Hydraulic System of Tractor

Hydraulic
Power
basics
Pascals Law
Pressure exerted at any point on
a confined liquid is transmitted
undiminished in all directions.
Pascal's law
Hydraulic Terms
Hydraulic
Piston
Shaft
PSI
Pneumatic
Stroke
Check valve
Spool valve
Pump
Seal
Rockshaft
Cylinder
Hydraulic
motor
Singleacting
Doubleacting
Input /
Output
Hydraulic
Tool or equipment powered by
the movement of fluid under
pressure.
Examples are
brakes, jacks & tractor lifts.
Pneumatic
Tool
or
equipment
powered or supported
by the movement of
compressed air.
PSI
Pounds per Square Inch

determines amount of force
GPM
Gallons per Minute

determines speed of action
Basic
principle
Pressure applied to piston A is

transferred equally to a piston of the same
size B because PSI is the same
throughout the system.
hydraulic
advantage
If the surface area of piston B is 10 times

the surface area of piston A, then the force
applied to piston A is multiplied 10 times as
the force exerted on piston B. PSI is equal
throughout the system.
Input / Output
Force input on a hydraulic
system or component results
in transfer of power to output
of force by the system or
component.
Pump
Functions in a hydraulic
system by pressurizing
and moving fluid from one
part of the system to
another.
Hydraulic pumps are usually one

of four types:
PISTON
GEAR
VANE
INTERNAL ROTOR
Piston Pumps
Work well at PSIs of 2000 or more
Single piston pump used in bottle jacks
Require several pistons working together to
generate enough volume for tractor
applications
Necessarily involve many moving parts
Gear Pumps
Work well at 1500 PSI and below
Work with a minimum of moving
parts
Less expensive to manufacture
than piston type pumps
Gear
Pump
driven gear
idler gear
Hydraulic Motor
Receives
power
from
moving fluid to transfer
hydraulic
power
to
mechanical rotating force.
Cylinder
Piece of equipment that
transfers hydraulic power
into mechanical movement
in one or two directions
only.
Hydraulic Cylinder
Single-acting
Refers to a hydraulic
cylinder that works in one
direction only.
Double-acting
Refers to a hydraulic
cylinder that pushes and
pulls.
Single-acting
cylinder
Double-acting
Cylinder
Piston
Internal component of a
hydraulic cylinder that is
moved in a linear motion by
the action of fluid introduced
into the cylinder.
Shaft
The polished round bar that
is extended from and
retracted into a hydraulic
cylinder.
Stroke
The length of movement that a
hydraulic cylinder is capable
of producing.
Seal
Found
in
hydraulic
components; function is to
keep fluid from leaking
between moving and nonmoving parts
Check Valve
Restricts flow of fluid to only
one direction; allows pressure
to build up or be maintained.
Spool Valve
Controls direction of flow of
fluid in a hydraulic system to
cause the different parts of
the system to function.
The first hydraulic power lift for a

tractor was introduced in 1935 by
John Deere. This unit only had two
positions, up and down, but the
hydraulic action cushioned the
lowering of the implement.
Rockshaft
Rotating shaft on a modern
tractor powered by an internal
hydraulic cylinder; used to
transfer
power
to
the
implement lift.
INTRODUCTION
Normally, a hydraulic system with reference to a
tractor is considered to be a unit responsible for
lifting and lowering an agricultural implement.
The draft control and weight transfer has become an
inevitable function of the hydraulic system.
In the hydraulic system the fluid is confined inside
pipe lines, reservoir and cylinders. When pressure is
applied at any point, the force is transferred by the
fluid throughout the system which is utilized to lift
the implements and do other jobs with minimum of
effort.
The reason for selecting the hydraulic system of

power transfer is due to its merits over the
mechanical means of power transfer which are
enumerated below:
The hydraulic system is simpler than the
mechanical linkage system because fluid power can
be routed around corners with less problems.
The system is flexible enough, allow the point
of application to move to any location with respect
to the source of power generation, which is almost
constant in the case of the mechanical system.
Power can be engaged or disengaged with ease
using a simpler control valve.
In comparison to input heavy forces can be

controlled simply by increasing the size of the
cylinder.
Because of self lubrication, wear and tear is less
and hence the system is economical to operate.
A good range of speed of operation is possible.
A hydraulic system is safer than a mechanical
system as the moving parts are minimized.
Though the system is preferred but cant be
called a perfect system without any drawbacks. The
efficient operation require a regular cleanliness to
avoid rusting, corrosion, dirt and other foreign
materials.
Parts of hydraulic system

Hydraulic system fitted with the following basic
components are:
Reservoir
Pump
Relief valve
Control valve
Cylinder and piston
Filter or strainer
Operating lever
Distributor
Three point linkage
Reservoir
It is contains sufficient oil to move the
piston for lifting the load.
Pump
It forces the fluid from the reservoir
to the cylinder.
Relief Valve
It protect the system from high pressure.
The valve is set for slightly higher than
the working pressure. In case the pressure
increase beyond the working pressure, the
relief valve opens allowing the fluid to
pass on the reservoir. Also when the
piston reaches its extreme position, the
relief valve opens to bypass the oil.
Control Valve
The control valve is used to allow the
operator to direct the flow of fluid
either from the pump to the cylinder
or from the cylinder to the reservoir.
Cylinder
The cylinder convert the hydraulic power
to mechanical power for doing the
various jobs.
Hydraulic Valves
A hydraulic system is never complete without
valves. These valves vary in shape and
function, but ultimately control the circuit by
regulating the pressure, direction and volume
of oil flow. Based on their function, they can
be divided into the following categories
1. Directional-control valves
2. Pressure-control valves or safety valves
3. Volume-control valves
Types of hydraulic system

Hydraulic system can be broadly divided into two
major system
1. Open-centre-system
2. Closed-centre system
The open-centre-system uses a constantflow pump with an open-centre spool valve so
that when oil is not flowing to the cylinder, it
can pass onto the reservoirs.
In the case of the close-centre the pump
is of variable flow type and the spool valve is
close-centre type. In the neutral position the
pump stops pumping oil.
Implement Control
The tractor with a built-in lift system is
connected to the implement through a
specific type of mechanical linkage termed as
three-point linkage and the system is known
as mounted system. The implement is
connected to the tractor hydraulic through
three points two bottom links and one top
link. Both the bottom links are connected to
two lift arms through lift links. The lift arms
are directly mounted on a rock shaft which is
further connected to the piston rod.
Continue
Any movement of the piston rod. Any movement
of the piston is transferred to the bottom links. The
top link is used for connecting the third hitch point
of the implement and is adjustable for maintaining
the implement level and suction angle. Load
sensing for the draft control can also be done
through the top link which is spring loaded. In
some tractors the lower links are spring loaded for
draft sensing. Depending upon the soil condition
and type of operation the mounted implement can
be controlled either by position control or draft
control.
Position Control
The lever position on the quadrant directly
represents the corresponding position or depth
of the implement.
Therefore in position
control it is possible to present the working
depth. Therefore normally the position control
is used for weeders, planting and sowing
machines, sprayers and for transportation of
the implement.
Draft Control
Under this system of control, the implement is set
for a particular draft (drawbar pull) rather than
depth. In varied soil conditions the implement
automatically takes more or less depth to maintain
the predetermined draft.
Most of the indigenous tractors possess a draft
control system in addition to the position control.
Mixed Position and Draft Control

It is also possible in some Tractor (viz. HMT,
Ford, etc) to suitable blend the response
through an interlink mechanism so that a
desired depth of ploughing is maintained
within close limits and draft control too is
allowed to function for better traction.
Maintenance and repair of hydraulic system

For successful operation of any hydraulic
system, cleaning and periodic maintenance is
very essential. If the operator is alert and keeps
the machine clean, refills clean oil, replaces or
clean the filter regularly, keeps the tubes and
rubber hose tight and protects the system from
dust and other contaminants, the system will
undoubtedly work efficiently with less trouble.
Continuously
Most of the troubles arise because of dirty or
improper grade of oil in use. Low oil level also
is a cause of a number of troubles. Normally,
the following defects may arise:
1. System may not work at all.
2. System may work slowly but fail to lift
under load.
3. Sinking of load may take place.
4. Cylinder movement may be jerky.
5. System may get hot and foaming.
Continuously
While diagnosing the trouble, one should
check whether system is defective due to the
pump or some other component. If the pump
is fitted outside, it can be observed and its
sound can be listened to, but if it is fitted
inside, the flow pressure can be checked at
the delivery of the pump. The pump can
either produce insufficient discharge or can
create insufficient pressure. The reasons for
low volume and low pressure are
enumerated below.
Thanks To All
By:Dd Singh, CIMT

Govt. I.T.I Kurukshetra, Haryana
E-mail <[email protected]>
Mob. +91-94164-49258

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Hydraulic

Pounds per Square Inch

Gallons per Minute

Pressure applied to piston A is

If the surface area of piston B is 10 times

Hydraulic pumps are usually one

The first hydraulic power lift for a

The reason for selecting the hydraulic system of

In comparison to input heavy forces can be

Parts of hydraulic system

Types of hydraulic system

Mixed Position and Draft Control

Maintenance and repair of hydraulic system

By:Dd Singh, CIMT

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