Gk-Book 2009
Gk-Book 2009
Gk-Book 2009
General knowledge
RAVI KUMAR
Special Training program, IEG
1/1/2009
Index
1. Earth Some Important Facts
2. Indian States International Boundaries
3. Important Crops India
4. Important National Highways
5. Important Rivers India
6. Important River Valley Projects
7. Important Indian Town Rivers
8. Hill Stations India
9. Sanctuaries and Parks in India
10. Mineral Resources of India
**********
1. Important Days
2. Books and Authors
3. Independence Days of Various Countries
4. First in the World
5. Epithets
6. Biggest Highest Largest Longest in the World
7. Worlds Highest Mountain Peaks
8. Inventions and Discoveries
9. National Emblems
10. Worlds Prominent Scientists
*****************
INDIAN HISTROY
1. Buddhism
2. Newspaper Journals
3. Constitutional Development
4. Jainism
5. Governor Generals of India
6. Important National Activities
7. Venue, Year and Presidents of India National Congress (INC)
WORLD
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
INDIA-I
Mass
5.976 x 10kg
Volume
1.083 x 10 litres
Mean Density
5.518 kg/lt
Land Area
Water Area
Equatorial Diameter
12,755 km
Polar Diameter
12,712 km
Escape Velocity
11.2 km/sec
Equatorial Circumference
40,076 km
Polar Circumference
40,024 km
14C
Rotation Speed
Revolution Speed
2 Bordering China
3 Bordering Nepal
Bordering
Bangladesh
5 Bordering Bhutan
Bordering
Afghanistan
Rice
Wheat
Maize
Bajra
Rajasthan, Gujarat, UP
Jowar
TOTAL
COARSE
CEREALS
Maharashtra, Karnataka, UP
TOTAL
PULSES
TOTAL FOOD
GRAINS
Groundnut
10
Rapeseed And
Mustard
11 Soyabean
12 Sunflower
13
TOTAL OIL
SEEDS
14 Sugarcane
15 Cotton
17 Tea
18 Coffee
19 Rubber
20 Silk
21 Tobacco
Connects
NH 1
NH 2
NH 3
NH 4
NH 5
Kolkata - Chennai
NH 6
Kolkata - Dhule
NH 7
Varanasi - Kanyakumari
NH 8
NH 9
Mumbai - Vijaywada
10
NH 10
Delhi - Fazilka
Name
Origin From
Falls into
Length (km)
23
Krishna river
640
Ganges
Combined Sources
Bay of Bengal
2525
Satluj
Chenab
1050
Indus
Arabian Sea
2880
Ravi
Chenab
720
Beas
Satluj
470
Jhelum
Verinag in Kashmir
Chenab
725
Yamuna
Yamunotri
Ganga
1375
Chambal
M.P.
Yamuna
1050
Ghagra
Matsatung Glacier
Ganga
1080
10
Kosi
Ganga
730
11
Betwa
Vindhyanchal
Yamuna
480
12
Son
Amarkantak
Ganga
780
13
Bay of Bengal
2900
14
Narmada
Amarkantak
15
Tapti
16
Mahanadi
Bay of Bengal
17
Luni
Aravallis
18
Ghaggar
Himalayas
Near Fatehabad
19
Sabarmati
Aravallis
20
Krishna
Western Ghats
Bay of Bengal
21
Godavari
Bay of Bengal
1465
22
Cauvery
858
494
805
Project Name
River Name
Mandi Project
On Beas in HP
Chambal Valley
Project
Damodar Valley
Project
Hirakud Project
Rihand Project
Kosi Project
On Kosi in N.Bihar.
Mayurkashi Project
On Mayrukashi in WB.
Kakrapara Project
On Tapi in Gujarat.
10
Nizamsagar Project
On Manjra in AP.
11
Nagarjuna Sagar
Project
On Krishna in AP
12
Tungabhadra Project
13
Shivasamudram
Project
14
On Bhima in Maharashtra
15
Sharavathi Hydel
Project
16
In TN
17
Farakka Project
18
Ukai Project
On Tapti in Gujarat
19
Mahi Project
On Mahi in Gujarat
20
Salal Project
On Chenab in J & K
21
Mata Tila
Multipurpose Project
On Betwa in UP & MP
22
Thein Project
On Ravi, Punjab
23
Pong Dam
On Beas, Punjab
24
Tehri Project
On Bhgirathi, Uttaranchal
25
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SNo
Town
River
Allahabad
Patna
Ganga
Varanasi
Ganga
Kanpur
Ganga
Hardwar
Ganga
Badrinath
Alaknanda
Agra
Yamuna
Delhi
Yamuna
Mathura
Yamuna
10
Ferozpur
Satluj
11
Ludhiana
Satluj
12
Srinagar
Jhelum
13
Lucknow
Gomti
14
Jaunpur
Gomti
15
Ayodhya
Saryu
16
Bareilly
Ram Ganga
17
Ahmedabad
Sabarmati
18
Kota
Chambal
19
Jabalpur
Narmada
20
Panji
Mandavi
21
Ujjain
Kshipra
22
Surat
Tapti
23
Jamshedpur
Swarnarekha
24
Dibrugarh
Brahmaputra
25
Guwahati
Brahmaputra
26
Kolkata
Hooghly
27
Sambalpur
Mahanadi
28
Cuttack
Mahanadi
29
Serirangapatnam
Cauvery
30
Hyderabad
Musi
31
Nasik
Godavari
32
Vijayvada
Krishna
33
Curnool
Tungabhadra
34
Tiruchirapalli
Cauvery
State Name
Uttar Pradesh
Cherrapunji (Shillong)
Meghalaya
Tamil Nadu
Dalhousie
Himachal Pradesh
Darjeeling
West Bengal
Gulmarg
Kashmir (Highest)
Kasauli (Shimla)
Himachal Pradesh
Kodaikanal
Tamil Nadu
Mahabaleshwar
Maharashtra
Mt. Abu
Rajasthan
Mussoorie
Uttaranchal
Nainital
Uttaranchal
Ootacamund
Tamil Nadu
Pachmarhi
Madhya Pradesh
Ranchi
Jharkhand
Meghalaya
Shimla
Himachal Pradesh
Srinagar
Location
Reserves for
Achanakmar Sanctuary
Bilaspur,
Chhattisgarh
Shahdol, Madhya
Pradesh
Tiger, panther,
chital, nilgai, wild
bear
Bandipur Sanctuary
Border of
Karnataka and
Tamil Nadu
Elephant, tigers,
panther, sambar,
deer, birds
Banarghatta
Bangalore
Elephant, chital,
deer, gray
National Park
Karnataka
Partridges, green
pigeon
Bhadra Sancturary
Chikmagalur,
Karnataka
Elephant, chital,
panther, sambar,
wild bear
Monghyr, Bihar
Tiger, leopard,
sambar, wild bear,
chital, water birds
Bhimabandh Sanctuary
Hoshangabad,
Madhya Pradesh
Tiger, panther,
sambar, chital, wild
boar, barking deer
Mumbai
Panther, sambar,
langur, wild boar,
chinkara
Chandraprabha Sanctuary
Near Varanasi
Uttar Pradesh
Nainital,
Uttaranchal
Tiger, leopards,
elephants, sambar
Dachigam Sanctuary
Dachigam,
Kashmir
Kashmiri stag
Datma Sanctuary
Singbhum,
Uttaranchal
Elephants, leopard,
wild bear, barking
deer
Dandeli Sanctuary
Dharwar,
Karnataka
Tiger, panther,
elephant, chital,
sambar, wild bear
Lakhimpurkheri
U.P.
Tiger, panther,
sambar, chital,
nilgai, barking deer
Mandsaur, M.P.
Chital, sambar,
chinkara, barking
deer, wild birds
Garampani Sanctuary
Diphu, Assam
Elephant, leopard,
wild buffalo,
langur
Bharatpur,
Rajasthan
Junagarh, Gujarat
Gaya, Bihar
Tiger, leopard,
sambar, chital,
barking deer
Bori Sanctuary
Gir Forest
Tiger, leopard,
chital, nilgai,
sambar, wild cat
Hazaribagh Sanctuary
Hazaribagh,
Jharkhand
Intangki Sanctuary
Elephant, gaur,
tiger, panther,
Kohima, Nagaland
barking deer, wild
boar
Jaldapara Sanctuary
West Bengal
Rhinoceros
Kawal Sanctuary
Adilabad, A.P.
Tiger, panther,
gaur, chital, wild
bear
Jorhat, Assam
Horned rhinoceros,
gaur, elephant,
leopard, wild
buffalo
Khangchandzendra
National Park
Gangtok, Sikkim
Snow leopard,
musk deer,
Himalayan bear
Kinnersani Sanctuary
Khamrsan, A.P.
Tiger, panther,
gaur, chital,
sambar, nilgai
Kolleru Pelicanary
Elluru A.P.
Pelicans, painted
stork
Coorg, Karnataka
Elephant, tiger,
panther, sambar,
chital
Namdafa Sanctuary
Tirap, Arunachal
Pradesh
Elephant, panther,
sambar, tiger,
chital, king cobra
Bhandara,
Maharashtra
Tiger, panther,
sambar, chital,
nilgai
Pachmarhi Sanctuary
Hoshangabad,
M.P.
Tiger, panther,
bear, sambar,
nilgai, barking deer
Pakhal Sanctuary
Warangal A.P.
Tiger, panther,
sambar, chital,
nilgai
Parambikulam Sanctuary
Palghat, Kerala
Tiger, leopard,
gaur, elephant,
nilgai, chital
Nagpur,
Maharashtra
Tiger, panther,
gaur, sambar,
chital, nilgai
Periyar Sanctuary
Idukki, Kerala
Elephant, tiger,
panther, gaur,
nilgai, sambar,
wild bear
Ranganthittoo Bird
Sanctuary
Kulu, H.P.
Snow leopard,
brown bear, musk
deer, snow cock,
snow pigeon
Alwar, Rajasthan
Tiger, panther,
sambar, nilgai,
chital, chinkara
Sharaswathy Valley
Sanctuary
Shimoga,
Karnataka
Elephant, tiger,
panther, sambar,
gaur chital, wild
bear
Mandi, H.P.
Shivpuri, M.P.
Tiger, panther,
sambar, hyena,
hyena, sloth bear,
nilgai
Similipal Sanctuary
Mayurbhanj,
Orissa
Elephant, tiger,
leopard, gaur,
chital
Someshwara Sanctuary
Canara, Karnataka
Tiger, panther,
wild boar, leopard
Sariska Sanctuary
Coal
Manganese
Copper
Mica
Petroleum
Oil
Refineries
There are 18 refineries in India, 16 in public sector, one in joint sector and
one in private sector. Public sector refineries are located at Digboi,
Guwahati, Bongaigaon, Barauni, Haldia, Koyali, Mathura, Kochi, Chennai,
Vishakhapatnam, Mumbai (2), Panipat, Narimanam, Numanigarh and
Tatipaka. Joint sector refinery is at Mangalore. The private sector refinery of
Reliance Limited is at Jamnagar.
Iron
Bauxite
Gold
Silver, Zinc
and Lead
11 Uranium
12 Thorium
2
INDIA-II
Important Days
Important Days
Days
January 12
Army Day
January 21
January 23
January 26
Republic Day
January 26
Martyrs' Day
January 30
Valentine's Day
February 14
Arunachal Day
February 20
February 24
February 28
March 8
March 15
March 15
March 21
March 21
March 22
March 23
Bangladesh Day
March 26
April 5
Samta Diwas
April 5
April 7
Railway week
April 10-16
April 12
Jallianwala Day
April 13
April 18
Earth Day
April 22
April 23
April 24
May 1
May 3
V-E Day
May 8
May 8
Mothers' Day
May 9
May 13
Anti-terrorism Day
May 21
Commonwealth Day
May 24
May 15
May 17
Everest Day
May 29
May 29
No-Tobacco Day
May 31
June 4
June 15
June 18
June 25
Anti-Emergency Day
June 26
June 26
June 27
Poors' Day
June 28
Doctors Day
July 1
July 11
August 1
August 1-7
Hiroshima Day
August 6
Nagasaki Day
August 9
August 9
Independence Day
August 15
Sadhbhavana Divas
August 20
August 29
Teachers' Day
September 5
September 8
September
16
September
27
October 1
October 2
October 5
October 7
October 8
October 9
October 9
October 14
October 16
October 21
UN Day
October 24
V.S. Naipaul
Stephen Hawking
A China Passage
Immanuel Kant
A Doll`s House
Ibsen
A Farewell to Arms
Ernest Hemingway
A Fine Balance
Rohinton Mistry
A Handful of Dust
Evelyn Waugh
V.S. Naipaul
10
V.S. Naipul
11
William Shakespeare
12
A Passage to England
Nirad C. Choudhari
13
A Passage to India
E.M. Foster
14
A Prisoner`s Scrapbook
L.K. Advani
15
Amit Chaudhari
16
Tennesse Williams
17
A Study of History
Arnold J. Toynbee
18
A Suitable Boy
Vikram Seth
19
Charles Dickens
20
A Thousand Days
Arthur M. Schlesinger
21
A Thousand Suns
Dominique Lappierre
22
Anita Desai
23
Nayantara Sehgal
24
Louis Fischer
25
Absolute Power
David Baldacci
26
Adonis
P.B. Shelley
27
Mark Twain
28
Afternoon Raag
Amit Chaudhari
29
Agni Veena
30
Alice in Wonderland
Lewis Carroll
31
32
33
James Herriot
34
William Shakspeare
35
Amar Kosh
Amar Singh
36
An American Dilemma
Gunnar Myrdal
37
An American Tragedy
Theodore Dreiser
38
An area of Darkness
V.S. Naipaul
39
An Autobiography
Jawaharlal Nehru
40
An Equal Music
Vikram Seth
41
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
42
Anandmath
43
Animal Farm
George Orwell
44
Anna Karenina
Leo Tolstoy
45
William Shakespeare
46
Jules Verne
47
Arrowsmith
Sinclair Lewis
48
As You Like it
William Shakespeare
49
K.M. Panikkar
50
Asian Drama
Gunnar Myrdal
51
Nirad C. Choudhari
52
53
Beloved
Toni Morrison
54
Ben Hur
Lewis Wallance
55
Eugene O` Neill
58
Bharat Bharati
59
Stephen Hawking
60
David Ogilvy
61
Born Free
Joy Adamson
62
Aldous Huxley
64
65
Breakthrough
66
Bubble, The
67
Bill Gates
68
70
Candide
Voltaire
71
Catch - 22
Joseph Heller
73
Cherry Orchard
Anton Chekov
74
Chidambara
Sumitranandan Pant
75
Chitra
76
77
Circle of Reason
Amitav Ghosh
78
Circles of Silence
Preeti Singh
79
City of Joy
Dominique Lapierre
80
City of Djinns
William Dalrymple
81
Margaret Mead
82
Common Sense
Thomas Paine
83
Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx
84
Confessions
J.J. Rousseau
85
Confidential Clerk
T.S. Eliot
86
Conquest of Self
Mahatma Gandhi
87
Coolie
88
Crescent Moon
89
Feodor Dostoyevsky
90
E.M.S. Namboodiripad.
91
Comedy of Errors
William Shakespeare
92
Darkness at Noon
Arthur Koestler
93
Das Kapital
Karl Marx
94
David Copperfield
Charles Dickens
95
Days of Grace
96
Death in Venice
Thomas Mann
97
Death of a City
Amrita Pritam
98
Death of a patriot
R.E. Harrington
99
Death of a Salesman
Arthur Miller
100 Debacle
Emile Zola
Charles Darwin
102 Devdas
104 Diplomacy
Henry Kissinger
Jawaharlal Nehru
Manohar Malgaonkar
Dante Alighieri
Swami Sivananda
Boris Pastemak
Lord Byron
Miguel de Cervantes
Bill Bryson
116 Earth
Emile Zola
Lytton Strachey
118 Emma
Jane Austen
Aldous Huxley
Upamanyu Chatterjee
Escott Reid
Charles Lamp
Rohinton Mistry
T.S. Eliot
Thomas Hardy
James Morris
Ernest Hemingway
Anita Desai
Ivan Turgenev
Alexander Solzhermitsyn
Ernest Hemingway
John Galsworthy
Amrita Pritam
Thomas Carlyle
James Hones
144 Ganadevata
Louis Fisher
146 Gardener
Winston Churchill
Vijay Tendulkar
149 Gitanjali
Jawaharlal Nehru
151 Godan
Prem Chand
Sarojini Naidu
Margaret Mitchell
Pearl S. Buck
Harold Evans
James Hilton
Charles Dickens
159 Guide
R.K. Narayan
160 Gulliver`sTravels
Janathan Swift
Preethi Nair
V.S. Naipaul
163 Hamlet
W. Shakespeare
164 Harvest
Manjula Padmanabhan
J.K. Rowling
J.K Rowling
167 Heritage
Anthony West
Thomas Carlyle
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
171 Hinduism
Nirad C. Choudhuri
George Orwell
Deepak Chopra
Graham Green
Albert Einstein
69
Candida
K.M. Munshi
178 Idols
Sunil Gavaskar
179 If I am Assassinated
Z.A. Bhutto
180 If only
Geri Halliwell
183 In Memoriam
Richard Attenborough
Taya Zinkin
John Keay
Rajendra Prasad
Romila Thapar
Gurcharan Das
M.V. Kamath
N.A. Palkhivala
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
Katherine Frank
Anurag Mathur
John Gunther
Jhumpa Lahiri
201 Intimacy
H.G. Wells
204 Isabella
John Keats
K.M Munshi
William Shakespeare
Rudyard Kipling
Ginu Kamani
Michael Crichton
Anil Padmanabhan
213 Kamasutra
Vatsyayana
Jeffrey Archer
215 Kanthapura
Raja Rao
Tavleen Singh
217 Kayar
218 Kenilworth
219 Kidnapped
220 Kim
Rudyard Kipling
William Shakespeare
Anita Nair
D.H. Lawerence
225 Lajja
Taslima Nasreen
Upamanyu Chatterjee
C.P Snow
J.J. Rousseau
229 Leaders
Richard Nixon
Walt Whitman
Victor Hugo
Sri Aurobindo
Milan Kundera
James Boswell
Hillary Clinton
236 Lolita
Vladimir Nobakov
Allan Sillitoe
Eugene O` Neill
Nelson Mandela
John Osborne
William Golding
Erich Segal
243 Macbeth
W. Shakespeare
Thomas Mann
Ved Mehta
Romain Rolland
Sinclair Lewis
R.K Narayan
John Galsworthy
Luigi Pirandello
Jim Corbett
Peter Drucker
Peter Drucker
Arnold Toynbee
K.P.S Menon
Thomas Hardy
Adolf Hitler
John Gray
George Eliot
Salman Rushdie
George Eliot
Hermann Melville
265 Moonwalk
Michael Jackson
Katherine Mayo
267 Mother
Maxim Gorky
William Shakespeare
T.S. Eliot
270 My Days
R.K Narayan
271 My India
S. Nihal Singh
V.V. Giri
M.Hidayatullah
R. Venkataraman
Dennis Lehane
277 My Truth
Indira Gandhi
Dom Moraes
279 Nana
Emile Zola
Dom Moraes
A.B. Vajpayee
B.K. Nehru
George Orwell
Mark Tully
285 O` Jerusalem
Charles Dickens
Arnold Toynbee
Wendelll Wilkie
Philip Roth
293 Othello
William Shakespeare
Satyajit Ray
Isak Dinesen
R.K. Narayan
Benazir Bhutto
Carl Sagan
299 Panchatantra
Vishnu Sharma
John Milton
Bibhuti Bhushan
Pavan Varma
N. Chandrababu Naidu
Scott Turow
Ved Mehta
307 Prelude
William WordsWorth
308 Preoccupations
Seamus Heaney
Dean Acheson
Jane Austen
311 Prince
Niccolo Machiavelli
Jayaprakash Narayan
Noel Coward
John F. Kennedy
315 Pygmalion
John Updike
317 Rangbhoomi
Prem Chand
Anthony Mascarenhas
Kiran Nagarkar
Albert Camus
Stephen Crane
Vikram Chandra
Edgar Snow
Edmund Burke
David Malouf
Arthur C.Clark
Gloria Steinem
Harold MacMillan
Shashi Tharoor
William L. Shierer
Daniel Defoe
William Shakespeare
John Braine
334 Saket
335 Sanctuary
William Faulkner
336 Scam, The : Who Won, Who Lost, Who Got away
Nathaniel Hawthome
John Ruskin
Bhavani Bhattacharya
H.G. Wells
Oliver Goldsmith
343 Siddharta
Hermann Hesse
Rachel Carson
345
Ernst Schumacher
Gita Mehta
Yasunari Kawabata
Mathew Arnold
D.H. Lawrence
Michael Moore
Octavio Paz
Sunil Gavaskar
R.K. Narayan
354 Talisman
356 Tempest
William Shakespeare
P.G. Wodehouse
Bob Woodward
Irving Stone
Henry James
Hugh Tinker
David Halberstam
Anita Nair
Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Jack London
Geoffrey Chaucer
Alexander Pushkin
Harold Pinters
Peter Drucker
Shelby Foote
Heinrich Boll
John Updike
Arthur Miller
Manil Suri
T.N. Seshan
Anne Frank
James D. Watson
Joseph Brodsky
Francis Fukuyama
Norman Mailer
Patrick White
Franz Kafka
M.M Kaye
Betty Friedan
James Baldwin
Salman Rushdie
J.P. Donleavy
Amitav Ghosh
Arundhati Roy
Mario Puzo
Vikram Seth
Pablo Neruda
John Steinbeck
Louis Fischer
Shashi Tharoor
Barbara Tuchman
72
James A. Michener
Centennial
Carson McCullers
Douglas Adams
Nicholas Evans
Iris Murdoch
Graham Greene
Oscar Wilde
Jhumpa Lahiri
Wole Soyinka
Ralph Ellison
Steve Martini
Kuldip Nayar
Kazant Zakis
O.V. Vijayan
David Selboume
C.P. Snow
Simon de Beavoir
Manohar Malgaonkar
William Shakespeare
Margaret Drabble
Jeffrey E.Garten
Amaresh Mishra
Moliere
Salman Rushdie
Ernest Hemingway
Charles Darwin
Charles Dickens
John Bunyan
Graham Greene
Dr. Li Zhisui
Isaiah Berlin
Saul Bellow
Alexander Pope
Thomas Hardy
Bill Gates
Lloyd C. Douglas
Alex Haley
Salman Rushdie
Winston Churchill
Deepak Chopra
Rousseau
Sarojini Naidu
William Faulker
Mahatma Gandhi
Lech Walesa
Nelson Mandela
John Grisham
Alvin Tofler
Martina Navaratilova
Patrick White
Franz Kafka
Nizzim Ezekiel
R.K. Narayan
T.S. Eliot
Adam Smith
John Brady
Amrita Pritam
Collen McCullough
Yasunari Kawabata
H.G. Wells
Gunther Grass
John Le - Came
Henry Fielding
Virginia Woolf
Khushwant Singh
Henry Miller
S. Gopalan
W. Shakespeare
Amit Chaudhari
477 Ulysses
James Joyce
Iris Murdoch
Ralph Nader
John Ruskin
Booker T. Washington
483 Utopia
Thomas Moore
Jacqueline Susann
William Thackeray
Samuel Beckett
R.K. Narayan
Annie Besant
Leo Tolstoy
490 Westward Ho
Charles Kingsley
491
R.Ramanathan
Rosamunde Pilcher
Frank Moraes
D.H. Lawrence
Stephen Spender
Emily Bronte
500 Yayati
V.S.Khandekar
Henry Kissinger
K.P.S Menon
Shiv Khera
Country
Date
Afghanistan
19th August
Armenia
28th May
Australia
4th January
U.S.A.
4th July
Bangladesh
16th December
Belgium
21st July
Brazil
7th September
Canada
1st July
China
10th October
10
Chile
18th September
11
Colombia
20th July
12
Finland
6th December
13
France
14th July
14
Greece
25th March
15
India
15th August
16
Indonesia
17th August
17
Israel
3rd April
18
Italy
26th March
19
Japan
29th April
20
Korea
15th August
21
Mexico
16th September
22
Myanmar
4th January
23
Maldives
26th July
24
Norway
17th May
25
Philippines
12th June
26
Peru
28th July
27
Poland
3rd May
28
Portugal
5th October
29
Pakistan
14th August
30
Rwanda
5th July
31
Sri Lanka
4th February
32
Switzerland
1st August
33
Spain
10th April
34
Thailand
24th June
35
Turkey
1st November
36
Uzbekistan
1st September
37
Ukraine
24th August
38
Uganda
9th October
39
Zimbabwe
18th April
Person
U.S.S.R.
Valentina Tereshkova
Edward White
The first manned space ship longest stay in space for 11 days
Apollo - 7 (U.S.A.)
Apollo - 8 (U.S.A.)
Pioneer - II (U.S.A.)
U.S.S.R.
Valery Ryumin
Columbia (U.S.A.)
Epithets
1
Bengal's Sorrow
Damodar River
Blue Mountains
Nilgiri Hills
New Zealand
Oxford (UK)
New York
Rome
City of Palaces
Kolkata
10
China's Sorrow
Howang-Ho
11
Cockpit of Europe
Belgium
12
Dark Continent
Africa
13
Eternal City
Rome
14
Emerald Island
Ireland
15
Empire City
16
Forbidden City
Lhasa, Tibet
17
Garden of England
Kent, England
18
Gate of Tears
Bab-el-mandeb, Jerusalem
19
Garden City
Chicago
20
Gateway of India
Mumbai
21
Egypt
22
Granite City
Aberdeen, Scotland
23
Great Whiteway
24
Tanjore
25
Hearing Pond
Atlantic Ocean
26
Hermit Kingdom
Korea
27
Holy Land
Palestine
28
Island Continent
Australia
29
Island of Cloves
Zanzibar
30
Island of Pearls
Bahrain
31
Key to Mediterannean
Gibraltar
32
Florence Nightangle
33
Land of Lakes
Scotland
34
Australia
35
Myanmar
36
Land of Kangaroo
Australia
37
Land of Lilies
Canada
38
Korea
39
Land of Thunderbolt
Bhutan
40
Punjab, India
41
Japan
42
Norway
43
Finland
44
Land of Maples
Canada
45
Thailand
46
Mysore Tiger
Tippu Sultan
47
Manchester of India
Mumbai
48
Coimbatore
49
Prairies of N. Australia
50
51
Playground of Europe
Switzerland
52
Playground of India
Kashmir
53
Cuba
54
Pillar of Hercules
Gibraltar
55
Pink City
Jaipur
56
Quaker City
Philadelphia, U.S.A.
57
Venice, Italy
58
Kochi
59
60
Mother Terasa
61
Sickman of Europe
Turkey
62
Kerala
63
Cuba
64
Alappuzha, India
65
Stockholm, Sweden
66
White City
Belgrade, Yugoslavia
67
Windy City
Chicago, U.S.A.
68
Guinea Coast
69
Prairies of N.America
70
Tristanda Cuntra
71
Yellow River
Howang Ho
Giraffe
Archipelago Largest
Indonesia
Bird, Fastest
Swift
Bird, Largest
Ostrich
Bird, Smallest
Humming Bird
Canal, Longest
Irrigational
Canal, Longest
Suez canal
Capital, Highest
La Paz (Bolivia)
City, Largest in
population
Tokyo
City, Costliest
Tokyo
City, Highest
Continent, Largest
Asia
Continent, Smallest
Australia
Russia
Country, Largest
(population)
China
Country, Largest
(electorate)
India
Creature, Largest
Blue Whale
Delta, Largest
Sahara (Africa)
Gobi
Dam, Largest
Dam, Highest
Diamond, Largest
The Cullinan
Dome, Largest
Epic, Largest
Mahabharat
Irrigation Scheme,
Largest
Island, Largest
Greenland
Sea, Largest
Mediterranean Sea
Lake, Deepest
Baikal (Siberia)
Titicaca (Bolivia)
Superior
Caspian
Library, Largest
Everest (Nepal)
Mountain Range,
Longest
Museum, Largest
Ocean, Largest
Pacific
Palace, Biggest
Vatican (Italy)
Park, Largest
Peninsula, Largest
Arabia
Place, Coldest
(Habitated)
Verkhoyansk (Siberia)
Place, Dryest
Place, Hottest
Place, Rainiest
Planet, Biggest
Jupiter
Planet, Brightest
Venus
Planet, Smallest
Pluto
Plateau, Highest
Pamir (Tibet)
Platform, Longest
Kharagpur (India)
Railway, Longest
Trans-Siberian railway
Nile (Africa)
River, Largest
Sea-bird, Largest
Albatross
Star, Brightest
Sirius
Statue, Tallest
New York
Tunnel, Longest
(Railway)
Tanna (Japan)
Volcano, Highest
Wall, Longest
Waterfall, Highest
Angel (Venezuela)
Dead Sea
Zoo, Largest
Peaks
Height in metre
Asia
Everest (Himalaya-Nepal/Tibet)
8,848
Asia
8,611
Asia
8,598
Asia
Lhotse (Himalaya-Nepal-China)
8,501
Asia
Makalu (Himalaya-Nepal)
8,470
Asia
Dhaulagiri (Himalaya-Nepal)
8,172
Asia
8,126
Asia
Gasherbrum (Karakoram-Tibet)
8,068
Asia
Gosainthan (Himalaya-Tibet)
8,013
Asia
7,817
South America
Aconcagua (Andes-Argentina)
6,960
North America
McKinley (Alaska-USA)
6,194
Africa
Kilimanjaro (Solitary-Tanzania)
5,888
Europe
Elborus (Caucasus-CIS)
5,633
Europe
4,810
Antartica
Vinson Massif
5,139
Oceania
5,000
Air Brake
George Westinghouse
Aniline Dyes
Hoffman
Antiseptic Surgery
Archimedean Screw
Archimedies
Avogadro's Hypothesis
Avogadro
Atomic Number
Mosley
Atomic Theory
Dalton
Atomic Structure
Automobile
Daimler
10
Balloon
Montgolfier
11
Barometer
Torricelli
12
Beri - Beri
Eijkman
13
Bicycle
Macmillian
14
Blood Circulation
Harvey
15
Boson
S.N.Bose
16
Boyle's law
Boyle
17
Braille
Louis Braille
18
19
Celluloid
Parkes
20
Chloroform
21
Cholera Bacillus
Robert Koch
22
Cinematography
23
Coloured Photography
Lippman
24
Cosmic Rays
R.A.Millikan
25
Crescograph
J.C.Bose
26
Crystal Dynamics
C.V.Raman
27
Cyclotron
Lawrence
28
D.D.T.
Dr.Paul Muller
29
H.C.Urey
30
Rudolf Diesel
31
32
Amundson (1912)
33
Columbus (1492)
34
Copernicus (1540)
35
Discovery of Laws of
Planetary Motion
Kepler
36
Archimedes
37
Dr.Philip Drinker
38
Dynamite
Alfred Nobel
39
Dynamo
Faraday
40
Lord Kelvin
41
Dr.Hargobiad Khorana
42
Discovery of Electrons
J.J.Thomson
43
Electric Battery
Volta
44
Electric Lamp
Edison
45
Electricity
Faraday
46
Electron Theory
Bohr
47
Electromagnetic Theory
Maxwell
48
Electrical Waves
Heitz
49
Electric Measurement
Gauss
50
Meghnad Saha
51
Fahrenheit Scale
Fahrenheit
52
Kodak
53
54
Fountain Pen
Waterman
55
Geometry
Euclid
56
Gun powder
Rogei Bacon
57
Gramophone
58
Helicopter
Broquett
59
Helium Gas
Lockyer
60
Heavy Hydrogen
Urey
61
Homoeopathy
Hahnemann
62
Hovercraft
Cockrell
63
Hydrogen
Cavendish
64
Hydrophobia
Louis Pasteur
65
Faraday
66
Incandescent Bulb
Edison
67
Induction Coil
Rohm Korff
68
Insulin
F.Banting
69
Intelligence test
Binet
70
In Number Theory
Ramanujam
71
Jet Propulsion
Frank Whittle
72
Kala-azar Fever
U.N.Brahmachari
73
Laughing Gas
Priestley
74
Life Boat
75
Lift (Elevators)
Otis
76
Lightning Conductor
Benjamin Franklin
77
Linotype
Mergenthaler
78
Plimsoll
79
Ohm
80
Law of Electrolysis
Faraday
81
Law of gases
Gay Lussac
82
Laws of Gravitation
Newton
83
Laws of Heredity
Gregory Mandel
84
Logarithms
John Napier
85
Laws of Motion
Newton
86
Darwin
87
Dalton
88
Liquid Oxygen
Dewar
89
Chandrasekhar
90
Measurement of Electrical
Energy
91
Mauve dye
Perkin
92
Machine Gun
Dr.Gatting
93
Malarial Parasite
Ronald Ross
94
Mechanical Equivalent of
Heat
Joules
95
Meson
Hideki Yakawa
96
Microphone
Berliner
97
Microscope
Janes
98
Montessori Method
Maria Montessori
99
Ramanathan
Ramsay, Travers
101 Neutron
Chadwick
Carothers
Charles Darwin
105 Oxygen
Priestly
106 Paints
Shalimar
107 Penicillin
Fleming
Mendeleef
109 Phonograph
Edison
Pitman
111 Photograph
Dauguerre
Archimedes
(S.P.Gravity)
113 Phototherapy
N.R.Finsen
Anderson
115 Powerloom
Cartwright
Dunlop
Braille
Caxton
John Guttenberg
120 Psycho-analysis
Dr.Sigmund Freud
Max plank
Henry Becquerel
C.V.Raman
124 Radium
Madame Curie
Stephenson
Alexanderson
Cavandish
Christian Barnard
129 Revolver
Colt
Davy
Gillet
Salk
133 Seismograph
Roberts Mallet
Hippalus
Elias Howe
136 Sextant
Hadley
Fulton
James Watt
Parsons
141 Spectroscope
Bunsen
Bessemer
143 Stethoscope
Laennec
144 Submarine
Bushwell
Domagk
Einstein
Darwin
Pavlov
149 Talkies
Lee-de-Frost
150 Tank
Swinton
Samuel Morse
152 Telephone
Graham Bell
153 Telescope
Galileo
154 Television
Baird
155 Thermometer
Galileo
Dewar
157 T.N.T.
llly Brandt
158 Transistor
Shockley
159 Typewriter
Sholes
Oho Hahn
Herschel William
162 Vaccination
Jenner
163 Vitamins
Funk
Lablanc
Oliver Lodge
Marcony
167 X - Rays
Roentgen
W.L.Judson
National Emblems
Australia
Kangaroo
Bangladesh
Water Lily
Barbados
Head of trident
Belgium
Lion
Canada
White Lily
Chile
Denmark
Beach
Dominica
Sisserou Parrot
France
Lily
Germany
Corn Flower
Guyana
Canje Pheasant
India
Lioned Capital
Iran
Rose
Ireland
Shamrock
Israel
Candelabrum
Italy
White Lily
lvory Coast
Elephant
Japan
Hong Kong
Lebanon
Cedar tree
Luxembourg
Mongolia
The Soyombo
Netherlands
Lion
New Zealand
Norway
Lion
Pakistan
Crescent
Bird of Paradise
Spain
Eagle
Senegal
Baobab tree
Sierra Leone
Lion
Sri Lanka
Lion
Sudan
Secretary Bird
Syria
Eagle
Turkey
United Kingdom
Rose
U.S.A.
Golden Rod
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe Bird
Teller, Edward (Dr.): U.S. nuclear scientist developed the hydrogen bomb.
Thomson, Sir J.J. (1856 - 1940): British physicist discovered the electron which inaugurated
the electrical theory of the atom.
Tsiolkovsky (1857 - 1940): Russian pioneer who developed the basic theory of rocketry.
Verne, jules (1828 - 1905): French science-fiction writer; author of the book "From the Earth to
the Moon". The book carried a more or less accurate prediction of the launching and flight of
Apollo-8.
Volta, A. (1745 - 1827): Italian physicist and pioneer of electrical science; invented voltaic cell,
the electrophorus and electroscope.
Voronoff, S: Russian scientist known for grafting healthy animal glands, into the human body.
Watson and Crick:Known for DNA double helix.
Watson-Watt, Sir Robert:British physicist. He developed radar.
Watt, James (1736 - 1819):Scottish engineer who invented steam engine
Yukawa, Dr. H: (born 1907) Predicted a new particle meson which holds the protons and
neutrons of the atomic nucleus, first Japanese to win the Nobel Prize in Physics (1949).
Alvares, Luis W: An American Won the Nobel Prize for elementary physics in 1960 when he
discovered a new resonance particle - a discovery that shattered the then prevailing notions as to
how matter was built.
Anfinsen, Dr. Christian B: U.S.A. 's one of the three co-winners of the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry, 1972.
Archimedes: Greek mathematician who lived about 250 B.C. discovery of the Archimedes'
principle Archimedean Screw, a cylindrical device for raising water
Arrow, Kenneth, J: Harvard University, U.S.A. is co-winner of the Nobel Prize for Economics,
1972 with Sir John Richard Hicks of Oxford University. The two men are known for their
pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium and welfare theories.
Aryabhatta: (476 - 520 A.D.) after whom India's first scientific satellite has been named, was a
great Indian astronomer and mathematician. Among his important contributions are the
recognition of the importance of the movement of the earth round the Sun, determination of the
physical parameters of various celestial bodies, such as diameter of the earth and the moon. He
laid the foundations of algebra and was responsible for pointing out importance of "zero".
Avogadro, Amedeo: Italian physicist; founder of Avogadro's hypothesis. He also defined a
received the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1929 for the discovery of Vitamin D.
Hoyle, Fred: A British scientist and science-fiction writer who won the 1,000 Kalinga Prize in
1968.
Jenner, Edward: English physician discovered the vaccination system of alleviating small pox.
He lived between 1749 and 1823.
Josephson Dr. Brian: British scientist who co-shared the 1973 Nobel Prize for physics for his
"theoretical predictions of the properties of a super-current through a tunnel barrier, known as
Josephson effects".
Joule, James Prescott: English physicist who first demonstrated the mechanical energy can be
converted into heat. He lived between 1874 and 1937.
Kepler, Johannes: German astronomer discovered 3 laws of planetary motion (1) The orbit of
each planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the foci; (2) the Radius vector of each planet
describes equal areas in equal times; (3) The squares of the periods of the planets are
proportional to the cubes of their mean distances from the Sun. He lived between 1571 and 1630.
Khorana, Hargobind: Who shared with two other the 1968 Nobel Prize for Medicine is an
Indian by birth and an American by domicile. He deciphered the genetic code and later created
an artificial gene.
Krishnan, Dr. K.S: (born 1898) collaborated with Sir C.V.Raman in the discovery of "Raman
Effect". President, Indian Science Congress, 1949, delegate to several international scientific
conferences; Director, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi.
Lavoisier A.L: French chemist; established "law of Indestructibility of Matter, Composition of
Water and Air". He lived between 1743 and 1794.
Lister, Joseph: British surgeon who used antiseptic treatment for wounds; introduced antiseptic
surgery. He lived between 1827 and 1912.
Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph: British physicist, known for his researches on radiation, and the
relation between matter and ether. He lived between 1851 and 1940.
Lysenko: Soviet geneticist declared the "Mendelian theory obsolete and erroneous" in 1948.
Marconi: Italian scientist pioneer in wireless telegraphy and radio. He lived between 1873 and
1937.
McClintock, Barbara: 1983 Nobel Prize winner in Medicine for her discovery of mobile
genetic.
Max Planck: German theoretical physicist who formulated the quantum theory. He was awarded
3
INDIA-III
Nick name
Place
Golden City
Amritsar
Manchester of India
Ahmedabad
Mumbai
Cochin
Space City
Bangalore
Bangalore
Bangalore
Bangalore
Pink city
Jaipur
10
Gateway of India
Mumbai
11
Twin city
Hyderabad - Sikandarabad
12
City of festivals
Madurai
13
Deccan Queen
Pune
14
City of Buildings
Kolkata
15
Dakshin Ganga
Godavari
16
Old Ganga
Godavari
17
Andhra Pradesh
18
Soya region
Madhya Pradesh
19
Coimbatore
20
City of Nawabs
Lucknow
21
Cochin
22
Sorrow of Bengal
Damodar river
23
Sorrow of Bihar
Kosi river
24
Blue Mountains
Nilgiri
25
Mussoorie (Uttaranchal)
26
Sacred river
Ganga
27
Hollywood of India
Mumbai
28
City of Castles
Kolkata
29
Punjab
30
City of weavers
Panipat
31
City of lakes
Srinagar
32
33
City of temples
Varanasi
34
Kanpur
35
City of Rallies
New Delhi
36
Heaven of India
37
Boston of India
Ahmedabad
38
Kerala
39
Switzerland of India
Kashmir
40
Prayag (Allahabad)
41
Pittsburg of India
Jamshedpur
Recipients of Bharat Ratna
Name
Awarded in
1954
1954
1954
1955
1955
1955
1957
1958
1961
1961
1962
1963
1963
1966
1971
1975
1976
1980
1983
1987
1988
1990
1990
1991
1991
1991
1992
1992
1992
1997
1997
1997
1998
1998
1999
1999
1999
1999
Latha Mangeshkar
2001
Bismilla Khan
2001
Place
City/State
Ajanta
Aurangabad
Akbar's Tomb
Sikandara
Ambernath Cave
Kashmir
Amber Palace
Jaipur
Anand Bhavan
Allahabad
Bhakra Dam
Punjab
Birla Planetarium
Kolkata
Black Pagoda
Konark (Orissa)
Bodhisattva
Ajanta Caves
10
Brihadeeswara Temple
Tanjore
11
Brindavan Gardens
Mysore (Karnataka)
12
Buland Darwaza
Fatepur Sikri
13
Charminar
Hyderabad
14
Belur
15
Chilka Lame
Near Bhubaneswar
16
Dal Lake
Srinagar
17
Dilwara Temples
Mt. Abu
18
Elephanta Caves
Mumbai
19
Golden Temple
Amirtsar
20
Gol Gumbaz
Bijapur
21
Hanging Gardens
Mumbai
22
Jaipur
23
Howrah Bridge
Kolkata
24
Island Palace
Udaipur
25
Itmad-ud-Daulah's Tomb
Agra
26
Jagannath Temple
Puri
27
Jama Masjid
Delhi
28
Jantar Mantar
Delhi
29
Mysore
30
Kailasanath Temples
Ellora
31
Kanyakumari Temples
Cape Comorin
32
Khajuraho
Bhopal
33
Konark
Puri
34
Bangalore
35
Mahakaleeswar Temple
Ujjain
36
Mahesuramurthi (Trimurti)
Elephanta Caves
37
Malabar Hills
Mumbai
38
Manmandir Palace
Gwalior Fort
39
Marble Rocks
Jabalpur
40
Marina Beach
Chennai
41
Meenakshi Temple
Madurai
42
Padmanabha Temple
Trivandrum
43
Panch Mahal
Fatepur Sikri
44
Tower of Fame
Chittorgarh
First in India Men
Field
Person
Mihir Sen
Tenzing Norgay
Phy Dorjee
Warren Hastings
Lord Mountbatten
C. Rajagopalachari
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
G.V. Mavlankar
W.C. Bannerjee
First Indian to become President of International Court of Justice Dr. Nagendra Singh
First Emperor of Moghul Dynasty
Babar
S.H.F.J. Manekshaw
Sinhji
Subroto Mukherjee
Khudada Khan
JRD Tata
First Bar-at-Law
J.M. Tagore
K.S. Ranjitsingh
Arjan Singh
Person
First Minister
Razia Sultan
Bachhendri Pal
Ujwala Rai
Kiran Bedi
First Advocate
Cornelia Sorabji
Anna Chandi
Ms M. Fathima Beevi
First Doctor
Kadambini Ganguli
Dina Vakil
First Magistrate
Mother Theresa
Reita Fariq
Sushmita Sen
Reita Faria
First DGP
Sardar Patel
Belur
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
Brindaban (U.P.)
Lord Krishna
Chittor, Haldighat
Rana Pratap
Napoleon
Fathepur Sikri
Jerusalem
Jesus Christ
Kapilavastu, Lumbini
Buddha
Kanchipuram
C.N.Annadurai
Macedonia
Maniyachi
Vanchinathan
Mecca
Paunar
Pondicherry
Aurobindo Ghosh
Mahatma Gandhi
Srirangapattinam
Tipu Sultan
Sriperumpudur
Rajiv Gandhi
Shakti Sthal
Indira Gandhi
Shanti Van
Jawaharlal Nehru
Trafalgar
Nelson
Tuticorin
V.O.Chidambaram Pillai
Ujjain
Mahavira
Vedaranyam
C.Rajagopalachari
Vijay Ghat
4
INDIANHISTROY
Buddhism
The Buddha:
His mother (Mahamaya, of Kosala dynastry) died after 7 days of his birth. Brought up
by stepmother Gautami.
Married at 16 to Yoshodhara. Enjoyed the married life for 13years and had a son
named Rahula.
After seeing an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic, he decided to become a
wanderer.
Left his palace at 29 in search of truth (also called Mahabhinishkramana or The Great
Renunication) and wandered for 6 years.
Delivered the first sermon at Sarnath where his five disciples had settled. His first
sermon is called Dharmachakrapracartan or Turning of the Wheel of Law.
Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar (identical with village Kasia in Deoria district
Third Council: At Pataliputra, in 250 BC under Mogaliputta Tissa (King was Ashoka)
In this, the third part of the Tripitaka was coded in the Pali language.
Newspaper Journals
Newspaper/Journal
Founder/Editor
J.K.Hikki
Kesari
B.G.Tilak
Maharatta
B.G.Tilak
Sudharak
G.K.Gokhale
Vande Mataram
Aurobindo Ghosh
Native Opinion
V.N.Mandalik
Kavivachan Sudha
Bhartendu Harishchandra
Dadabhai Naoroji
Statesman
Robert Knight
Hindu
Sandhya
B.B.Upadhyaya
Vichar Lahiri
Krishnashastri Chiplunkar
Hindu Patriot
Som Prakash
Yugantar
Bombay Chronicle
Hindustan
M.M.Malviya
Mooknayak
B.R.Ambedkar
Comrade
Mohammed Ali
Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq
Al-Hilal
Al-Balagh
Independent
Motilal Nehru
Punjabi
Annie Besant
Commonweal
Annie Besant
Pratap
M.G.Ranade
Mirat-ul-Akhbar
Indian Mirror
Nav Jeevan
M.K.Gandhi
Young India
M.K.Gandhi
Harijan
M.K.Gandhi
Prabudha Bharat
Swami Vivekananda
Udbodhana
Swami Vivekananda
Indian Socialist
Hindustan Times
K.M.Pannikar
Kranti
Viceroys Of India
Lord Canning (1856 1862):
Established the Rajkot college at Kathiarwar and Mayo College at Ajmer for the Indian
princes.
For the first time in Indian history, a census was held in 1871.
Organised the Statistical Survey of India.
Was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a Pathan convict in the Andamans in
1872.
II Factory Act (1891) granted a weekly holiday and stipulated working hours for women
and children, although it failed to address concerns such as work hours for men.
Categorization of Civil Services into Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate.
Indian Council Act of 1892 was passed.
Appointment of Durand Commission to define the line between British India and
Afghanistan.
Passed the Indian Universities Act (1904) in which official control over the Universities
was increased.
Partitioned Bengal (October 16, 1905) into two provinces 1, Bengal (proper), 2.East
Bengal & Assam.
Appointed a Police Commission under Sir Andrew Frazer to enquire into the police
administration of every province.
The risings of the frontier tribes in 1897 98 led him to create the North Western
Frontier Province(NWFP).
Passed the Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1904), to restore Indias cultural
heritage. Thus the Archaeological Survey of India was established.
Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act (1899) and put India on a gold
standard.
Extended railways to a great extent.
There was great political unrest in India. Various acts were passed to curb the
revolutionary activities. Extremists like Lala Laipat Rai and Ajit Singh (in May, 1907)
and Bal Gangadhar Tilak (in July, 1908) were sent to Mandalay jail in Burma.
The Indian Council Act of 1909 or the Morley Minto Reforms was passed.
August Declaration of 1917, whereby control over the Indian government would be
gradually transferred to the Indian people.
The government of India Act in 1919 (Montague Chelmsford reforms) was passed.
Rowlatt Act of 1919; Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919).
Non Cooperation Movement.
An Indian Sir S.P.Sinha was appointed the Governor of Bengal.
A Womens university was founded at Poona in 1916.
Saddler Commission was appointed in 1917 to envisage new educational policy.
Rowlatt act was repeated along with the Press act of 1910.
Govt. of India Act enforced in the provinces. Congress ministries formed in 8 out of 11
provinces. They remained in power for about 2 years till Oct 1939, when they gave up
offices on the issue of India having been dragged into the II World War. The Muslim
League observed the days as Deliverance Say (22 December)
Churchill became the British PM in May, 1940. He declared that the Atlantic Charter
(issued jointly by the UK and US, stating to give sovereign rights to those who have
been forcibly deprived of them) does not apply to India.
Outbreak of World War II in 1939.
Cripps Mission in 1942.
Quit India Movement (August 8, 1942).
Arranged the Shimla Conference on June 25, 1945 with Indian National Congress and
Muslim League; failed.
Cabinet Mission Plan (May 16, 1946).
Elections to the constituent assembly were held and an Interim Govt. was appointed
under Nehru.
First meeting of the constituent assembly was held on Dec. 9, 1946.
Last Viceroy of British India and the first Governor General of free India.
Partition of India decided by the June 3 Plan.
Indian Independence Act passed by the British parliament on July 4, 1947, by which
India became independent on August 15, 1947.
Retried in June 1948 and was succeeded by C.Rajagopalachari (the first and the last
Indian Governor General of free India).
Constitutional Development
Regulating Act, 1773:
Governor General given the power to over-ride the Council and was made the
Commander-in-chief also.
Company deprived of its trade monopoly in India except in tea and trade with China.
End of Companys monopoly even in tea and trade with China. Company was asked to
close its business at the earliest.
Governor General of Bengal to be Governor General of India (1st Governor General of
India was Lord William Bentinck).
The Act renewed the powers of the Company and allowed it to retain the possession of
Indian territories in trust of the British crown.
A post of Secretary of State (a member of the British cabinet) for India created. He was
to exercise the powers of the Crown.
Governor General received the title of Viceroy. He represented Secretary of State and
was assisted by an Executive Council, which consisted of high officials of the Govt.
Indian Council Act, 1909 or Morley-Minto Act: It envisaged a separate electorate for
Muslims.
Government of India Act, 1919 Or Montague-Chelmsford Reforms:
Dyarchy was introduced at the Centre (Eg, Department of Foreign Affairs and Defence
were reserved for the Governor General). Provincial autonomy replaced Dyarchy in
provinces. They were granted separate legal identify.
Jainism
There were 24 Tirthankaras (Prophets or Gurus), all Kshatriyas. First was Rishabhnath
(Emblem: Bull).
The 23rd Tirthankar Parshwanath (Emblem: Snake) was the son of King Ashvasena of
Banaras.
The 24th and the last Tirthankar was Vardhman Mahavira (Emblem: Lion). He was
born in kundagram (Distt Muzaffarpur, Bihar) in 599 BC.
In the 13th year of his asceticism (on the 10th of Vaishakha), outside the town of
Jrimbhikgrama, he attained supreme knowledge (kaivalya).
From now on he was called Jaina or Jitendriya and Mahavira, and his followers were
named Jains. He also got the title of Arihant, i.e., worthy.
At the age of 72, he attained death at Pava, near Patna, in 527 BC.
Mahavira preached almost the same message as Parshvanath and added one more,
Brahmcharya (celibacy) to it.
Carried out the social reforms like Prohibition of Sati (1829) and elimination of thugs
(1830).
Made English the Medium of higher education in the country (After the
recommendations of Macaulay).
Charter Act of 1833 was passed; made him the first Governor General of India. Before
him, the designation was Governor General of Bengal.
Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835 1836): Abolished all restrictions on vernacular press (called
Liberator of the Press).
Lord Auckland (1836 1842): The most important event of his reign was the First Afghan
War, which proved to be a disaster for the English.
Lord Ellenborough (1842 1844)
Lord Hardinge I (1844 1848)
Lord Dalhousie (1848 1856):
Laid out the telegraph lines in 1853 (First was from Calcutta to Agra).
Introduced the Doctrine of Lapse and captured Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambhalpur
(1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854).
Established the postal system on the modern lines through the length and breadth of the
country, which made communication easier.
Started the Public Works Department. Many bridges were constructed and the work on
Grand Trunk Road was started. The harbors of Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta were also
developed.
In 1854, Woods Dispatch was passed, which provided for the properly articulated
system of education from the primary school to the university.
Partition of Bengal:
By Lord Curzon on Oct 16, 1905, through a royal Proclamation, reducing the old
province of Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal.
The objective was to set up a communal gulf between Hindus and Muslims.
A mighty upsurge swept the country against the partition. National movement found real
expression in the movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905.
Lal, Bal, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played the important role.
INC took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session, 1905 presided over by
G.K.Gokhale.
Bonfires of foreign goods were conducted at various places.
Setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab
Mohsin-ul-Mulk.
It was a loyalist, communal and conservative political organization which supported the
partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi movement, demanded special safeguards to its
community and a separate electorate for Muslims.
In Dec 1906 at Calcutta, the INC under Dadabhai Naoroji adopted Swaraj (Self-govt) as
the goal of Indian people.
The INC split into two groups The extremists and The moderates, at the Surat session
in 1907. Extremists were led by Bal, Pal, Lal while the moderates by G.K.Gokhale.
Started by B.G.Tilak(April, 1916) at Poona and Annie Besant and S.Subramania Iyer at
Adyar, near Madras (Sept, 1916).
Objective: Self government for India in the British Empire.
Tilak linked up the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of Linguistic
States and education in vernacular language. He gave the slogan: Swaraj is my birth right
and I will have it.
Happened following a war between Britain and Turkey leading to anti-British feelings
among Muslims.
Both INC and Muslim League concluded this (Congress accepted the separate electorates
and both jointly demanded for a representative government and dominion status for the
country).
After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which aimed at increasing
association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realization of
responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire. This came to
be called the August Declaration.
This gave unbridled powers to the govt. to arrest and imprison suspects without trial for
two years maximum. This law enabled the Government to suspend the right of Habeas
Corpus, which had been the foundation of civil liberties in Britain.
Caused a wave of anger in all sections. It was the first country-wide agitation by Gandhiji
and marked the foundation of the Non Cooperation Movement.
People were agitated over the arrest of Dr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919.
General O Dyer fires at people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar.
As a result hundreds of men, women and children were killed and thousands injured.
Rabindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood in protest. Sir Shankaran Nair resigned
from Viceroys Executive Council after this.
Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into it.
On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed ODyer when the later was addressing a
meeting in Caxton Hall, London.
Muslims were agitated by the treatment done with Turkey by the British in the treaty that
followed the First World War.
Two brothers, Mohd.Ali and Shaukat Ali started this movement.
A mob of people at Chauri Chaura (near Gorakhpur) clashed with police and burnt 22
policemen on February 5, 1922.
This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non Cooperation movement on Feb.12, 1922.
Constituted under John Simon, to review the political situation in India and to introduce
further reforms and extension of parliamentary democracy.
Indian leaders opposed the commission, as there were no Indians in it.
The Government used brutal repression and police attacks to break the popular
opposition. At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi-charge. He
succumbed to his injuries on Oct.30, 1928.
On Dec.19, 1929 under the President ship of J.L.Nehru, the INC, at its Lahore Session,
declared Poorna Swaraj (Complete independence) as its ultimate goal.
On Dec.31, 1929, the newly adopted tri-colour flag was unfurled and an.26, 1930 was
fixed as the First Independence Day, was to be celebrated every year.
Revolutionary Activities:
The first political murder of a European was committed in 1897 at Poona by the
Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balkishan. Their target was Mr.Rand, President of the
Plague Commission, but Lt.Ayerst was accidentally shot.
In 1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, a Parsi revolutionary unfurled the flag of India at
Stuttgart Congress (of Second international).
In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla chaki threw a bomb on the carriage of kingford, the
unpopular judge of Muzaffapur. Khudiram, Kanhaiyalal Dutt and Satyendranath Bose
were hanged. (Alipur Case).
In 1909, M L Dhingra shot dead Col.William Curzon Whyllie, the political advisor of
India Office in London.
In 1912, Rasbihari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal threw a bomb and Lord Hardinge at
Delhi. (Delhi Conspiracy Case).
In Oct, 1924, a meeting of revolutionaries from all parts of India was called at Kanpur.
They setup Hindustan Socialist Republic Association/Army (HSRA).
They carried out a dacoity on the Kakori bound train on the Saharanpur-Lucknow railway
line on Aug. 9, 1925.
Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot dead Saunders (Asst. S.P. of Lahore, who ordered
lathi charge on Lala Lajpat Rai) on Dec.17, 1928.
Then Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Assembly on Apr
8, 1929. Thus, he, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged on March. 23,1931 at Lahore Jall
(Lahore Conspiracy Case) and their bodies cremated at Hussainiwala near Ferozepur.
In 1929 only Jatin Das died in Lahore jail after 63 days fast to protest against horrible
conditions in jail.
Surya Sen, a revolutionary of Bengal, formed the Indian Republic Army in Bengal. In
1930, he masterminded the raid on Chittagong armoury. He was hanged in 1933.
In 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself at Alfred Park in Allahabad.
It was the first conference arranged between the British and Indians as equals. It was held
on Nov.12, 1930 in London to discuss Simon commission.
Boycotted by INC, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals and some others were
there.
Moderate Statesman, Sapru, Jaikar and Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to break the ice
between Gandhiji and the government.
The two (government represented by Irwin and INC by Gandhiji) signed a pact on March
5, 1931.
In this the INC called off the civil disobedience movement and agreed to join the second
round table conference.
The government on its part released the political prisoners and conceded the right to
Gandhiji represented the INC and went to London to meet British P.M. Ramsay
Macdonald.
However, the session was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue and this time separate
electorates was demanded not only by Muslims but also by Depressed Classes, Indian
Christians and Anglo Indians.
Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide and rule policy of the British.
Envisaged representation of Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, women
and even Backward classes.
Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time, started a fast unto death against it.
After the announcement of communal award and subsequent fast of Gandhiji, mass
meeting took place almost everywhere.
Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B.R.Ambedkar and M.C.Rajah became
active.
Eventually Poona pact was reached and Gandhiji broke his fact on the sixth day (Sept 25,
1932).
In this, the idea of separate electorate for the depressed classes was abandoned, but seats
reserved to them in the provincial legislature were increased.
Proved fruitless as most of the national leaders were in prison. The discussions led to the
passing of the Government of India Act, 1935.
In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh and Kashmir be
made the Muslim State within the federation.
Chaudhary Rehmat Ali gave the term Pakistan in 1923.
Mohd. Ali Jinnah of Bombay gave it practicality.
Muslim League first passed the proposal of separate Pakistan in its Lahore session in
1940.
In Dec. 1941, Japan entered the World War II and advanced towards Indian borders. By
March 7, 1942, Rangoon fell and Japan occupied the entire S E Asia.
The British govt. with a view to getting co-operation from Indians sent Sir Stafford
Cripps, leader of the House of Commons to settle terms with the Indian leaders.
He offered a draft which proposed dominion status to be granted after the war.
Rejected by the Congress as it didnt want to rely upon future promises.
Gandhiji termed it as a post dated cheque in a crashing bank.
The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945-46. The new Labour
Party PM.Lord Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British Cabinet
Mission (comprising of Lord Pethick Lawrence as Chairman, Sir Stafford Cripps and
A.V.Alexander) will visit India.
The mission held talks with the INC and ML to bring about acceptance of their proposals.
On May 16, 1946, the mission put towards its proposals. It rejected the demand for
separate Pakistan and instead a federal union consisting of British India and the Princely
States was suggested.
Both Congress and Muslims League accepted it.
Jinnah was alarmed at the results of the elections because the Muslim League was in
danger of being totally eclipsed in the constituent assembly.
Therefore, Muslim League withdrew its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan on July
29, 1946.
It passed a Direct action resolution, which condemned both the British Government and
the Congress (Aug 16, 1946). It resulted in heavy communal riots.
Jinnah celebrated Pakistan Day on Mar 27, 1947.
The Constituent assembly met on Dec 9, 1946 and Dr.Rajendra Prasad was elected as its
president.
On June 3, 1947, Lord Mountbatten put forward his plan which outlined the steps for the
solution of Indias political problem. The outlines of the Plan were:
India to be divided into India and Pakistan.
Bengal and Punjab will be partitioned and a referendum in NEFP and Sylhet district of
Assam would be held.
There would be a separate constitutional assembly for Pakistan to frame its constitution.
The Princely states would enjoy the liberty to join either India or Pakistan or even remain
independent.
Aug.15, 1947 was the date fixed for handing over power to India and Pakistan.
The British govt. passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in July 1947, which
contained the major provisions put forward by the Mountbatten plan.
Venue
President
1885,
1882
Bombay,
Allahabad
W.C.Bannerji
1886
Calcutta
Dadabhai Naoroji
1893
Lahore
"
1906
Calcutta
"
1887
Madras
1888
Allahabad
1889
Bombay
1890
Calcutta
1895,
1902
Poona,
Ahmedabad
S.N.Banerjee
1905
Banaras
G.K.Gokhale
1907,
1908
Surat, Madras
Rasbehari Ghosh
1909
Lahore
M.M.Malviya
1916
Lucknow
1917
Calcutta
1919
Amritsar
Motilal Nehru
1920
Calcutta
(sp.session)
1921,1922
Ahmedabad,
Gaya
C.R.Das
1923
Delhi
(sp.session)
1924
Belgaon
M.K.Gandhi
1925
Kanpur
1928
Calcutta
1929
Lahore
1931
Karachi
1934
Bombay
Rajendra Prasad
1936
Lucknow
J.L.Nehru
1937
Faizpur
1938
Haripura
1939
Tripuri
1940
Ramgarh
1946
Meerut
Acharya J.B.Kriplani
1948
Jaipur
Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
Venue
President
1885,
1882
Bombay,
Allahabad
W.C.Bannerji
1886
Calcutta
Dadabhai Naoroji
1893
Lahore
"
1906
Calcutta
"
1887
Madras
1888
Allahabad
1889
Bombay
1890
Calcutta
1895,
1902
Poona,
Ahmedabad
S.N.Banerjee
1905
Banaras
G.K.Gokhale
1907,
1908
Surat, Madras
Rasbehari Ghosh
1909
Lahore
M.M.Malviya
1916
Lucknow
1917
Calcutta
1919
Amritsar
Motilal Nehru
1920
Calcutta
(sp.session)
1921,1922
Ahmedabad,
Gaya
C.R.Das
1923
Delhi
(sp.session)
1924
Belgaon
M.K.Gandhi
1925
Kanpur
1928
Calcutta
1929
Lahore
1931
Karachi
1932,
1933
1934
Bombay
Rajendra Prasad
1936
Lucknow
J.L.Nehru
1937
Faizpur
1938
Haripura
1939
Tripuri
1940
Ramgarh
1946
Meerut
Acharya J.B.Kriplani
1948
Jaipur
Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
5
INDIANSCI & TECH
Symbol
Atomic Number
Hydrogen
Helium
He
Lithium
Li
Beryllium
Be
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Flourine
Neon
Ne
10
Sodium (Natrium)
Na
11
Magnesium
Mg
12
Aluminium
Al
13
Silicon
Si
14
Phosphorous
15
Sulphur
16
Chlorine
Cl
17
Argon
Ar
18
Potassium (Kalium)
19
Calcium
Ca
20
Titanium
Ti
22
Vanadium
23
Chromium
Cr
24
Manganese
Mn
25
Iron (Ferum)
Fe
26
Cobalt
Co
27
Nickel
Ni
28
Copper (Cuprum)
Cu
29
Zinc
Zn
30
Germenium
Ge
32
Bromine
Br
35
Krypton
Kr
36
Zirconium
Zr
40
Silver
Ag
47
Tin (Stannum)
Sn
50
Antimony (Stabnium)
Sb
51
Iodine
53
Barium
Ba
56
Gold (Aurum)
Au
79
Mercury (Hydragerm)
Hg
80
Lead (Plumbum)
Pb
82
Bismuth
Bi
83
Radium
Ra
88
Thorium
90
Uranium
92
Plutonium
Pu
94
Curium
Cm
96
Place
Bombay
Trombay (Bombay)
Calcutta
Lucknow
Calcutta
Calcutta
New Delhi
Calcutta
Calcutta
Bangalore
Survey of India
Dehra Dun
Delhi
Calcutta
Noice Scale
Sounds are tiny vibrations that can travel through air and other materials. The loudness of a
sound is measured in decibels (db). Typical sound levels in decibels:
Note: 130 db causes damage to hearing.
1
Breathing
10 db
20 db
Whisper
20-30 db
Ticking Clock
30 db
35 db
Radio Music
50-60 db
Loud Conversation
60 db
Office Noise
60 db
Children Playing
60-80 db
10
Lawn mower
60-80 db
11
Vacuum cleaner
80 db
12
Traffic Noise
60-90 db
13
Sports Car
80-95 db
14
90-100 db
15
Loud Radio
100 db
16
Motor Cycle
105 db
17
Pneumatic drill
110 db
18
Thunder storm
110 db
19
Rock Music
120 db
20
Aircraft Noise
90-120 db
21
120 db
22
140 db
23
140-170 db
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) added yet another achievement to its list by the
successful launch of the PSLV-C7 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota on
January 10, 2007. The four-stage, 44 metre tall Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C7) which
weighs 295 tonnes took off on the dot at 9.23 a.m. from its beachside launch pad and injected
four satellites into precise orbit. This is the PSLV`s ninth consecutive successful launch. Of the
four satellites two satellites belong to India and two are from abroad. The satellites from abroad
are LAPAN-TUBSAT, a joint venture of Indonesia and the Technical University of Berlin and
the PEHUENSAT-1 of Argentina. Dr. B.N.Suresh, Director, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
(VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram, which built PSLV-C7, said, Four satellites being injected into
orbit with the same vehicle is a unique experience for us.
This multi-mission launch is going to be a technological challenge for ISRO as it attempts to
deorbit one of the satellites and bring it back to earth on January 22, 2007. The satellite called the
Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE) will stay in orbit for 11 days and thereafter fall into
the Bay of Bengal from where it will be recovered. This challenging job will be headed by
Project Director, Mr. A.Subramoniam. Right now, I feel that my job has just started. I am
looking forward to January 22, 2007 morning when the SRE will be recovered, Mr.
Subramoniam said.
ISRO`s Cartosat-2 is for mapping purposes and its SRE will be a forerunner to the ISRO
mastering the re-entry, recoverable and re-usable launch vehicle technologies. During its stay in
orbit the two payloads on board the SRE will help conduct experiments in micro-gravity.
The 555 kilogram SRE is coated with thermal tiles to prevent it from burning up when it reenters the earths atmosphere. After it re-enters the atmosphere, about 5 km above the Bay of
Bengal, three parachutes in the SRE will open up one after another. First, the pilot chute will pull
out the drogue chute, which will deploy, and then the main chute will deploy. The main chute
will slow down the descent of the SRE and it will ultimately splash down into the Bay of Bengal,
about 140 km east of Sriharikota island. A floatation system will keep it afloat and dye markers
will make it visible. The Coast Guard will recover it.
The entire process involves a lot of precision as the SRE should be de-orbited in the right
direction and should be given the right incremental velocity. It should re-enter the atmosphere
without burning up. According to the ISRO Chairman, Mr. G. Madhavan Nair, There are a lot
of technological challenges in bringing back an orbiting satellite because we are doing it for the
first time.
Besides the technology of bringing to the SRE back to earth in a sequential manner, the PSLVC7 has also used Dual Launch Adopter (DLA), a device to launch four satellites for the first
time. It also used for the first time a video-imaging system on board to take pictures of the
separation of the first three satellites from the fourth stage of the rocket.
According to Mr. M. Krishnaswamy, Project Director, Cartosat-2, the satellite`s images could be
used in town and rural planning as well as in road and drainage alignment. It could also be used
in studying the passage of communication lines. The PSLV-C7 has been built at a cost of Rs.80
crore. The Cartosat-2 cost Rs.180 crore and the SRE Rs.30 crore.
After the setback in July 2006 when Geosynchronous Space Launch Vehicle (GSLV) failed, the
success of PSLV is a great morale booster. However, it goes without saying that India has a long
way to go before it finds itself a place in the world space launch market. The Missile Technology
Control Regime embargo on Indias space and military rocket programmes debars an Indian
rocket to launch any American satellite, or one with US components. According to an official
dealing with the issue a joint working group would hold a meeting in Washington in February,
2007 to get this embargo lifted under the Next Steps in Strategic Partnership negotiations.
Moreover, countries like Russia, the United States, the European Union or Japan are far more
developed in space launch vehicle technology. We compare well with the Chinese Long March
CZ4B series when it comes to hoisting satellites to a Low Earth Orbit to about 2,000 kms. But so
far as geosynchronous orbits of 36,000 kms used for communication satellites for beaming.
PSLV Chronology
Launch Vehicle Date of Launch
PSLV-D1
PSLV-D2
PSLV-D3
PSLV-C1
PSLV-C2
PSLV-C3
PSLV-C4
PSLV-C5
PSLV-C6
May 5, 2005
PSLV-C7
TV programmes or relaying telephone calls are concerned we are far behind. The success of
PSLV cannot fill the void created by the failure of GSLV.
Approximately 8 meters
1600 K.cal/day
75 trillion
Longest bone
Smallest bone
Weight of brain
1400 gms
Blood volume
Normal B.P
120/80 mm Hg
Number of R.B.C
120 days
5000-10000/cubic mm
3-4 days
(a) Basophils-0.5-1%
(b) Eosinophils-1-3%
(c) Monocytes-3-8%
(d) Neutrophils-40-70%
(e) Lymphocytes-2-25%
2,00,000-4,00,000/cubic mm
Haemoglobin
Hb content in body
500-700 gm
O Rh-ve
AB
2-5 minutes
70 kg
98.4.F or 37.C
Breathing rate
16-20 minutes
Dental formula
adult:2123/2123=32
child: 2120/2120=22 milk teeth
12 pairs
31 pairs
Thyroid
Gestation period
72-75/ minutes
Largest gland
Liver
Stapedius
Largest artery
Abdominal aorta
Largest vein
Inferior venacava
Largest W.B.C
Monocyte
Smallest W.B.C
Lymphocyte
In liver
Longest nerve
Sciatic
Longest cell
Menstrual cycle
28 days
Menopause age
45-50 years
In brain cell
25 cm
Type of placenta
Haemochorial (Chorioallantoic)
Pulse rate
72/minute
Volume of semen
2-4 ml/ejaculation
200-350 million/ejaculation
4.10 min/hour
Thinnest skin
Conjunctiva
pH of gastric juice
1.4
pH of urine
6.0
pH of blood
7.35-7.45
Milestones in Medicine
SNo
Discovery / Invention
Year
Discoverer / Inventor
Country
Adrenaline
1894
Britain
Anesthesia, Local
1885
Koller
Austria
Anesthesia, Spinal
1898
Bier
Germany
Germany, Japan
Aspirin
1889
Dreser
Germany
Ayurveda
2000-1000
BC
Bacteria
1683
Leeuwenhock
Netherlands
Bacteriology
1872
Ferdinand Cohn
Germany
Biochemistry
1648
Belgium
10
1940
Drew
U.S.A
11
Blood Transfusion
1625
Jean-Baptiste Denys
France
12
Cardiac Pacemaker
1932
A.S Hyman
U.S.A
13
CAT Scanner
1968
Godfrey Hounsfield
Britain
14
Chemotherapy
1493-1541
Paracelsus
Switzerland
15
Chloroform as anaesthetic
1847
James Simpson
Britain
16
Chloromycetin
1947
Burkholder
U.S.A
17
1877
Robert Koch
Germany
18
Circulation of blood
1628
William Harvey
Britain
India
19
Cryo-Surgery
1953
Henry Swan
U.S.A
20
Diphtheria germs
1883-84
Germany
21
Electro-Cardiograph
1903
Willem Einthoven
Netherlands
22
Electro-encephalogram
1929
Hand Berger
Germany
23
Embryology
1792-1896
Estonia
24
Endocrinology
1902
Britain
25
1978
Britain
26
1980
Martin Clive
U.S.A
27
1982
U.S.A
28
1967
Christian Barnard
S. Africa
29
Histology
1771-1802
Marie Bichat
France
30
Hypodermic syringe
1853
Alexander wood
Britain
31
Kidney Machine
1944
Kolf
Netherlands
32
Leprosy Bacillus
1873
Hansen
Norway
33
1943
Hoffman
Switzerland
34
Malaria Germs
1880
Laveran
France
35
Morphine
1805
Friderich Sertumer
Germany
36
Neurology
1758-1828
Germany
37
1971
Raymond Damadian
U.S.A
imaging
38
1953
Walton Lillehel
U.S.A
39
1955
U.S.A
40
Penicillin
1928
Alexander Fleming
Britain
41
Physiology
1757-66
Switzerland
42
1978
Louis Sokoloff
U.S.A
43
Rabies Vaccine
1860
Louis Pasteur
France
44
Recombinant-DNA technology
1972-73
U.S.A
45
Reserpine
1949
Jal Vakil
India
46
Rh-factor
1940
Karl Landsteiner
U.S.A
47
Serology
1884-1915
Paul Ehrlich
Germany
48
Sex hormones
1910
Eugen Steinach
Australia
49
1980
W.H.O Declaration
UN
50
Stethoscope
1819
Rene Laennec
France
51
Streptomycin
1944
Selman Waksmann
U.S.A
52
Synthetic Antigens
1917
Landsteiner
U.S.A
53
Terramycin
1950
U.S.A
54
Thyroxin
1919
Edward Calvin-Kendall
U.S.A
55
Typhus Vaccine
1909
J. Nicolle
France
56
Vaccination
1796
Edward Jenner
Britain
57
Vaccine, Measles
1963
Enders
U.S.A
58
Vaccine, Meningitis
1987
U.S.A
59
Vaccine, Polio
1954
Jonas Salk
U.S.A
60
Vaccine, Polio-orai
1960
Albert Sabin
U.S.A
61
Vaccine, Rabies
1885
Louis Pasteur
France
62
Vaccine, Smallpox
1776
Jenner
Britain
63
Virology
1892
USSR,
Netherlands
64
Vitamin A
1913
U.S.A
65
Vitamin B1
1936
U.S.A
66
Vitamin C
1919
Froelich Holst
Norway
67
Vitamin D
1925
Mc Collum
U.S.A
68
Vitamin K
1938
Doisy Dam
U.S.A
69
460-370 BC
Hippocrates
Greece
70
Yoga
200-100 BC
Patanjali
India
SCIENCE TERMINOLOGY
Science is knowledge, often as opposed to intuition, belief, etc. It is, in fact, systematized
knowledge derived from observation, study and experimentation carried on in order to determine
the nature or principles of what is being studied. There are many sciences, each concerned with a
particular field of study. In each science measurement plays an important part. In each science,
too, a study is made of the laws according to which objects react. Here are some sciences.
ACOUSTICSThe study of sound (or the science of sound).
ACROBATICS:The art of performing acrobatic feats (gymnastics).
AERODYNAMICS:
(i) The branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases.
(ii) The study of the motion and control of solid bodies like aircraft, missiles, etc., in air
AERONAUTICS: The Science or art of flight.
AEROSTATICS:The branch of statics that deals with gases in equilibrium and with gases and bodies in
them.
AESTHETICS:The philosophy of fine arts.
AETIOLOGY:The science of causation.
AGROBIOLOGY:The science of plant life and plant nutrition.
AGRONOMICS:The science of managing land or crops.
AGRONOMY:The science of soil management and the production of field crops.
AGROSTOLOGY:The study of grasses.
ALCHEMY:Chemistry in ancient times.
ANATOMY:The science dealing with the structure of animals, plants or human body.
ANTHROPOLOGY:The science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development of mankind.
6
SPORTS
Sports
Field
Person
Wilson Jones
Mihir Sen
Megellan
Bjorn Borg
Robert Peary
Amundsen
Prakash Padukone
Bichendri Pal
Nawang Gombu
The first person to complete solo walk to magnetic North pole David Hempleman Adam (UK)
The first woman to reach North pole
Ann Bancroft
The first woman to sail non stop around the world alone
Kaycottee
The first black player to win the Wimbledon men's singles title Arthur Ashe (US)
The first person to win the Palk Strait ocean swimming contest Baidyanath
7
WORLD
Name
Famous For
Alaska (U.S.A.)
Alexandria
City and sea-port of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great. Handles about 80%
of the country's exports.
Angkor Wat
Aswam Dam
Baku
Oilfields of Azerbaijan.
Bastille
Beding (Australia)
Bethlehem
Bikini Atoll
Bikini
An atoll of the Marshall Islands. Atomb Bomb was dropped here experimentally
in 1948.
Bratislava
Buckingham Palace
Chushul
Corsica
Detroit (U.S.A)
Elephanta Caves
(India)
Situated in an island 15 miles from Bombay. Famous for the statues of Siva and
Parvati.
Fleet Street
Gaza Strip
In Egypt near Israeli border, was seat of United nations Emergency Force till
1957. Now under Israeli occupation.
Gibraltar
Key to Mediterranean, fortress and novel base situated on rock in the extreme
South of Spain.
Hiroshima
Hollywood (California.
U.S.A.)
Hyde Park
Jerusalem
City in Israel. Jesus Christ was crucified here (now capital of Israel)
Khajuraho
Khorkov
Lop Nor
Lusaka
Manchester (U.K.)
Marseilles
City and Seaport of Southern France. Famous for silk, wine, olive soap,
margarine and candles.
Sacred place of the Muslims because Prophet Mohammed was born here.
Montreal
Longest city of Canada. Famous for iron and steel works and motor car
factories.
Nagasaki (Japan)
It is noted for its iron and steel industries. Atom was dropped here during
World War II.
New Castle
Osaka (Japan)
Pisa
In Italy, famous for Leaning Tower, one of the seven wonders of the world.
Pentagon
Phnom-Penh
Capital of Cambodia.
Potala
Sinai
Peninsula of Egypt between the Gulfs of Suez and Aquba, at the head of Red
Sea.
Seychelles
Sodom
Vatican
Versaillers (France)
Famous for the treaty of Versailles which ended World War I in 1918.
Vienna
Capital of Austria. The venue of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) between
Russia and U.S.A.
Walling Wall
Part of the Western Wall of the Temple Court in Jerusalem. Part of the wall,
probably dates from the time of Solomon, is regarded by both Jews and
Moslems as one of special sanctity.
Wall Street
White House
Zurich (Switzerland)
Famous for the manufacture of cotton and silk and for its lenses.
Famous For
AUROVILLE
UNESCO sponsored world's first international town near Pondichery in Tamil Nadu
named after Aurobindo Ghose. The town with an area of 15sq. miles and a population
of 50,000 will be a self-supporting township having gour zones, viz., cultural, industrial,
residential and international. It was inaugurated on February 28,1963.
ABU SIMBAL
(U.S.A.)
A monument executed by UNSCO in Egypt, the famous temple at Nybia (Egypt) was
facing submergence as result of the construction of Aswan Dam. UNSCO has
reconstructed it at a cost of 36 million dollars and was inaugurated on 12th Sept. 1968.
ADAM'S
BRIDGE
Sand and rock bridge between Sri Lanka and India. Legent has is that was constructed
by Lord Rama when he was in invade Lanka of Ravana.
ALICE SPRINGS
(Australia)
BIG BEN
EIFFEL TOWER
985 feet high tower in Paris build by Gustav Effel in 1887-89 at a cost of 2,00,000
ELBA
An isolated island in the Meduterranean Sea, where Napoleon was exiled in 1841.
ELLORA
ELYSEE PALACE
Official residence of the President of France. It was the venue of Paris Peace parleys on
Vietnam.
EMPIRE STATE
BUILDING
(U.S.A)
World's one of the loftiest structures. It has 103 storeys and a height of 1200 feet.
ESCURIAL
HEIGHT IN METERS
RANGE
CONQUERED ON
Mount Everest
8,848
Himalayas
8,611
Karakoram
Kanchenjunga
8,597
Himalayas
Lhotse
8,511
Himalayas
Makalu I
8,481
Himalayas
Dhaulagiri I
8,167
Himalayas
Manaslu
8,156
Himalayas
May 9, 1956
Cho Uyo
8,153
Himalayas
Nanga Parbat
8,124
Himalayas
July 3, 1953
Annapurna I
8,078
Himalayas
June 3, 1950
Gasherbrum I
8,068
Karakoram
July 5, 1958
Broad Peak I
8,047
Karakoram
June 9, 1957
Gasherbrum II
8,034
Karakoram
July 7, 1956
8,013
Himalayas
May 2, 1964
Gasherbrum III
7,952
Karakoram
Annapurna II
7,937
Himalayas
Gasherbrum IV
7,923
Karakoram
Aug 6, 1958
Cyachug Kang
7,921
Himalayas
Kangbachen
7,902
Himalayas
Disteghil Sar I
7,884
Karakoram
June 9, 1960
Himal Chuli
7,864
Himalayas
Khinyang Chchish
7,852
Karakoram
Nuptse
7,841
Himalayas
Oct 1970
Gasherbrum East
7,821
Karakoram
July 5, 1960
Nanda Devi
7,816
Himalayas
Chomo Lonzo
7,815
Himalayas
Ngojumba Ri I
7,805
Himalayas
May 5, 1965
Rakaposhi
7,788
Karakoram
Batura Muztagh I
7,785
Karakoram
7,780
Himalayas
Unclimbed
Kanjut Sar
7,760
Karakoram
Kamet
7,756
Himalayas
Location
Height in Metres
Angel
Venezuela
807
Tugela
410
Kukenaam
Venezuela
610
Sutnerland
589
Takkakaw
British Columbia
503
Ribbon (Yoesmite)
California
491
Upper Yosemite
California
436
Gavarnie
South-West France
421
Vettifoss
Norway
366
California
357
Stubbach
Switzerland
300
California
227
Guyana
259
Gersoppa
India
253
Kaieteur
Guyana
251
Skykje
Norway
250
Kalambo
Trnzania-Zambia
426
Washington
213
Trummelbach
Switzerland
213
Aniene (Teverpne)
Italy
207
Italy
198
Maradalsfos
Norway
196
Feather
California
195
Maletsunyane
Lesotho
192
Bridalveli (Yosemite)
California
189
Multnomah
Oregon
189
Voringsfos
Norway
182
Nevada (Yosemite)
California
181
Skjeggedal
Norway
160
Marina
Guyana
152
Area in Sq.Km.
393,898
82,814
69,485
Aral Russia
66,457
59,596
Michigan, U.S.A.
58,016
Tanzania-Zaire, Zambia 4
38,893
Baikal, Russia
31,500
31,080
Nyasa, Malawi-Mozambique-Tanzania
30,044
28,930
25,760
Erie, U.S.A.-Canada
25,719
Winnipeg, Canada
23,533
Ontario, U.S.A.-Canada
19,477
Balkash, Russia
18,428
Ladoga, Russia
18,130
Onega
9,891
Titicaca, Bolivia-Peru
8,135
Nicaragua, Nicaragua
8,001
Athabaska, Canada
7,920
6,405
Reindeer, Canada
6,330
Eyre, SouthAustralia
6,216
Issyk-Kul, Russia
6,200
Urmia, Iran
6,001
5,698
Vanern, Sweden
5,545
Winnipegosis, Canada
5,403
5,299
5,051
Nipigon, Canada
4,843
Manitoba, Canada
4,706
4,662
Kiogo, Uganda
4,403
Koko-Nor, China
4,222
SOLAR SYSTEM
Diameter
3,040 Kilometer
Moons
Avg.Distance to
Sun
5,865.5 million KM
248 Years
o
Pluto
o
o
Facts
Neptune
Diameter
49,000 Kilometer
Moons
Avg.Distance to
Sun
4,497 million KM
165 Years
Facts
o
o
Uranus
Diameter
52,096 Kilometer
Moons
17
Avg.Distance to
Sun
2,852.8 million KM
84 Years
o
o
o
Facts
Mars
Diameter
6,755.2 Kilometer
Moons
Avg.Distance to
Sun
225.6 million KM
687 Days
Facts
Venus
Diameter
o
o
o
12,032 Kilometer
Moons
None
Avg.Distance to
Sun
107.52 million KM
225 Days
o
o
Facts
Diameter
4,849.6 Kilometer
Moons
None
Avg.Distance to
Sun
57.6 million KM
88 Days
Mercury
Facts
Earth
Diameter
12,732.2 Kilometer
Moons
Avg.Distance to
Sun
148.8 million KM
365 Days
Facts
Diameter
1,41,968 Kilometer
Moons
16
Avg.Distance to
Sun
772.8 million KM
11.9 Years
Jupiter
Facts
Saturn
Diameter
1,19,296 Kilometer
Moons
20 or more
Avg.Distance to
Sun
1,417.6 million KM
29.5 Years
Facts
Diameter
13,84,000 Kilometer
Statellites
9 Planets
Age
Sun
Facts
RIVER
COUNTRY
Karachi
Indus
Pakistan
Alexandria
Nile
Egypt
Lahore
Ravi
Pakistan
Amsterdam
Amsel
Netherlands
London
Thames
England
Antwerp
Scheidt
Belgium
Montreal
Ottawa
Canada
Baghded
Tigris
Iraq
Moscow
Moskow
Russia
Bangkok
Menam
Thailand
New York
Hudson
U.S.A.
Belgrade
Danube
Yugoslavia
Paris
Seine
France
Berlin
Spree
Germany
Quebec
St.Lawrence
Canada
Bonn
Rhine
Germany
Rangoon
Irrawadi
Mayanmar
Budapest
Danube
Hungary
Rome
Tiber
Italy
Cairo
Nile
Egypt
Tokyo
Sumida
Japan
Canton
Canton
China
Vienna
Danube
Austria
Glasgow
Clyde
Scotland
Warswa
Vistula
Poland
Hamburg
Elbe
Germany
Delhi
Yamuna
India
GOOD LUCK
S.Vijayakumar
Good Fence Makes Good Friends By Murali
Krishna