != EOF )
fputc(ch, target);
printf("File copied successfully.\n");
fclose(source);
fclose(target);
return 0;

}
Download File copy program.
Output of program: This c program merges files and stores their contents in another file. The
files which are to be merged are opened in read mode and the file which contains content of
both the files is opened in write mode. To merge two files first we open a file and read it
character by character and store the read contents in another file then we read the contents of
another file and store it in file, we read two files until EOF (end of file) is reached.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
FILE *fs1, *fs2, *ft;
char ch, file1[20], file2[20], file3[20];
printf("Enter name of first file\n");
gets(file1);
printf("Enter name of second file\n");
gets(file2);
printf("Enter name of file which will store contents of two
files\n");
gets(file3);
fs1 = fopen(file1,"r");
fs2 = fopen(file2,"r");
if( fs1 == NULL || fs2 == NULL )
{
perror("Error ");
printf("Press any key to exit...\n");

getch();
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
ft = fopen(file3,"w");
if( ft == NULL )
{
perror("Error ");
printf("Press any key to exit...\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
while( ( ch = fgetc(fs1) ) != EOF )
fputc(ch,ft);
while( ( ch = fgetc(fs2) ) != EOF )
fputc(ch,ft);
printf("Two files were merged into %s file successfully.\n",file3);
fclose(fs1);
fclose(fs2);
fclose(ft);
return 0;
}
Download merge files program.
Output of program:

59. C program to merge two files

This c program merges two files and stores their contents in another file. The files which are to
be merged are opened in read mode and the file which contains content of both the files is
opened in write mode. To merge two files first we open a file and read it character by character
and store the read contents in another file then we read the contents of another file and store it
in file, we read two files until EOF (end of file) is reached.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
FILE *fs1, *fs2, *ft;
char ch, file1[20], file2[20], file3[20];
printf("Enter name of first file\n");
gets(file1);
printf("Enter name of second file\n");
gets(file2);
printf("Enter name of file which will store contents of two
files\n");
gets(file3);
fs1 = fopen(file1,"r");
fs2 = fopen(file2,"r");
if( fs1 == NULL || fs2 == NULL )
{
perror("Error ");
printf("Press any key to exit...\n");
getch();
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
ft = fopen(file3,"w");
if( ft == NULL )
{
perror("Error ");
printf("Press any key to exit...\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
while( ( ch = fgetc(fs1) ) != EOF )

fputc(ch,ft);
while( ( ch = fgetc(fs2) ) != EOF )
fputc(ch,ft);
printf("Two files were merged into %s file successfully.\n",file3);
fclose(fs1);
fclose(fs2);
fclose(ft);
return 0;
}
Download merge files program.
Output of program:

60. C program to list files in directory

This program list all files present in a directory/folder in which this executable file is present.
For example if this executable file is present in C:\\TC\\BIN then it will lists all the files present
in C:\\TC\\BIN.
C programming code(Turbo C compiler only)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dir.h>
int main()
{
int done;
struct ffblk a;
printf("Press any key to view the files in the current
directory\n");
getch();
done = findfirst("*.*",&a,0);
while(!done)

{
}

printf("%s\n",a.ff_name);
done = findnext(&a);

getch();
return 0;

}
Obviously you will get a different output when you will execute this file on your computer.
61. C program to delete a file
This c program deletes a file which is entered by the user, the file to be deleted should be present
in the directory in which the executable file of this program is present. Extension of the file
should also be entered, remove macro is used to delete the file. If there is an error in deleting the
file then an error will be displayed using perror function.
C programming code
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int status;
char file_name[25];
printf("Enter the name of file you wish to delete\n");
gets(file_name);
status = remove(file_name);
if( status == 0 )
printf("%s file deleted successfully.\n",file_name);
else
{
printf("Unable to delete the file\n");
perror("Error");
}
return 0;

}
Download Delete file program executable.

Output of program:

Deleted file doesn't go to trash or recycle bin so you may not be able to recover it. Deleted files
can be recovered using special recovery software if the files are not overwritten on the storage
medium.
62. C program to generate random numbers
This c program generates pseudo random numbers using rand and random function(Turbo C
compiler only). As the random numbers are generated by an algorithm used in a function they
are pseudo random, this is the reason why pseudo word is used. Function rand() returns a
pseudo random number between 0 and RAND_MAX. RAND_MAX is a constant which is
platform dependent and equals the maximum value returned by rand function.
C programming code using rand
We use modulus operator in our program. If you evaluate a % b where a and b are integers then
result will always be less than b for any set of values of a and b. For example
For a = 1243 and b = 100
a % b = 1243 % 100 = 43
For a = 99 and b = 100
a % b = 99 % 100 = 99
For a = 1000 and b = 100
a % b = 1000 % 100 = 0
In our program we print pseudo random numbers in range [0, 100]. So we calculate rand() %
100 which will return a number in [0, 99] so we add 1 to get the desired range.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
int c, n;
printf("Ten random numbers in [1,100]\n");
for (c = 1; c <= 10; c++) {
n = rand() % 100 + 1;
printf("%d\n", n);
}
return 0;
}

If you rerun this program you will get same set of numbers. To get different numbers every time
you can use: srand(unisgned int seed) function, here seed is an unsigned integer. So you will
need a different value of seed every time you run the program for that you can use current time
which will always be different so you will get a different set of numbers. By default seed = 1 if
you do not use srand function.
C programming code using random function(Turbo C compiler only)
randomize function is used to initialize random number generator. If you don't use it then you
will get same random numbers each time you run the program.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int n, max, num, c;
printf("Enter the number of random numbers you want\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter the maximum value of random number\n");
scanf("%d", &max);
printf("%d random numbers from 0 to %d are :-\n", n, max);
randomize();
for (c = 1; c <= n; c++)
{
num = random(max);
printf("%d\n",num);
}

getch();
return 0;

63. C program to add two complex numbers

C program to add two complex numbers: this program calculate the sum of two complex
numbers which will be entered by the user and then prints it. User will have to enter the real and
imaginary parts of two complex numbers. In our program we will add real parts and imaginary
parts of complex numbers and prints the complex number, i is the symbol used for iota. For
example if user entered two complex numbers as (1 + 2i) and (4 + 6 i) then output of program
will be (5+8i). A structure is used to store complex number.
C programming code
#include <stdio.h>

struct complex
{
int real, img;
};
int main()
{
struct complex a, b, c;
printf("Enter a and b where a + ib is the first complex
number.\n");
printf("a = ");
scanf("%d", &a.real);
printf("b = ");
scanf("%d", &a.img);
printf("Enter c and d where c + id is the second complex
number.\n");
printf("c = ");
scanf("%d", &b.real);
printf("d = ");
scanf("%d", &b.img);
c.real = a.real + b.real;
c.img = a.img + b.img;
if ( c.img >= 0 )
printf("Sum of two complex numbers = %d + %di\n", c.real,
c.img);
else
printf("Sum of two complex numbers = %d %di\n", c.real, c.img);
return 0;

}
Download add complex numbers program executable.
Output of c program to add two complex numbers is shown in image below:

64. C program to print date

This c program prints current system date. To print date we will use getdate function.

C programming code (Works in Turbo C only)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main()
{
struct date d;
getdate(&d);
printf("Current system date is %d/%d/
%d",d.da_day,d.da_mon,d.da_year);
getch();
return 0;
}
This code works in Turbo C only because it supports dos.h header file.
65. c program to get ip address
This c program prints ip (internet protocol) address of your computer, system function is used
to execute the command ipconfig which prints ip address, subnet mask and default gateway. The
code given below works for Windows xp and Windows 7. If you are using turbo c compiler then
execute program from folder, it may not work when you are working in compiler and press
Ctrl+F9 to run your program.
C programming code
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
system("C:\\Windows\\System32\\ipconfig");
return 0;

}
Download IP address program.
Output of program: ( In Windows 7)

Only part of output is shown in image.

66. C program to shutdown or turn off computer
C Program to shutdown your computer: This program turn off i.e shutdown your computer
system. Firstly it will asks you to shutdown your computer if you press 'y' then your computer
will shutdown in 30 seconds, system function of "stdlib.h" is used to run an executable file
shutdown.exe which is present in C:\WINDOWS\system32 in Windows XP. You can use various
options while executing shutdown.exe, you can use -t option to specify number of seconds after
which shutdown occurs.
Syntax: shutdown -s -t x; here x is the number of seconds after which shutdown will occur.
By default shutdown occur after 30 seconds. To shutdown immediately you can write "shutdown
-s -t 0". If you wish to restart your computer then you can write "shutdown -r".
If you are using Turbo C Compiler then execute your program from command prompt or by
opening the executable file from the folder. Press F9 to build your executable file from source
program. When you run program from within the compiler by pressing Ctrl+F9 it may not work.
C programming code for Windows XP
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char ch;
printf("Do you want to shutdown your computer now (y/n)\n");
scanf("%c", &ch);
if (ch == 'y' || ch == 'Y')
system("C:\\WINDOWS\\System32\\shutdown -s");
return 0;
}
C programming code for Windows 7
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
system("C:\\WINDOWS\\System32\\shutdown /s");
return 0;
}
To shutdown immediately use "C:\\WINDOWS\\System32\\ shutdown /s /t 0". To restart
use /r instead of /s.
C programming code for Ubuntu Linux

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
system("shutdown -P now");
return 0;
}
You need to be logged in as root user for above program to execute otherwise you will get the
message shutdown: Need to be root, now specifies that you want to shutdown immediately. '-P'
option specifies you want to power off your machine. You can specify minutes as:
shutdown -P "number of minutes"
For more help or options type at terminal: man shutdown.