1

TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

UNIT I FOURIER SERIES
PART A
1. State the Dirichlets conditions for a given function to expand in Fourier series.
Sol. The Dirichlets conditions are
(i) f(x) is periodic with period 2l in (c, c + 2l) and f(x) is bounded.
(ii) The function f(x) must have finite number of maxima and minima.
(iii) The function f(x) must be piecewise continuous and has a finite number of finite
discontinuities.
Then the Fourier series of f(x) converges in (c, c + 2l)
2. Write the formula for finding Fourier coefficients.
c 2l
c 2l
c 2l
n x
n x
1
1
1
dx , bn f ( x) sin
dx
Sol. a0 f ( x) dx , an f ( x) cos
l

3. Define RMS value of a function.

Sol. The RMS value of a function f(x) in (a,b) is defined by
b

1
y
[ f ( x)]2 dx
b a a
b

1
y
[ f ( x)]2 dx

ba a
2

4. State the Parsevals identity for Fourier series.

Sol. The Parsevals identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2l) is
c 2l
a
1
[ f ( x)]2 dx 0

l c
2
2

(a
n 1

2
n

bn )
2

The Parsevals identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2) is

c 2

a0
[
f
(
x
)]
dx

c
2
1

(a
n 1

2
n

bn )
2

2x
, x 0
1
5. In the Fourier series expansion of f ( x)
in (,),
2x
1
, 0 x

find the coefficient of sin nx

Sol. Since the interval is (,), let us verify whether the function is odd or even
f ( x) 1

2( x)

2x

in ( , 0)

f ( x) in (0, )
2( x)
2x
and f ( x) 1
1
in (0, )

f ( x) in ( , 0)

Hence f(x) is an even function.

So the coefficient of sin nx (i.e.) bn = 0.
6. Find the mean square value of the function f(x) = x in the interval (0, l).
Sol. Mean square value is
2

1
[ f ( x)]2 dx

l0
l

1 2
1 x3
1 l 3
x dx 0
l0
l 3 0 l 3

l2
3

7. Find the value of an in the cosine series expansion of f(x) = 10 in the interval (0,10).
Sol.
10
10
2
nx
2
nx
an

10

f ( x) cos

10

dx

10

(10) cos 10

dx

nx

sin 10
20
sin n 0 0
2

n
n
10 0
10

8. What do you mean by Harmonic Analysis.

Sol. The process of finding the Fourier series for a function given by numerical value is known
as harmonic analysis.
9. What is the constant term a0 and the coefficient an in the Fourier series expansion of
f(x) = x x3 in (,).
Sol. Since the interval is (,), let us verify whether the function is odd or even
f( x) = ( x) (x)3
= x + x3 = (x x3) = f(x)
The given function is an odd function.
Hence a0 = 0 and an = 0.
10. Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) = cos2 x expanded
in the interval (,).
Sol. Since the interval is (,), let us verify whether the function is odd or even.
f(x) = cos2 (x)= cos2x = f(x). Hence the function is even.
a0

f ( x) dx

cos

x dx

1 cos 2 x
dx
0
2
2

1
sin 2 x
x

2 0
1
( 0) (0)

Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion is

a0 1

2 2

11. Find the Fourier constant bn for f(x) = xsinx in (, )

Sol. f(x) = (x)sin(x) = (x)(sinx) = xsinx = f(x)
Hence the function is an even function. So bn = 0.
12. Find the constant term in the Fourier expansion of f(x) = x2 2 in 2 < x < 2
Sol. f(x) = (x)2 2 = x2 2 = f(x), which is an even function
2
a0
2

f ( x) dx ( x
0

2) dx

0
2

x3

2 x
3
0

4 (0)
3

Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion is

a0 4 / 3
2

2
2
3

13. Find an in expanding e a x as a Fourier series in (,).

Sol.

an

f ( x) cos nx dx

a x

cos nx dx

1 e a x
2
a b 2

(a cos nx n sin nx)

e a

1 e a
n
[

a
(

1
)

0
]
[a (1) n 0]
2
2
2
2
a b
a b

a(1) n
(e a e a )
2
2
(a b )

a (1) n

(e a e a )
2
2
(a b )
(i.e.) a n

a (1) n
2 sinh a
(a 2 b 2 )

14. If f(x) is an odd function in the interval (l, l), write the formula to find the Fourier
coefficients.
Sol. a0 = an = 0
l
n x
2
bn

f ( x) sin

dx

15. If f(x) is an even function in the interval (l, l), write the formula to find the Fourier
coefficients.
l
l
n x
2
2
dx , bn = 0
Sol. a0 f ( x) dx , an f ( x) cos
l

16. Find a0 if f ( x) x , expanded as a Fourier series in (,).

Sol. f ( x) x x f ( x) , which is an even function.
a0

f ( x) dx

| x | dx
0

x dx
0

2 x2

2 0

2 2

0
2

17. Find a sine series for f(x) = x in (0, )

Sol.

bn

f ( x) sin nx dx

x sin nx dx
0

2 cos nx
sin nx
x
(1)

2
n
n
0

2(1) n 1

2 (1) n

{
0

0
}

n
n

Sine series is

2(1) n 1
sin x sin 2 x sin 3x

sin nx 2

.................
n
2
3
1

n 1

f ( x) bn sin nx
n 1

18. To which value the half range sine series corresponding to f(x) = x2 expressed in the
interval (0,2) converges at x = 2?
Sol. At x = 2 (which is point of discontinuity), the
x2
Half range Fourier sine series converges to
2 x2
2 (4 x )2 4
0
2
2
f (2) f (2) 2 [ (4 2) ]

2
2
44

0
2

19. If the Fourier series of the function f(x) = x + x2, in the interval (,) is
2

2
4

cos
nx

sin nx , then find the value of the infinite series

2
n
n

(1) n

3 n 1
1
1
1
2 2 .............
2
1
2
3

2
2
4

(1) n 2 cos nx sin nx

Sol. Given f ( x)
3
n
n

n 1

Put x = in the above series we get

f ( )

4
(1) n 2 (1) n
3
n
n 1

0 --------------- (1)

But x = is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f ( ) f ( ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 2 2
f ( )

2
2
2
2

Hence equation (1) becomes

2

4
(1) n 2 (1) n
3
n
n 1

4 (1) 2 n
2
2

3
n2
n 1

2 2
1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ...............
3
2
3
1

2
6

1
1
1
2 2 ...............
2
1
2
3

20. The cosine series for f(x) = x sin x in 0 < x < is given as
(1) n
1
1
1
1

....
cos x 2 2
cos nx . Deduce that 1 2
2
1.3 3.5 5.7
2
n2 n 1

x sin x 1

Sol.

As n2 1 = ( n 1)( n + 1)
1
cos 2 x cos 3x cos 4 x cos 5x cos 6 x

cos x 2

................
2
2.4
3.5
4.6
5.7
1.3

x sin x 1

Put x

in the above series we get

1
1
1
1

(0) 2
0
0
................
2
2
3.5
5.7
1.3

1
1
1

1 2

................
2
1.3 3.5 5.7

(1) 1

21. Find the half range sine series for f(x) = 2 in 0 < x < .
Sol.

bn

f ( x) sin nx dx
0

2 sin nx dx
0

4 cos nx
4
4

(1) n 1
1 (1) n

n 0 n
n

Half range sine series is

4 [1 (1) n ]
sin nx
n
n 1

f ( x) bn sin nx
n 1

4 2 sin x 2 sin 3x 2 sin 5 x

..........
.......

1
3
5

8 sin x sin 3x sin 5 x

.................

1
3
5

22. Does f(x) = tan x posses a Fourier series? Justify your answer.
Sol. For a function f(x) to have Fourier series expansion it must satisfy all the three criteria
in Dirichlets conditions. But f(x) = tan x has value at x

and so it is a discontinuous

point and moreover it is an infinite discontinuity. So it does not have a Fourier series
expansion.
23. Does f(x) = sin (1/x) posses a Fourier series? Justify your answer.
Sol. For a function f(x) to have Fourier series expansion it must satisfy all the three criteria
in Dirichlets conditions. But f(x) = sin(1/x) has minimum or maximum value at odd
1 (2n 1)

multiple of . (i.e.) when

x

2
2
x
(2n 1)

As n tend to , x = 0. So the function does not have a Fourier series expansion.

24. Without finding the values of a0, an and bn, the Fourier coefficients of Fourier series,
a0 2

for the function f(x) = x2 in the interval (0, ) find the value of

Sol.

a0

(an bn )
2

n 1

(a
n 1

2
n

2
bn )

[ f ( x)]

dx

[x

2 2

] dx

dx

2 4
2 x5
2 5
0
5 0 5
5

a0
2
2
(an cos n x bn sin n x) is the Fourier series of f(x) = x in (1, 1), find a3 b3
25. If
2 n 1

Sol. Since the given function f(x) = x is an odd function, we have a0 = 0, an = 0 (i.e.) a3 = 0
1

bn

2
f ( x) sin n x dx 2 x sin n x dx
1 0
0
1

cos n x
sin n x
2( x)
(1)

2 2
n

n
0

(1) n

2
0 {0 0}

2 (1) n
n
3
2 (1)
4 (1) 6
4
2
b3
b3

2
3
9
9 2
4
4
2
2
a3 b3 0 2 2
9
9
bn

PART B
1. Find the Fourier series for the function f(x) = 1 + x + x2 in (, ).
1
1
1
2

..........
....

6
12 2 2 32

Deduce

Sol. The given function is neither an even nor an odd function.

f ( x)
a0

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1

f ( x) dx

(1 x x

) dx

1
x2 x3
x

2
3

1
2 3
2 3

2
3
2
3

1
2 3
2 2
2

3
3

1
1
a n f ( x) cos nx dx (1 x x 2 ) cos nx dx

1
sin nx
cos nx
sin nx
(1 x x 2 )
(1 2 x)
(2)

2
3

n
n

(1 2 ) (1) n
(1 2 ) (1) n
1
0

2
2

n
n

cos n (1) n
(1) n
sin n 0
1 2 1 2

2
n
cos n( ) cos n
n
n
(1)
4 (1)
(1) n

(
4

n2
n2

bn

f ( x) sin nx dx

(1 x x

) sin nx dx

1
cos nx
sin nx
cos nx
(1 x x 2 )
(1 2 x)
(2)

2
3

n
n
2 (1) n
2 (1) n
1
2 ( 1)
2 ( 1)

(
1

(
1

n
n
n3
n 3

(1) n

1 2 1 2
n

2 (1) n
2 (1) n 1
(1) n

(2 )

n
n
n

f ( x)

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1

1
2 2
2
2
3

4(1) n

2(1) n1

cos
nx

sin nx
2
n
n 1 n

2
cos x cos 2 x cos 3x

sin x sin 2 x sin 3x

1
4 2

.......... 2

..........
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
1

(i.e.) f ( x) 1

cos x cos 2 x cos 3x

sin x sin 2 x sin 3x

4 2
2 ............ 2

............
2
3
2
3
2
3
1
1

Put x = in the above series we get

f ( ) 1

1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............ 2(0) --------------- (1)

3
2
3
1

But x = is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f ( ) f ( ) (1 2 ) (1 2 ) 2 2 2

1 2
2
2
2

f ( )

Hence equation (1) becomes

2

1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............
3
2
3
1

1
1
1

2
4 2 2 2 ............
3
2
3
1

1 2 1

2 2
1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............
3
2
3
1

1
1
1
2 2 2 ................
6 1
2
3
1 x,
1 x,

2. Find the Fourier series for the function f ( x)

Deduce that

(2n 1)
n 1

Sol.

2 x 0
0 x2

f( x) = 1 x in (2, 0)
= f(x) in (0, 2)
and f( x) = 1 + x in (0, 2)
= f(x) in (2, 0)
Hence f(x) is an even function.
a0
nx
f ( x)
an cos
2 n 1
2

a0

2
2

f ( x) dx (1 x) dx

0
2

x2
x
2 0

(2 2) (0)
0

2
an
2

nx
nx
f ( x) cos
dx (1 x) cos
dx
2
2
0
2

nx
nx

cos

sin

2 (1)
2
(1 x)
n 2 2
n

2
4

4 (1) n
4
0 2 2 0 2 2
n
n

4
2 2 1 (1) n
n

f ( x)

0 4 [1 (1) n ]
nx

cos
2 2
2 n 1
2
n

4 2
x
2
3x
2
5x

cos 0 2 cos
0 2 cos
........................
2 2
2
2
2
1
3
5

8 1
x 1
3x 1
5x

f ( x) 2 2 cos 2 cos
2 cos
........................
2 3
2
2
1
5

Put x = 0 in the above series we get

f (0)

8 1 1
1

2 2 ............ --------------- (1)

2 2
1 3 5

cos n (1) n
sin n 0
cos 0 1
sin 0 0

But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f (0) f (0) (1) (1) 2

1
2
2
2

f (0)

f(x) = 1 + x
f(0) = 1 + 0 = 1

Hence equation (1) becomes

1

f(x) = 1 x
f(0) = 1 0 = 1

8 1 1
1

2 2 ............
2 2
1 3 5

1 1
1
2 2 ................
2
8 1
3
5
2

1
(i.e.)

2
8
n 1 ( 2n 1)

3. Expand f(x) = cos x, 0 < x < in a Fourier sine series.

Sol. Fourier sine series is

f ( x) bn sin nx
n 1

bn

f ( x) sin nx dx

cos x sin nx dx

2 sin nx cos x dx

2SinACosB = Sin(A+B) + Sin(AB)

[sin(n 1) x sin(n 1) x] dx ,

n 1

cos(n 1) (1) n 1
cos(n 1) (1) n 1

1 cos(n 1) x cos(n 1) x

n 1
n 1

0

1 (1) n 1 (1) n 1 1
1

n 1
n 1 n 1 n 1

1 1
1
1
1
(1) n

n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1

1 1
1
1
1
(1) n

n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1

1
2 n 2 n
(1) n 2
2

n 1 n 1
2n
bn
(1) n 1 , n 1
2
(n 1)

When n = 1, we have
b1

f ( x) sin x dx

cos x sin x dx
0

sin 2 x dx
0

1 cos 2 x
1

(1 1) 0

2 0
2

f ( x) bn sin nx b1 sin x bn sin nx

n 1

n2

n2

2n [ (1) n 1]
sin nx
(n 2 1)

2 4 sin 2 x
8 sin 4 x
12 sin 6 x

0
0
0 ..................

3
15
35

8 sin 2 x 2 sin 4 x 3 sin 6 x

..................

3
15
35

4. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = x2, 0 < x < 2. Hence deduce that
1
1
1
2
(i ) 2 2 2 ..............
6
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
(ii ) 2 2 2 ..............
12
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
(iii ) 2 2 2 ..............
8
1
3
5

Sol.

Fourier series is

a0
f ( x)
(a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1

a0

f ( x) dx

dx

0
2

1 x3

3 0

an

8 2
1 8 3

0

3
3

f ( x) cos nx dx

cos nx dx

0
2

1
sin nx
cos nx
sin nx
( x 2 )
(2 x)
(2)

2
3

n
n

n
0

(4 ) (1)
1

0 0 0 0
0

2

n

4
2
n

bn

f ( x) sin nx dx

cos 2n 1
sin 2n 0

sin nx dx

0
2

1
cos nx
sin nx
cos nx
( x 2 )
(2 x)
(2)

2
3

n 0
1 4 2
2
2

0 3 0 0 3
n
n
n
4

f ( x)

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1

4
4

2 cos nx
sin nx
n

n 1 n
4 2
cos x cos 2 x cos 3x

sin x sin 2 x sin 3x

f ( x)
4 2

............... 4

............
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
1

1 8 2

2 3

Put x = 0 in the above series we get

f (0)

4 2
1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............ 4 (0) --------------- (1)

3
2
3
1

But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f (0)

f (0) f (2 ) (0) (4 2 )

2 2
2
2

10

Hence equation (1) becomes

2 2

4 2
1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............
3
2
3
1

4 2
1
1
1

2
4 2 2 2 ............
3
2
3
1

2 2
1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............
3
2
3
1

1
1
1
2 2 ................
2
1
2
3

(2)

Now, put x = (which is point of continuity) in the above series we get

4 2
1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............ 4 (0)
3
2
3
1

2
4
1
1
1

2
4 2 2 2 ............
3
2
3
1

1
1
1

4 2 2 2 ............
3
2
3
1

2
12

1
1
1
2 2 ................ (3)
2
1
2
3

Adding (2) and (3), we get

2
6

1
1 1

2 2 2 2 ............
12
3
5
1

3 2
2
12

1
1 1

12 3 2 5 2 ............
2 1 1 1

................
8 12 3 2 5 2

5. Find the Fourier series expansion of ( x)2 in < x < .

Sol. Fourier series is
f ( x)
a0

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1

f ( x) dx

( x)

dx

1 ( x) 3

3

1
0 8 3
3
8 2

1
1
a n f ( x) cos nx dx ( x) 2 cos nx dx

1
sin nx
cos nx
sin nx
( x) 2
[2( x)(1)]
(2)

2
3

n
n

(4 ) (1) n
1

4 (1) n
n2

11

bn

f ( x) sin nx dx

( x)

sin nx dx

1
cos nx
sin nx
cos nx
( x) 2
[2( x)(1)]
(2)

2
3

f ( x)

n
2 (1) n
2 (1) n
1
2 ( 1)
0

(
4

n
n3
n 3

4 (1) n
n

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1

4(1) n

4 (1) n

cos
nx

sin nx
2
n
n 1 n

2
4
cos x cos 2 x cos 3x

sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x

f ( x)
4 2

............... 4

............
2
2
3
1
2
3
2
3
1

1 8 2

2 3

(i.e.) f ( x)

4 2
cos x cos 2 x cos 3x

sin x sin 2 x sin 3x

4 2

............... 4

............
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
1

6. Expand in Fourier series of f(x) = x sinx for 0 < x < 2 and deduce the result
1
1
1
2

..........
1.3 3.5 5.7
4

Sol. Fourier series is

f ( x)
a0

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1
2

f ( x) dx

x sin x dx
0

x ( cos x) (1)( sin x)02

(2 0) (0 0)

an

f ( x) cos nx dx

1
2
1
2

x sin x cos nx dx
0
2

x(2 cos nx sin x) dx

0
2

x sin(n 1) x sin(n 1) x dx

n 1

0
2

x sin(n 1) x dx
0

1
2

x sin(n 1) x dx
0
2

cos( n 1) x
sin( n 1) x

(1)
( x)
2
n

1
(
n

1
)

(1) 2 n 2 1
(1) 2 n 2 1

sin( n 1) x
1 cos(n 1) x

(1)
( x)
2
2
n 1
(
n

1
)

0
1 2 (1) 2 n 2

1 2 (1) 2 n 2

0 0 0
0 0 0

2
n 1
n 1

1
1

n 1 n 1

12

an

(n 1) (n 1)
(n 1)(n 1)

an

2
, n 1
n 1
2

When n = 1, we have
a1

f ( x) cos x dx

x sin x cos x dx

0
2

x sin 2 x dx
0
2

cos 2 x
sin 2 x
(1)

x
2
4 0

bn

f ( x) sin nx dx

1
2

x sin x sin nx dx
0
2

x(2 sin nx sin x) dx

0
2

x cos(n 1) x cos(n 1) x dx

1
2

2 0 (0 0)
2

1
2

n 1

0
2

1
0 x cos(n 1) x dx 2

x cos(n 1) x dx
0
2

cos(n 1) x
1 sin( n 1) x

(1)
( x)
2
2 n 1
(n 1)
0
1

sin( n 1) x
cos( n 1) x

(1)
( x)
2
(n 1)
0
n 1

(1) 2 n 2
1 1
(1) 2 n 2
1
0

2
2
2
(n 1)
(n 1) 2
(n 1)
(n 1) 2

1
1 1
1
1
1

0
0
2
2
2
2
(n 1)
(n 1) 2
(n 1)
(n 1) 2
bn 0 , n 1

1
2

When n = 1, we have
b1

f ( x) sin x dx

x sin x sin x dx

1
2

0
2

x sin

x dx

0
2

1 cos 2 x
x
dx
2

x 2 sin 2 x
cos 2 x
(1)

x
4

0
2 2
2
1
1
2 0 0 0
2
2

13

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1

f ( x)

a0
a1 cos x a n cos nx b1 sin x bn sin nx
2
n2
n2

2 1
2
cos x
cos nx sin x 0
2 2
n 2 ( n 1)( n 1)

1
cos 2 x cos 3x cos 4 x cos 5 x

x sin x 1 cos x sin x 2

..................
2
2.4
3.5
4.6
1.3

Put x =

in the above series we get

1
1
1

(1) 1 0 (1) 2 0
0
0 ..................
2
3.5
5.7
1.3

1
1
1

1 2

..................
2
1.3 3.5 5.7

2 2
1
1
1

..................
2
1.3 3.5 5.7

2
1
1
1

..................
2
1.3 3.5 5.7

2 1
1
1

.................
4
1.3 3.5 5.7

7. Find the Fourier series of periodicity 3 for f(x) = 2x x2 in 0 < x < 3.

Sol. Fourier series is
f ( x)

a0
2n x
2n x
a n cos
bn sin

2 n 1
3
3
3

1
2
a0
f ( x) dx (2 x x 2 ) dx

(3 / 2) 0
30
3

2 2x 2 x3


3 2
3 0

2
27
9 (0 0)

3
3

1
an
(3 / 2)

2
2nx
f ( x) cos nx dx (2 x x 2 ) cos
dx
30
3
3

2nx
2nx
2nx

cos

sin

sin

2
2
3
3
3

(2 2 x)
(2 x x )
(2)
2 2
3 3
2
n

3
4n
8n

9
27

2
9
9
0 (4) 2 2 0 0 (2) 2 2 0
3
4n
4 n

2 54
3 4n 2 2
9
2 2
n

14

1
bn
(3 / 2)

2
2nx
f ( x) sin nx dx (2 x x 2 ) sin
dx
30
3
3

2nx
2nx
2nx

sin

cos

cos

2
2
3
3
3

(2 2 x)
(2 x x )
(2)
2 2
3 3
2
n

3
4n
8n

9
27

f ( x)

2
3
27
27
0 2 3 3 0 0 2 3 3
(3)
3
2n
8n
8n

3
n

a0
2n x
2n x
a n cos
bn sin

2 n 1
3
3

2n x 3
2n x
9
0 2 2 cos

sin

3
n
3
n 1 n

(i.e.) f ( x)

2 x 1
4 x 1
6 x
9 1

cos
2 cos
2 cos
.....................
2 2
3
3
3
1
2
3

2 x 1
4 x 1
6 x
3 1

sin
sin
sin
.....................

1
3
2
3
3
3

8. Expand f(x) = x x2 as a Fourier series in l < x < l and using this series find the root
square mean value of f(x) in the interval.
Sol. Fourier series is
a0
n x
n x
f ( x)
a n cos
bn sin

2 n 1
l
l
l

1
1
a 0 f ( x) dx ( x x 2 ) dx
l l
l l
l

1 x2 x3

l2
3 l
1 l 2 l 3 l 2 l 3

l 2 3 2 3
1 2l3 2l 2

l 3
3

1
nx
1
nx
a n f ( x) cos
dx ( x x 2 ) cos
dx
l l
l
l l
l
l

nx
nx
nx

cos

sin

sin

1
2
l
l
l

( x x )
(1 2 x)
(2)
n 2 2
n 3 3
l
n

l2
l3

l
(1) n l 2
1
0 (1 2l ) 2 2
l
n
(1) n l 2
1 2l 1 2l

l n 2 2

(1) n l 2
0 0 (1 2l ) 2 2

n

4 l 2 (1) n 1
(1) n l
2 2 4l
n
n 2 2

15

1
nx
1
nx
f ( x) sin
dx ( x x 2 ) sin
dx

l l
l
l l
l
l

bn

nx
nx
nx

sin

cos

cos

1
2
l
l
l

(1 2 x)
( x x )
(2)
2 2
3 3

l
n
n

l2

l 3 l
n
(1) n l
1
2(1) n l 3
2(1) n l 3
2 ( 1) l
0

(l l 2 )

l
)

n
l
n 3 3
n 3 3
n

(1) n l

l l2 l l2
l n

n 1
(1) n 1
2l 2 l (1)
n
n

a
n x
n x

f ( x) 0 a n cos
bn sin

2 n 1
l
l

4 l 2 (1) n 1
n x 2 l (1) n 1
n x

cos

sin
2 2
l
n
l
n 1 n
l 2 4l 2 1
x 1
2 x 1
3 x 1
4 x

(i.e.) f ( x)
2 2 cos
2 cos
2 cos
2 cos
....................
3
l
l
l
l
1
2
3
4

1 2l 2

2 3

2 l 1 x 1
2 x 1
3 x 1
4 x

sin
sin
sin
sin
....................

1
l
2
l
3
l
4
l

RMS value of f(x) in (l, l ) is

2

a
1
y 0
4 2
2

(a
n 1
2

2
n

1 2l 2 1


4 3 2
2

(i.e.) y

l4

bn )
2

16 l 4 (1) 2 n 2 4 l 2 (1) 2 n 2

n 4 4
n 2 2
n 1

8l 4
2l 2

4 4

n 2 2
n 1 n

in 0 x
x
2
9. Obtain the sine series for f ( x)
l x in l x l

Sol. Fourier sine series is

f ( x) bn sin
n 1

n x
l

2
nx
f ( x) sin
dx

l 0
l
l

bn

l/2

nx
2
nx
x sin
dx (l x) sin
dx
l
l l/2
l
l

l/2

nx
nx
nx
nx

sin

sin

cos
cos

2
2
l
l
l
l

(1)
(1)
( x)
(l x)
2 2
2 2
n

n
n
l
l

2
2

l
l

l
l

l / 2

16

l . cos
2
l

2

l 2 n

n
2
2l . sin
2
2

2 2
l n

4l
n
bn 2 2 sin
2
n

f ( x) bn sin
n 1

n 1

4l
n
2

n
2
l . sin
2

2 2
n

l . cos

2
l

2

0 0 {0 0}

l
2 n

n
2
l . sin
2

2 2
n

n x
l
sin

n
n x
sin
2
l

4l 1

x
3
3 x
5
5 x
1
1

sin sin
0 2 sin
sin
0 2 sin
sin
0 .......................
2 2
2
l
2
l
2
l
1
3
5

4l 1
x 1
3 x 1
5 x

sin
2 sin
2 sin
.......................
2 2
l
l
l
1
3
5

10. Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x ( x) in 0 < x < .
1
1
1
4
Deduce that 4 4 4 ............
90
1
2
3

Sol. Half range fourier cosine series is

a0
an cos nx
2 n 1

f ( x)

11.

a0

f ( x) dx

x( x) dx
0

x3
2 x 2

2
3 0

2 3 3
(0 0)

2
3

2 3
6

an

2
3

f ( x) cos nx dx
0

x( x) cos nx dx
0

2
sin nx
cos nx
sin nx
( x x 2 )
( 2 x)
(2)

2
3

n
n

n
0

2
( )(1) n
( )(1)

n2
n2

(1) n 1
2
n
2
2 (1) n 1
n

17

f ( x)

a0
a n cos nx
2 n 1

1 2

2 3

2
2 (1) n 1 cos nx
n 1 n
2
2 cos 2 x
2 cos 4 x
2 cos 6 x

2 0
0
0
0 ...............
2
2
2
6
2
4
6

cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x

4 2

...............
2
2
6
4
6
2

Parsevals identity for half range fourier cosine series is

2

2
[ f ( x)] dx
0

a0
2
an
2
n 1
2

1 2
4

x
]
dx

[(1) n 1]2

0
2 3
n 1 n

2
2

2 2

x x 2 x )dx
2

4
4
4

40 4 0 4 0 4 0 ..............
18
4
6
2

2 2 x 3 x 5 2 x 4
4 16 1 1 1

4 4 4 4 ..............

3
5
4 0 18 2 1 2
3

2 5 5 5 4 1 1
1

4 4 4 ..............

3
5
2 18 1 2
3

2 5 4 1 1
1
4 4 4 ...................

30 18 1 2 3

1 1
1
4 4 .............
4
15 18
1 2
3
4

1 1
1
(i.e.)
4 4 4 .............
90 1 2
3

11. Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f ( x) e x in 1 < x < 1.
Sol. The complex form of Fourier series of f(x) is given by

f ( x)

ei n x
2l = 2
l=1

1
Cn
f ( x) e i n x dx

2(1) 1
1

1
e x e i n x dx
2 1
1

1
e (1i n ) x dx
2 1
1

1 e (1i n ) x

2 (1 i n ) 1

1
e (1i n ) e (1i n )
2(1 i n )

(1 i n ) 1 i n
e e
e 1e i n
2 2
2(1 n )
(1 i n ) 1

e (cos n i sin n ) e 1 (cos n i sin n )

2 2
2(1 n )

18

Cn

(1 i n ) 1
e (1) n e 1 (1) n
2 2
2(1 n )

(1 i n ) (1) n 1
e e 1
2 2
2(1 n )

(1 i n ) (1) n
2 sinh 1
2(1 n 2 2 )

(1) n sinh 1(1 i n )

Cn
1 n 2 2

(1) n sinh 1(1 i n ) i n x

f ( x)
e
1 n 2 2
n
1,
2,

12. Find the Fourier series of f ( x)

0 x

x 2
1 1
1
Hence evaluate the value of the series 2 2 2 ................
1 3
5

Sol. Fourier series is

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1

f ( x)
a0

f ( x) dx

(1) dx (2) dx
0

x 0 2 x 2

( 0) 2 (2 )

1 2 3

an

f ( x) cos nx dx

(1) cos nx dx
0

(2) cos nx dx

1 sin nx
2 sin nx

n 0 n
1
2
(0 0) (0 0)

bn

f ( x) sin nx dx

(1) sin nx dx
0

(2) sin nx dx

1 cos nx
2 cos nx

n 0 n
1
2

[(1) n 1]
[1 (1) n ]
n
n
1

(1) n 1 2 2(1) n
n
(1) n 1

f ( x)

a0
(a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1

3
(1) n 1
0. cos nx
sin nx
2 n 1
n

3 2 sin x sin 2 x sin 3x

.........................
2 1
2
3

19

When we put x = 0, , , 2 we will not get the given series.

2

So, using Parsevals identity for Fourier series we have

2

(1)

dx

x0

1
1

a
2
2
[ f ( x)] dx 0 (a n bn )
2 n 1
2

x2

9 1 4
4
4

2 2 0 2 0 2 0 ..................
2 1
3
5

0 4 2 9

2
(3) 2
(1) n 1
(2) dx
0

2
n 2 2
n 1

4 1 1
1

2 2 ..................
2 2
1 3 5

9
4 1 1
1

2 2 2 2 ..................
2 1
3
5

1
4 1 1
1

2 2 2 2 ..................
2 1
3
5

2
8

1 1
1
2 2 .................
2
1
3
5

0 x
x,
2
13. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x)
l
l x,
xl
2

1
Hence deduce the value of
4
n 1 ( 2n 1)

l
2

0xL
x,
2 L x, L x 2 L

Sol. Let 2 L l L , then the given function becomes f ( x)

a0
n x
n x
bn sin
Fourier series is f ( x) a n cos

2 n 1
L
L
1
a0
L

2L

1
1
f ( x) dx ( x) dx
L 0
L

2L

(2 L x) dx
L

2L

1 x2
1 (2 L x) 2

L 2 0 L 2 L
1
1 L2
L2

L 2
2
L
L L
L
2 2
n x
f ( x) cos
dx
L

1
an
L
1

2L

n x
1
0 x cos L dx L
L

2L

(2 L x) cos

n x
dx
L
L

2L

n x
n x
n x
n x

cos

cos

sin
sin

1
1
L
L
L
L

( 2 L x )
( x )
(1)
(1)
n 2 2
n 2 2
L n
L
n

L
L

L2
L2

L
1
(1) n L2
L2 1
L2
(1) n L2
0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2
L
n
n L
n
n
1 L2
2L

(1) n 1 1 (1) n 2 2 (1) n 1

2 2
Ln
n

20

bn

2L

1
L

f ( x) sin

n x
dx
L

n x
1
0 x sin L dx L
L

2L

(2 L x) sin

n x
dx
L
L

2L

n x
n x
n x
n x

sin

sin

cos
cos

1
1
L
L
L
L

(1)
(1)
(2 L x)
( x)
2 2
2 2

L
L
n
n

L
L

L2
L2

L
1

(1) n L2

1 (1) n L2

L
n
n

L
0

a
n x
n x

f ( x) 0 a n cos
bn sin

2 n 1
L
L

n x
L 2 L [(1) n 1]

cos
0
2 2
2 n 1
L
n

x
3 x
5 x
L 2L 2
2
2

2 2 cos
0 2 cos
0 2 cos
0 .................
2 1
L
L
L
3
5

x 1
3 x 1
5 x
L 4L 1

2 2 cos
2 cos
2 cos
.................
2 1
L 3
L
L
5

(i.e.) f ( x)

2 x 1
6 x 1
10 x
l 2l 1

2 2 cos
2 cos
2 cos
.................
4 1
l
l
l
3
5

Using Parsevals identity for Fourier series we have

1
L
L

2L

a0
2
2
(a n bn )
2 n 1
2

[ f ( x)] 2 dx

1
1
( x) 2 dx

L0
L

2L

L2 4 L2 (1) n 1
(2 L x) dx

2 n 1
n 4 4

2L

1 x3
1 (2 L x) 3
L2 4 L2 4
4
4

4 4 0 4 0 4 0 ..................

L 3 0 L 3 L
2 1
3
5

1
1 L3
L3 L2 16 L2 1 1
1

4 4 4 4 ..................

L 3
3 2
1 3 5

L
2
2
2
2L
L
16 L 1 1
1

4 4 4 4 ..................
3
2
1 3 5

L2 16 L2 1 1
1

4 4 4 4 ..................
6
1 3 5

1 1
1
4 4 4 .................
96 1
3
5
4

1
(i.e.)

96 n 1 (2n 1) 4

14. Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x in 0 < x < l.

Hence deduce the value of the series

(2n 1)
n 1

Sol. Half range Fourier cosine series is f ( x)

l

a0
n x
a n cos
2 n 1
l

2
2
2 x2
2 l 2
a0 f ( x) dx x dx 0 l
l 0
l 0
l 2 0 l 2

21

n x
n x
2
2
f ( x) cos
dx x cos
dx

l 0
l
l 0
l
l

an

n x
n x
cos

sin

2
l
l

( x)
(1)
n 2 2
l n

l2

0
2
(1) n l 2
l 2
0 2 2 0 2 2
l
n
n
2l
2 2 (1) n 1
n

a
n x
f ( x) 0 a n cos
2 n 1
l

n x
l 2 l [(1) n 1]

cos
2 2
2 n 1
l
n

x
3 x
5 x
2
2
2

12 cos l 0 3 2 cos l 0 5 2 cos l 0 ...................

x 1
3 x 1
5 x
l 4l 1

(i.e.) f ( x) 2 2 cos
2 cos
2 cos
...................
2 1
l
l
l
3
5

l 2l

2 2

Using Parsevals identity for half range Fourier cosine series we have

a0
2
2
2
[
f
(
x
)]
dx

an

l 0
2 n 1
l

2
l
2
l 2 4l 2 (1) n 1
2
( x) dx

l 0
2 n 1
n 4 4

2 x3
l 2 4l 2 4
4
4

4 4 0 4 0 4 0 ..................

l 3 0 2 1
3
5

l 2 16l 2 1 1
2 l 3
1

4 4 4 4 ..................
l 3
1 3 5

2
2
2
2
2l
l
16l 1 1
1

4 4 4 4 ..................
3
2
1 3 5

l 2 16 l 2 1 1
1

4 4 4 4 ..................
6
1 3 5

1 1
1
4 4 4 .................
96 1
3
5
4

1
(i.e.)

96 n 1 (2n 1) 4

15. Find the half range sine series of f(x) = x cos x in (0, ).

Sol. Fourier sine series is f ( x) bn sin nx

n 1

bn

f ( x) sin nx dx

x cos x sin nx dx
0

x (2 sin nx cos x) dx
0

x [sin(n 1) x sin(n 1) x] dx ,

n 1

x sin(n 1) x dx
0

x sin(n 1) x dx ,
0

n 1

22

sin( n 1) x
sin( n 1) x
1 cos(n 1) x
1 cos(n 1) x
x

bn x
(1)
(1)
2
2

n 1
n 1

(n 1)
0
(n 1)
0
1

1 (1) n 1
0 0 0

n 1

(1) n 2 (1) n

n 1
n 1
1
1
(1) n

n 1 n 1

(1) n 1

0 0 0

n 1

2n
(1) n

(n 1)(n 1)
2n (1) n
(i.e.)bn 2
, n 1
n 1

When n = 1, we have
2

b1

f ( x) sin x dx
0

x cos x sin x dx

x sin 2 x dx
0

1 cos 2 x
sin 2 x
x
(1)

2
4 0

1 1
1
0 {0 0}
2
2

n 1

n2

f ( x) bn sin nx b1 sin x bn sin nx

2 n(1) n
1
sin x
sin nx
2
n2 1
n2

2 sin 2 x 3 sin 3x 4 sin 4 x

..................
3
8
15

1
sin x 2
2

16. Prove that 1

4
x 1
3x 1
5x

sin
sin
sin
.............. in the interval 0 < x < l

l
3
l
5
l

Sol. Since RHS contains sine series and given 0 < x < l, we have to find half range Fourier sine
series for f(x) = 1

n x
Fourier sine series is f ( x) bn sin
l

n 1

n x
n x
2
2
f ( x) sin
dx (1) sin
dx

l 0
l
l 0
l
l

bn

cos
2
l

n
l
l

2 (1) n l l

l
n n

2
(1) n 1 1
n
n 1

n x
2[(1) 1]
n x
f ( x) bn sin

sin
l
n
l
n 1
n 1

2 2
x
2
3 x
2
5 x

sin
0 sin
0 sin
0 ...........

1
l
3
l
5
l

4
x 1
3x 1
5x

sin
sin
.............
(i.e.) 1 sin

l
3
l
5
l

23

l x, 0 x l
l x 2l
0,
1 1 1
1 1 1
Hence deduce the value of the series (i) 1 .......... (ii) 2 2 2 ..............
3 5 7
1 3 5

a
n x
n x

bn sin
Sol. Fourier series is f ( x) 0 an cos

2 n 1
l
l

17. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x)

1
a0
l

2l

2l

1
1
f ( x) dx (l x) dx (0) dx
l 0
l l
l

1 (l x) 2

l 2 0

1
0 l2
2l

l
2
l
n x
n x
1
f ( x) cos
dx (l x) cos
dx 0
l
l 0
l

1
an
l

2l

n x
n x

cos

sin

1
l
l

(l x)
(1)
n 2 2
l
n

l2

0
1
(1) n l 2
l 2
0 2 2 0 2 2
l
n
n
1 l2

(1) n 1 1
l n 2 2
l
2 2 (1) n 1 1
n
l
n x
n x
1
f ( x) sin
dx (l x) sin
dx 0
l
l 0
l

1
bn
l

2l

n x
n x

sin

cos

1
l (1)
l
(l x)
n 2 2
n
l

l2

0
l2

1
{0 0}
0
l
n

a
n x
n x

f ( x) 0 a n cos
bn sin

2 n 1
l
l
n x
n x
l l [(1) n 1 1]
l

cos

sin
2 2
4 n 1
l
n
l
n
x
3 x
5 x
l
l 2
2
2

2 2 cos
0 2 cos
0 2 cos
0 .................
4 1
l
l
l
3
5

(i.e.) f ( x)

l 2l

4 2

2 x 1
3 x
l 1 x 1

sin
sin
sin
.................

1
l
2
l
3
l

x 1
3 x 1
5 x
1

12 cos l 3 2 cos l 5 2 cos l .................

2 x 1
3 x
l 1 x 1

sin
sin
sin
................. (1)
1
l
2
l
3
l

24

l
2

Put x (which is point of continuity) in equation (1), we get

l

l
l 2l
l
2 (0)
2 4

3 1
5
1
1
1 1

sin

sin

sin

sin
4

sin
.................
1
2 2
3
2
4
5
2

1
1
1

1 0 3 0 5 0 7 .................

l l
l 1 1 1

1 .................
2 4 3 5 7

l
l l

2 4

l
l 1 1 1

1 .................
4 3 5 7

1 1 1
1 .................
4
3 5 7

Put x = l in equation (1) we get

l 2l

4 2

f (l )

1
1 1

12 32 5 2 ................ --------------- (2)

But x = l is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f (l ) f (l ) (0) (0)
f (l )

0
2
2

Hence equation (2) becomes

1
1 1

12 3 2 5 2 ............

2l 1 1
l
1

2 2 2 2 ............
4
1 3 5

l 2l

4 2

f(x) = l x
f(l) = l l =0
f(x) = 0
f(l) = 0

1 1
1
2 2 ................
2
1
3
5

18. Obtain the half range cosine series for f(x) = (x 2)2 in the interval 0 < x < 2.

Deduce that

n 1

1
2

8
(2n 1) 2

Sol. Half range cosine series is

a0
nx
f ( x)
an cos
2 n 1
2
a0

2
2

f ( x) dx ( x 2) 2 dx

0
2

( x 2) 3

3 0

8 8
0
3 3
2
2
2
nx
nx
a n f ( x) cos
dx ( x 2) 2 cos
dx
20
2
2
0
2

nx
nx
nx

sin

cos

sin

2
2
2
2

( x 2)
[2( x 2)]
(2)
n 3 3
n 2 2
n

2
4
8

16

0 0 0 0 2 2 0
n

16
2 2
n

25

f ( x)

8 16
nx
2 2 cos
6 n 1 n
2

(i.e.) f ( x)

4 16 1
x 1
2x 1
3x

2 2 cos 2 cos
2 cos
........................ --------- (1)
3 1
2 2
2
2
3

Put x = 0 in equation (1) we get

4 16

3 2

f (0)

1
1
1

12 2 2 32 ........................ ------------- (2)

But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have

( x 2) 2 ( x 2) 2
2
2
(0 2) (0 2) 2 (4) (4)
f (0)

4
2
2
f ( x)

(x + 2)2
2

Hence equation (2) becomes

4

4 16 1
1
1

2 2 2 2 ........................
3 1
2
3

4 16 1
1
1

2 2 2 2 ........................
3 1
2
3

8 16 1
1
1

2 2 2 2 ........................
3 1
2
3

1
1
1
2 2 2 ...................... (3)
6 1
2
3

Put x = 2 in equation (1) we get

4 16

3 2

f (2)

1
1
1

12 2 2 32 ........................ ------------- (4)

But x = 2 is the point of discontinuity. So we have

( x 2) 2 (2 x) 2
2
2
(2 2) (2 2) 2
f (2)
0
2
f ( x)

Hence equation (4) becomes

1
1
1

12 2 2 3 2 ........................

4
16 1
1
1

2 2 2 2 ........................
3
1 2
3

2
12

4 16

3 2

1
1
1
2 2 ...................... (5)
2
1
2
3

Adding (3) and (5), we get

2

1
1 1

2 2 2 2 ............
6 12
3
5
1

2
3
1
1 1

2 2 2 2 ............
12
3
5
1

2
(i.e.)

8
2
8

1 1
1
2 2 ................
2
1
3
5

n 1

1
(2n 1) 2

(x 2)2
0

(2 x )2
2

26

19. Find the Fourier series expansion up to third harmonic from the following data:
x: 0
1
2
3
4
5
f(x) : 9
18
24
28
26
20
Sol. Here the length of the interval is 6
(i.e.) 2l = 6 l = 3
Fourier series is
a0
n x
n x
an cos
bn sin

2 n 1
3
3
a
x
2 x
3 x
x
2 x
3 x
f ( x) 0 a1 cos
a 2 cos
a3 cos
b1 sin
b2 sin
b3 sin
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
a
x
(i.e.) f ( x) 0 a1 cos a 2 cos 2 a3 cos 3 b1 sin b2 sin 2 b3 sin 3 where
2
3
f ( x)

=x/3 cos

0
1
2
3
4
5

9
18
24
28
26
20

Total

125

0
/3
2/3

4/3
5/3

1
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
0.5

cos2

cos3

1
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
0.5

1
1
1
1
1
1

sin

sin2

0
0
0.866 0.866
0.866 0.866
0
0
0.866 0.866
0.866 0.866

sin3

ycos

ycos2

ycos3

0
0
0
0
0
0

9
9
12
28
13
10
25

9
9
12
28
13
10
7

9
18
24
28
26
20
7

ysin

ysin2

ysin3

0
15.588
20.784
0
22.516
17.32
3.464

0
15.588
20.784
0
22.516
17.32
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Here n = 6

y
125
a0 2 [mean value of y ] 2
2
41.667
6
n
y cos
25
a1 2 [mean value of y cos ] 2
2
8.333
n
6

y cos 2
7
a 2 2 [mean value of y cos 2 ] 2
2 2.333
n
6

y cos 3
7
a3 2 [mean value of y cos 3 ] 2
2 2.333
n
6

y sin
3.464
b1 2 [mean value of y sin ] 2
2
1.155
n
6

y sin 2
0
b2 2 [mean value of y sin 2 ] 2
2 0
n
6

y sin 3
0
b3 2 [mean value of y sin 3 ] 2
2 0
n
6

41.667
f ( x)
8.333 cos 2.333 cos 2 2.333 cos 3 1.155 sin 0 sin 2 0 sin 3
2
x
(i.e.) f ( x) 20.833 8.333 cos 2.333 cos 2 2.333 cos 3 1.155 sin where
3

27

20. Find the Fourier series expansion up to second harmonic from the following data:
x: 0

/3
2 / 3
4 / 3
5 / 3
2
f(x) : 10
12
15
20
17
11
10
Sol. Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first, only the first six values will be used.
Fourier series is
f ( x)

a0
(an cos n x bn sin n x)
2 n 1

(i.e.) f ( x)

a0
a1 cos x a2 cos 2 x b1 sin x b2 sin 2 x
2

cosx

cos2x

0
/3
2/3

4/3
5/3

10
12
15
20
17
11

1
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
0.5

1
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
0.5

Total

85

sinx

sin2x

0
0
0.866 0.866
0.866 0.866
0
0
0.866 0.866
0.866 0.866

ycosx

ycos2x

ysinx

ysin2x

10
6
7.5
20
8.5
5.5
14.5

10
6
7.5
20
8.5
5.5
2.5

0
10.392
12.99
0
14.722
9.526
0.866

0
10.392
12.99
0
14.722
9.526
2.598

Here n = 6

y
85
a0 2 [mean value of y ] 2
2 28.333
6
n

y cos x
14.5
a1 2 [mean value of y cos x] 2
2
4.833
n
6

y cos 2 x
2.5
a 2 2 [mean value of y cos 2 x] 2
2 0.833
n
6

y sin x
0.866
b1 2 [mean value of y sin x] 2
2
0.289
n
6

y sin 2 x
2.598
b2 2 [mean value of y sin 2 x] 2
2
0.866
n
6

28.333
f ( x)
4.833 cos x 0.833 cos 2 x 0.289 sin x 0.866 sin 2 x
2
(i.e.) f ( x) 14.1665 4.833 cos x 0.833 cos 2 x 0.289 sin x 0.866 sin 2 x

21. Find the Fourier series expansion up to first harmonic from the following data:
x: 0
1
2
3
4
5
6 7
8 9 10
11
f(x) : 18 18.7 17.6 15 11.6 8.3 6 5.3 6.4 9 12.4 15.7
Sol. Here the length of the interval is 12
(i.e.) 2l = 12 l = 6
Fourier series is
a0
n x
n x
an cos
bn sin

2 n 1
6
6
a
x
x
f ( x) 0 a1 cos
b1 sin
2
6
6
a
x
(i.e.) f ( x) 0 a1 cos b1 sin where
2
6
f ( x)

28

=x/6

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

18
18.7
17.6
15
11.6
8.3
6
5.3
6.4
9
12.4
15.7

0
/6
2/6
3/6
4/6
5/6

7/6
8/6
9/6
10/6
11/6

Total

144

cos

sin

ycos

1
0
18
0.866
0.5
16.1942
0.5
0.866
8.8
0
1
0
0.5
0.866
5.8
0.866
0.5
7.1878
1
0
6
0.866 0.5 4.5898
0.5 0.866
3.2
0
1
0
0.5
0.866
6.2
0.866
0.5 13.5962
36.0128

ysin

0
9.35
15.2416
15
10.0456
4.15
0
2.65
5.5424
9
10.7384
7.85
18.0064

Here n = 12

y
a0 2 [mean value of y ] 2
2
n

144
12 24

y cos
36.0128
a1 2 [mean value of y cos ] 2
2
6.002
n
12

y sin
18.0064
b1 2 [mean value of y sin ] 2
2
3.001
n
12

24
f ( x)
6.002 cos 3.001sin
2
x
(i.e.) f ( x) 12 6.002 cos 3.001sin where
6

29

Part A
1. Write down the form of the Fourier series of an odd function in ( l, l) and the
associated Eulers formula for the Fourier coefficients.

n x
f ( x) bn sin
Sol.
l

n 1

2
n x
bn f ( x) sin
dx
l 0
l
l

2. If f(x) = 3x 4x3 defined in the interval ( 2, 2) then find the value of a1 in the
Fourier series expansion.
Sol. Since f(x) is an odd function, an = 0.
a1 = 0
3. Obtain the first term of the Fourier series for the function f(x) = x2, < x <
Sol. f(x) = x2 is an even function.
Fourier series is
f ( x)
a0

a0
an cos nx
2 n 1

f ( x) dx

dx

2 2
2 x3
2 3

0
3 0 3
3

a
2
Hence the first term of the Fourier series = 0
2
3

4. If f(x) = 2x in the interval (0, 4) then find the value of a2 in the Fourier series
expansion.
4
1
2 x
a

2
x
cos
dx
Sol.
2

x cos x dx
0
4

sin x
cos x
x
(1)

2

0

1
1

0 2 0 2

0

5. Define root mean square value of a function

Sol. The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (a, b) is defined as
b

RM S y

[ f ( x)] 2 dx

1
y
[ f ( x)] 2 dx

ba a
2

ba

6. Find the root mean square value of f(x) = x2 in (0, l)

l

1
Sol. R M S y [ f ( x)]2 dx
l0
2

l
l
l4
1
1
1 x5
1 l5
[ x 2 ]2 dx x 4 dx 0
l0
l0
l 5 0 l 5
5

l2
5

30

7. Find the root mean square value of a function f(x) in (0, 2)

Sol. The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (0, 2) is defined as
1
RM S y
2

[ f ( x)] dx

1
y
2
2

[ f ( x)] 2 dx

8. Find the root mean square value of f(x) = 1 x in 0 < x < 1

1

1
Sol. R M S y [ f ( x)]2 dx
10
2

(1 x)3
1 1
(1 x) dx
0

3 0 3 3
0
1
y
3
1

9. Find the root mean square value of f(x) = x in 0 < x < 2

1
Sol. R M S y
2
2

[ f ( x)] dx
2

1 ( x) 3
0 ( x) dx 2 3
0
2

3 3

3 3

1 2 3 2

2 3 3

10. Write the sufficient conditions for a function f(x) to satisfy for the existence of a
Fourier series.
Sol. i) f(x) is defined and single valued except possibly at a finite number of points in (, )
ii) f(x) is periodic with period 2
iii) f(x) and f (x) are piecewise continuous in (, )
Then the Fourier series of f(x) converges to
a) f(x) if x is a point of continuity
b)

f ( x 0) f ( x 0)
if x is a point of discontinuity.
2

11. What do you mean by Harmonic Analysis.

Sol. The process of finding the Fourier series for a function given by numerical value is known
as harmonic analysis. In harmonic analysis the Fourier coefficients a0, an and bn of the
function y = f(x) in (0, 2) are given by
a0 = 2 [mean value of y in (0, 2)]
an = 2 [mean value of y cosnx in (0, 2)]
bn = 2 [mean value of y sinnx in (0, 2)]
x , 0 x 1
at x = 1
2 , 1 x 2

12. Find the sum of the Fourier series for f ( x)

Sol. Here x = 1 is a point of discontinuity
f (1)

f (1 0) f (1 0) 1 2 3

2
2
2

31

cos x , 0 x
and f(x) = f(x + 2) for all x, find the sum of the Fourier
50 , x 2

13. If f ( x)

series of f(x) at x = .
Sol. Here x = is a point of discontinuity
f ( 0) f ( 0) cos 50 1 50 49
f ( )

14. Find the coefficient b5 of cos5x in the Fourier cosine series of the function f(x) = sin5x
in the interval (0, 2).
Sol. Fourier cosine series is
f ( x)

b0
bn cos nx
2 n 1

bn
b5

f ( x) sin nx dx

0
2

f ( x) sin 5x dx sin 5 x sin 5x dx

0

sin

5 x dx

0
2

1 cos 10 x
dx
0
2
1

sin 10 x

x 10
0

1
(2 0) (0 0)
2
b5 1

sin nx
. Find the RMS value
n
n 1

15. The Fourier series expansion of f(x) in (0, 2) is f ( x)

of f(x) in the interval (0, 2).
Sol. RMS value of f(x) in (0, 2) is
2

a0 1

4 2

(a
n 1

2
n

bn )
2

But here we have a0 and an are zero and bn = 1/n

2

1
2

n
n 1

16. If f(x) is discontinuous at x = a what value does its Fourier series represent at that point.
17. Find the root mean square value of the function f(x) = x in (o, l)
x, 0 x 1

at x 1.
18. Find the sum of the Fourier series for f(x) =
2, 1 x 2
0, 0 x
19. If the Fourier series for the function f(x) =
is
sin x, x 2

2 cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x

1

......... sin x

1.3
3.5
5.7
2
1
1
1
2
Deduce that

.........
1.3 3.5 5.7
4

f ( x)

20. Find a Fourier sine series for the function f(x) = 1; 0 < x <
21. Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) = | cosx | expressed in
the interval (, ).

32

Part B
x, 0 x
of period 2.
2 x, x 2

1. Obtain the Fourier expansion of the function f ( x)

2. Find the half-range cosine series for the function f(x) = x; 0 < x < and hence deduce the

sum of the series

(2n 1)

n0

3. Expand the function f(x) = sinx, 0 < x < in Fourier cosine series.
4. Determine the first two harmonics of the Fourier series for the following values
x: 0

/3
2 / 3
4 / 3
5 / 3
f(x) : 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 0.88 0.25
5. Find the Fourier series of f(x) = ( x)2 in (0, 2) of periodicity 2.
6. Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function f(x) = |x|, < x < and deduce

1
2

(2n 1)
n 1

7. Find the half-range Fourier cosine series of f(x) = ( x)2 in the interval (0, ). Hence find
the sum of the series

1 1
1
4 4 ..........
4
1
2
3

8. Determine the Fourier expansion of f(x) = x in the interval < x <

9. Find the half range cosine series for x sinx in (0, ) and hence find the value of
1

2
2
2
2

...........
1.3 3.5 5.7 7.9

10. Obtain the Fourier series for the function

x, 0 x 1
f ( x)
(2 x), 1 x 2
11. Calculate the first 3 harmonics of the Fourier of f(x) from the following data:
xo : 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 320
f(x): 1.8 1.1 0.3 0.16 0.5 1.3 2.16 1.25 1.3 1.52 1.76 2.0
12. Find the Fourier series of the function
1
1
1
0, x 0

.........
f ( x)
and hence evaluate
1.3 3.5 5.7
sin x, 0 x