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    Complex Number Theory General Introduction

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    Shubham
    1) A complex number z can be expressed in either rectangular (x, y) or polar (r, θ) coordinates, where r represents the distance from the origin and θ is the angle measured counterclockwise. 2) The modulus or absolute value of z, denoted |z|, is equal to the distance r. The argument or amplitude of z, denoted arg z, is the angle θ. 3) A complex number z can be written in polar form as z = r(cosθ + i sinθ). The properties of modulus and argument are then discussed.

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    © All Rights Reserved

    Complex Number Theory General Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Shubham
    126 views8 pages
    1) A complex number z can be expressed in either rectangular (x, y) or polar (r, θ) coordinates, where r represents the distance from the origin and θ is the angle measured counterclockwise. 2) The modulus or absolute value of z, denoted |z|, is equal to the distance r. The argument or amplitude of z, denoted arg z, is the angle θ. 3) A complex number z can be written in polar form as z = r(cosθ + i sinθ). The properties of modulus and argument are then discussed.

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    General Introduction

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    1) A complex number z can be expressed in either rectangular (x, y) or polar (r, θ) coordinates, where r represents the distance from the origin and θ is the angle measured counterclockwise. 2) The modulus or absolute value of z, denoted |z|, is equal to the distance r. The argument or amplitude of z, denoted arg z, is the angle θ. 3) A complex number z can be written in polar form as z = r(cosθ + i sinθ). The properties of modulus and argument are then discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    126 views8 pages

    Complex Number Theory General Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Shubham
    1) A complex number z can be expressed in either rectangular (x, y) or polar (r, θ) coordinates, where r represents the distance from the origin and θ is the angle measured counterclockwise. 2) The modulus or absolute value of z, denoted |z|, is equal to the distance r. The argument or amplitude of z, denoted arg z, is the angle θ. 3) A complex number z can be written in polar form as z = r(cosθ + i sinθ). The properties of modulus and argument are then discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    of 8

    Complex Number

    Theory

    General Introduction

    INTRODUCTION

    Fig.
    We know that a point (x, y) in rectangular co-ordinates can be
    expressed in terms of polar co-ordinates (r, ) by the relation
    x = r cos

    and y = r sin

    z = x + iy

    z = r cos + i r sin

    z = r (cos + i sin )

    This is called as the polar form of complex number z.


    In above representation r can be interpreted as the distance
    from the origin to the point (x, y) so r= + (by
    Pythagoras theorem). It is also denoted by | z | and it is called
    as absolute value or modulus of z.
    1

    Complex Number

    Theory

    General Introduction

    r=||= +
    and is called the argument or amplitude of z and is denoted
    by arg z.1
    i.e. = arg z
    As in calculus, is also measured in radians and it is positive
    in the counter-clockwise sense. From the above figure we

    can see that an argument must satisfy the equation tan= ,

    i.e. = tan-1 () but the solutions of this equation are not


    unique (because if 00 is an argument of z then 2, 4
    are also argument the explain argument of a complex
    number in the interval -/2 < 0 < /2 is called the principal
    argument)
    Properties of modules of complex numbers :
    (1) z1 . z2 = z1 z2 .

    | |

    (2) | |= | | , z2 0.

    (3) z1 = z 1.

    (4)

    zn = z n.

    Complex Number

    Theory

    General Introduction

    ARGUMENT OF COMPLEX NUMBER


    Now let us understand Argument of Amplitude of a
    Complex Number in detail
    Let z = a + bi and arg z =

    = tan1 () is called Argument of Amplitude of z and is


    usual chosen the smallest positive angle.

    arg z = arg (a + bi) = tan 1()


    To find argument , we have the following four cases
    depending upon the position of the point of z in xy plane.

    Complex Number

    Theory

    Case I :

    General Introduction

    Case II :

    P (a, b) such that a > 0, b > 0.P (a , b) such that a < 0, b < 0.
    P (a, b) lies in the first quadrant. P (a, b) lies in the
    second quadrant.
    lm

    lm

    P(a, b )

    P(a , b )

    a=
    0

    Re

    Re

    Let a be the angle made by Let a be the angle made by


    OP
    OP with X axis in first quadrant.with horizontal in second
    quadrant.

    tan a = | |

    tan a = | |

    a = tan1

    a = tan1 ( )

    In this case,

    In this case,

    arg z = = a = tan1( )

    arg z = = ( a)

    Complex Number

    Theory

    Case III :

    General Introduction

    Case IV :

    P (a, b) such that a < 0, b < 0.P (a, b) such that a > 0, b < 0.
    P (a, b) lies in the third quadrant. P (a, b) lies in the
    fourth quadrant.
    lm

    lm

    Re

    Re

    P(a , b )

    P(a, b)

    Let a be the angle made by OP Let a be the angle made


    by OP
    with horizontal in third quadrant.with horizontal I fourth
    quadrant.

    tan a =||

    a = tan-1||

    tan a =| |

    a = tan1 | |

    In this case,
    arg z = = + a.

    In this case,
    arg z = = 2 a or a.

    Note : It is clear that has infinite number of values.


    The value of 0 which lies between and is called the
    principal value of the amplitude.
    5

    Complex Number

    Theory

    General Introduction

    The following properties of arguments are useful.


    (1) Arg (z1 . z2 zn) = arg z1 + arg z2 + + arg zn.
    (2) In particular, arg (z . z n times) = n

    (3) Arg = arg z1 arg z2.

    = +
    = +

    Let =
    =

    = ( ) ( / )
    | | = ( ) = | | | |
    arg ( ) = + = arg + arg

    = () ( )

    || =

    | |
    | |

    ( ) = = arg - arg

    z.

    Complex Number

    Theory

    General Introduction

    GENERAL FORMULAE : z = x + iy (x,y)


    x = Re (z)
    y = Img (z)
    i =
    = conjugate of z
    = x iy
    =

    =
    =

    x =
    y =

    = ( )

    = Argument of z or amplitude
    r = + = |z| = (Modulus of z) > 0

    z - = + = = ||

    z = x + iy (Cartesian form)
    = +
    = r( + ) .. (polar form)
    7

    Complex Number

    Theory

    General Introduction

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