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Entropy Equation For A Control Volume

1) The document discusses entropy equations for control volumes and steady-state vs transient processes. For a steady-state process, the accumulation term is zero. 2) It also covers the second law of thermodynamics for single-flow processes. For a reversible process, the maximum work output occurs when entropy generation is zero. 3) The principle of entropy increase states that the total entropy generation in isolated systems can never be negative and is usually positive due to irreversible processes like heat transfer.

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nirattisaikul
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122 views12 pages

Entropy Equation For A Control Volume

1) The document discusses entropy equations for control volumes and steady-state vs transient processes. For a steady-state process, the accumulation term is zero. 2) It also covers the second law of thermodynamics for single-flow processes. For a reversible process, the maximum work output occurs when entropy generation is zero. 3) The principle of entropy increase states that the total entropy generation in isolated systems can never be negative and is usually positive due to irreversible processes like heat transfer.

Uploaded by

nirattisaikul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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7.

Entropy Equation
for a Control Volume
7.1 The Second-Law of
Thermodynamics for a Control Volume
Recall the second law in a rate form

dSCM
Q

S gen
dt
T

For a control-volume approach

The mass flow does carry the entropy in


and out of the control volume.

rate of change = +in out + generation


dSCV

dt

m s m s

Q

S
T
i

CV

gen

For the accumulation term,


S CV m CV s m A s A m B s B
For the generation term,
S gen S gen ,A S gen ,B

CV
Q
For the heat transfer term,
, T is
T
an average value evaluated at the
control surface.

Note that the generation term is always


greater than zero. Thus, the inequality
form the second law becomes:
CV
dSCV
Q
m
m

isi
es e
dt
T

7.2 The Steady-State Process and the


Transient Process
7.2.1 Steady-state process
The accumulation term is zero
because SCV is independent of time:
dSCV
0 . Thus,
dt
CV
Q
m
m
S gen
es e
isi
T

For a control volume with one entrance


and one exit,
CV
Q
m
S gen
(s e s i )
T

Dividing by m
yields
q CV
se si
s gen
T

If the process is adiabatic,


s e s i s gen s i

7.2.2 Transient process


d (ms) CV

dt

m s

Q
T
i

CV

m s
e

S gen

Integrating over the time t gives

ms m s

Q

dt S
T

(m 2 s 2 m1s1 ) CV

CV

2 , gen

which can be simplified to


(m 2 s 2 m1s1 ) CV
t

ms m s
i

CV
Q
dt 1 S 2 ,gen
T

7.3 The Steady-State Single-Flow


Process
For a steady-state single-flow process,
the first law (per mass flow) becomes
1 2
0 q w (h i Vi g Z i )
2
1 2
(h e Ve g Z e )
2

The second law in a differential form,


q
0 ds
s gen q Tds Ts gen
T

Using the property relation gives


q dh vdP Ts gen

By taking the integral on both sides,


e

q h e h i v dP T s gen
i

Substituting the first law yields


e

Vi V
w v dP
g ( Z i Z e ) T s gen
2

2
e

Notes:
1) Since, T > 0, we obtain the
maximum work output or minimum
work input when Sgen = 0.
2) Work tends to be positive if dP < 0
(or expansion) and be negative if
dP > 0 (or compression).
3) The specific volume affects the
magnitude of the work. A large
amount of work will be involved in
case of gas, whereas less work is
required in case of liquid.
4) If the flow reduces its kinetic energy
(such as a windmill) or potential
energy (such as a dam), the
difference of that becomes an
extracted work.

For a reversible process where the KE


and PE is negligible,
e

v dP

If the working fluid is liquid (v const)


w v (Pe Pi )

If the working fluid behaves like an


ideal gas under a reversible polytropic
process:
P v n const
e

v dP

n
nR
w
(Pe v e Pi v i )
(Te Ti )
n 1
n 1

If n = 1 (isothermal process)
Pe
w Pi v i ln
Pi

7.4 Principle of the Increase of Entropy


Consider the entropy equation for the
two control volumes

dSCV A
dt
dSCV B

dt

Q
m
S gen A
isi m
es e
TA

Q
m
S gen B
isi m
es e
TA

Adding these two equations gives the


principle of the increase of entropy:
dS net dSCV A dSCV B

dt
dt
dt
S gen A S gen B S gen tot 0

Let A is the original control volume at


steady state and B is the intermediate
surrounding obtaining heat from the
ambient at T0
dSCV B
dS net
Sgen tot 0
dt
dt

dS net
Q
S gen tot m
S gen B
isi m
es e
TA
dt
1 1

Since Sgen B Q which is


TA T0
similar to the entropy generation from
heat transfer, therefore

dS net
Q
Sgen tot m
isi m
es e
dt
TA
1 1

Q
TA T0

dS net
Q
S gen tot m
isi m
es e
dt
T0

7.5 Efficiency
In Chapter 7, we define the thermal
efficiency of a heat engine such that
th

Wnet

QH

Now consider the isentropic turbine

If Pi, Ti and Pe are fixed, the ideal


process for the turbine is from i to
es whereas the actual process is from
i to e.

The efficiency of the turbine (turbine):


turbine

hi he
w

ws
h i h es

Typical values of turbine are 0.7 0.9


On the contrary, for pumps or
compressors

Thus,
comp. or pump

h i h es
ws

w
hi he

Note: Liquid is almost incompressible.


Thus, for an isentropic pump
Tds = dh vdP = 0
Thus
h i h es v (Pi Pe )
For nozzles

Because a nozzle does not provide any


work
nozzle

Ve2 / 2

Ves2 / 2

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