Rajamani Chettiar V Eng Beng Development SDN BHD

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[2016] 4 CLJ
RAJAMANI MEYAPPA CHETTIAR v.

ENG BENG DEVELOPMENT SDN BHD & ORS
COURT OF APPEAL, PUTRAJAYA
MOHTARUDIN BAKI JCA
MOHD ZAWAWI SALLEH JCA
ABDUL RAHMAN SEBLI JCA
[CIVIL APPEAL NO: B-01(W)-71-03-2015]
4 MARCH 2016
LAND LAW: Transfer Indefeasibility of title Issue document of title Whether
transfer bad in law and void for breaches under National Land Code Land
purchased from imposter Whether second purchaser a bona fide purchaser for
valuable consideration Whether purchaser had knowledge of fraud Whether
solicitors acting in sale transaction acted in concert with fraudulent transaction
Whether relevant authorities conducted proper investigation before issuing
replacement title Whether replacement title bad in law and incapable of supporting
transfers of interest in title Whether actual landowners title and interest in land
valid and indefeasible National Land Code, ss. 12, 13, 340 & 421AA
LAND LAW: Title Sale and purchase Indefeasibility of title Transfer of land
Whether bad in law and void for breaches under National Land Code Land
purchased from imposter Whether second purchaser a bona fide purchaser for
valuable consideration Whether relevant authorities conducted proper
investigation before issuing replacement title Whether replacement title bad in law
and incapable of supporting transfers of interest in title Whether actual
landowners title and interest in land valid and indefeasible National Land Code,
ss. 12, 13, 340 & 421AA
LAND LAW: Priorities Land titles Sale and purchase Indefeasibility of title
Transfer of land Whether bad in law and void for breaches under National Land
Code Land purchased from imposter Whether second purchaser a bona fide
purchaser for valuable consideration Whether relevant authorities conducted proper
investigation before issuing replacement title Whether replacement title bad in law
and incapable of supporting transfers of interest in title Whether actual
landowners title and interest in land valid and indefeasible National Land Code,
ss. 12, 13, 340 & 421AA
LEGAL PROFESSION: Solicitors Duty of care Conveyancing transaction
Fraudulent dealing Solicitor acted for purchaser Transfer of property
Replacement title obtained when original issue document of title held by actual
landowner Whether solicitor privy to fraudulent transaction Whether solicitor
owed duty of care to client and not to third parties Whether solicitor negligent
PUBLIC LAW: Public authorities Registrar of Land Titles Transfer of land
Issuance of replacement issue document of title Whether proper investigation
conducted before issuance of replacement title Whether actual landowner in
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Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

Eng Beng Development Sdn Bhd & Ors
511
possession of original issue document of title Whether actual landowner suffered

losses due to issuance of replacement title Whether relevant authorities liable
Government Proceedings Act 1956, ss. 5 & 6
The appellant (plaintiff) was the registered proprietor and lawful owner of
a parcel of land known as EMR 6527 (the land). Disputes arose when the
plaintiffs name had been replaced with the name of the second respondent
(second defendant) and subsequently with the name of the first respondent
(first defendant) in the register document of title. It was asserted that the
said transaction took place when the original issue document of title was in
the possession of the plaintiff at all material times. However, on being aware
of these dealings, the plaintiff lodged a police report and a private caveat to
protect her interest in the land. The plaintiff then filed a suit in the High
Court, arguing that the so-called transfer of her land to the second defendant
and subsequently to the first defendant was bad in law and void for breaches
of the provisions of the National Land Code (NLC). It was revealed that
the first defendant purchased the land from the second defendant and was
holding a replacement title, namely, GM 9890. The second defendant
purportedly purchased the land from an imposter from India by the name of
Rajamani (the bogus Rajamani) for a consideration of RM1.2 million. The
third respondent (third defendant), a partner in the fourth respondent
(fourth defendant), was an advocate and solicitor who acted for the bogus
Rajamani in the sale and transfer of the plaintiffs land to the second
defendant. The fifth respondent (fifth defendant) (Pentadbir Tanah Daerah
Klang) and the sixth respondent (sixth defendant) (Pendaftar Hakmilik
Negeri Selangor Darul Ehsan) were the land authorities responsible for all
transactions in respect of the land and for the maintenance and proper upkeep
of all records of dealing involving the land. The seventh respondent (seventh
defendant) was a legal assistant who acted for the second defendant in both
the first purchase of the plaintiffs land from the bogus Rajamani and the
subsequent sale of the same to the first defendant. Vide their respective
defences, it was argued, inter alia, that (i) the first defendant had good title
to the land as it was a bona fide purchaser for valuable consideration; (ii) the
second defendant was a bona fide purchaser for valuable consideration and its
title to the land was indefeasible; (iii) the third and fourth defendants had no
duty in tort to the plaintiff and the third defendant had complied with the
normal conveyancing practice in her dealings with the bogus Rajamani;
(iv) the fifth and sixth defendants were not properly named as parties by
virtue of ss. 5 and 6 of the Government Proceedings Act 1956 and the fraud
was committed by other parties; and (v) the seventh defendant being a junior
and inexperienced litigation lawyer had no knowledge of the fraud. The
Judicial Commissioner (JC) dismissed the plaintiffs claim against all the
defendants except for the second defendant. Despite finding the seventh
defendant to be unworthy of credit and was privy to the fraud perpetrated
by the second defendant, the plaintiffs claim against him was dismissed
purely on a pleading point, ie, that the plaintiffs pleaded case against him was
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one of conspiracy with the third and fourth defendants to defraud. The JC
was not satisfied that there was such conspiracy or collusion between the said
parties. Dissatisfied, the plaintiff appealed to this court and the seventh
defendant cross-appealed to set aside the decision of the High Court where
it was found that he had actual knowledge of the fraud and was privy to it.
The issue that arose for consideration was whether the transfer of the
plaintiffs land to any party and any application for the replacement title
purportedly made in her name was bad in law and consequently void and
incapable of supporting transfers of interest in title.
Held (allowing appeal; dismissing seventh defendants cross-appeal with
costs)
Per Abdul Rahman Sebli JCA delivering the judgment of the court:
(1) For any transfer of land to take effect in law, the document of title used
to effect the transfer must ex necessitate be a valid document of title.
Upon registration, the plaintiff acquired indefeasibility under s. 340(1)
of the NLC and such indefeasibility could only be defeated by any of
the specified statutory grounds of fraud et cetera under s. 340(2) or other
grounds of equity. On the facts, the plaintiffs title was never and had
never been impeached by reason of s. 340(2) or other grounds of equity.
(paras 47, 49 & 50)
(2) EMR 6527 remained valid and indefeasible. Under the circumstances,
the issuance and registration of any other title in respect of the land
would be void ab initio. Under the NLC, each title document must relate
to only one lot of land. There cannot be two titles existing side by side
in respect of the same parcel of land. Therefore, since the issue
document of title in the plaintiffs possession was validly issued,
registered and never been rendered defeasible due to s. 340(2) of the
NLC or other grounds of equity, the first defendants replacement title
in respect of the land had to be void. The plaintiffs title to the land
remained indefeasible and could not be challenged. (paras 51, 52, 53 &
60)
(3) The first defendants replacement title being void had no legal effect
whatsoever and was incapable of conferring indefeasibility. Such void
title was ipso facto defeasible and the first defendant could not seek
shelter behind the proviso to s. 340(3) of the NLC to claim
indefeasibility. The mere fact that the first defendant had purchased the
land in good faith and for valuable consideration did not confer
indefeasibility to its title if such title was otherwise void at inception.
GM 9890 was a void document of title as it was issued and registered
during the subsistence of a valid and indefeasible document of title,
namely EMR 6527. (paras 61 & 64)
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(4) The only way the first defendant could have acquired valid and
indefeasible title to the land was by having the land lawfully transferred
to it by the plaintiff as the registered proprietor and not by some
fraudster who had no title to the land. Sub-sections (1) and (3) of s. 340
of the NLC does not confer title to land. Title is conferred by the State
Authority by way of alienation or by the registered proprietor by way
of transfer. Sub-sections (1) and (3) merely confer indefeasibility upon
registration of title. However, where the title itself was void ab initio,
the registration would not confer indefeasibility and the proviso to
s. 340(3) would not apply to assist the first defendant. Since the
plaintiffs title had not, at any point of time, become defeasible by
reason of s. 340(2) or other grounds of equity, it remained indefeasible
and was not affected by the fraudulent transfer of the land by the bogus
Rajamani to the second defendant and subsequently to the first
defendant. (paras 69, 71 & 73)
(5) To give effect to the spirit of art. 13(1) of the Federal Constitution, in
a contest for title between an innocent landowner whose title was
protected by s. 340(1) of the NLC and an equally innocent bona fide
purchaser for valuable consideration who claimed protection under
s. 340(3), the scales of justice must tilt in favour of the innocent
landowner. The JC was wrong in dismissing the plaintiffs claim against
the first defendant. The plaintiff had been placed in a position where she
could use her title as a sword to strike down the first defendants title
and not merely as a shield to protect her own title from adverse claim.
(paras 75 & 77)
(6) The second defendant was the mastermind of the scheme to cheat the
plaintiff of her land and was not a bona fide purchaser for valuable
consideration. As such, the second defendant was liable to the plaintiff.
The third and fourth defendants were negligent in failing to take all
necessary steps to verify the true identity and status of the imposter, ie,
the bogus Rajamani. When the bogus Rajamani produced an Indian
passport bearing No. F4495077, which did not match with the real
Rajamani/plaintiffs passport number, the third defendant was put to
notice of the need to make further enquiries. However, she chose not to
do so, despite the glaring disparity in the passport numbers. If the third
defendant had carried out further investigation as a prudent and
reasonably competent solicitor would under the circumstances, instead
of blindly accepting what was claimed by the vendor as correct and
genuine, she would have discovered that the Rajamani she was dealing
with was not the real landowner. As a result, the third defendant and by
extension the fourth defendant had breached their duty of care to the
plaintiff. Nevertheless, being guided by the view that a solicitor only
owes a duty of care to his client and not to third parties, it was inevitable
that the JC would find the third and fourth defendants not liable in
negligence to the plaintiff. (paras 81, 90, 91 & 95)
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(7) The JC was wrong in dismissing the plaintiffs case against the fifth and
sixth defendants purely on the ground that the plaintiff had sued the
wrong party. The plaintiffs action could not be defeated due to the nonjoinder of the Director of Lands and Mines Selangor as a party. Order
15 r. 6(1) of the Rules of Court 2012 should have been invoked in favour
of the plaintiff. Further, vide ss. 12 and 13 of the NLC, there were
designated officers charged with the responsibility of administering the
NLC and these were the officers who should properly be named as
parties. The allegation of negligence and breach of statutory duty was
related to the system failure rather than the negligent act of any
particular officer. As a result, the entire department (fifth and sixth
defendants) failed to discharge their statutory duties and no one person
could be singled out for these breaches of statutory duties or negligence.
(paras 98-102)
(8) The State Legal Advisors office participated fully in the trial in
defending the fifth and sixth defendants. It was untenable and
unconscionable for the said defendants to rely on a technical point in an
attempt to defeat the plaintiffs claim, more so when they had been
found to be grossly negligent by the trial court. The negligence of the
fifth and sixth defendants had contributed significantly to the loss of the
plaintiffs land through the fraudulent acts of the second defendant in
cohort with the bogus Rajamani. Further, the fifth and sixth defendants
did not produce evidence to show that an investigation pursuant to
s. 421AA of the NLC had been carried out by any of their officers before
issuing and registering the replacement titles to the second defendant,
followed one year later to the first defendant. (paras 106 & 108)
(9) The seventh defendant had actual and not only constructive knowledge
of the fraud committed by the second defendant and was privy to it. He
was, inter alia, (i) involved in dealing with the bogus Rajamani;
(ii) dealing with her replacement title and facilitating the sale of the land
from the bogus Rajamani to the second defendant and later to the first
defendant; (iii) involved in submitting the application for transfer of the
land on behalf of the bogus Rajamani; and (iv) in possession of a printout
of title GM 5066 when the sole witness for the fifth and sixth defendants
testified that GM 5066 was never issued. The seventh defendant had
acted in concert with the third and fourth defendants to achieve the
attestation and witnessing of the signatures of the bogus Rajamani on the
agreement and the memorandum of transfer. A finding that the seventh
defendant was privy to the fraud and was not a credible witness
necessarily meant that the plaintiffs case against him had been proved.
Further, the fact that he did not have knowledge of the fraud because he
was a junior and inexperienced litigation junior lawyer could not hold
water. (paras 111, 114, 115, 116 & 122)
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Bahasa Malaysia Headnotes

Perayu (plaintif) adalah pemilik berdaftar sebidang tanah yang dikenali
sebagai EMR 6527 (tanah itu). Pertikaian timbul apabila nama plaintif
digantikan dengan nama responden kedua (defendan kedua) dan
kemudiannya dengan nama responden pertama (defendan pertama) dalam
dokumen hak milik berdaftar tanah. Dihujahkan bahawa transaksi tersebut
berlaku apabila surat hak milik asal masih dipegang oleh plaintif pada setiap
masa material. Walau bagaimanapun, setelah sedar akan pengendalian ini,
plaintif membuat laporan polis dan memasuki kaveat persendirian untuk
melindungi kepentingannya terhadap tanah tersebut. Plaintif kemudian
memfailkan tindakan di Mahkamah Tinggi dengan menghujahkan bahawa
pindah milik tanah yang kononnya dibuat kepada defendan kedua dan
kemudian kepada defendan pertama adalah tidak sah dan terbatal akibat
kemungkiran peruntukan Kanun Tanah Negara (KTN). Fakta menunjukkan
bahawa defendan pertama telah membeli tanah itu daripada defendan kedua
dan memegang surat hak milik ganti, iaitu GM 9890. Defendan kedua pula
membeli tanah itu daripada seorang penyamar dari India yang bernama
Rajamani (Rajamani palsu) untuk jumlah RM1.2 juta. Responden ketiga
(defendan ketiga), seorang rakan kongsi di responden keempat (defendan
keempat) merupakan peguam yang bertindak untuk Rajamani palsu dalam
jualan dan pindah milik tanah plaintif kepada defendan kedua. Responden
kelima (defendan kelima) (Pentadbir Tanah Daerah Klang) dan responden
keenam (defendan keenam) (Pendaftar Hakmilik Negeri Selangor Darul
Ehsan) merupakan pihak berkuasa tanah yang bertanggungjawab untuk segala
transaksi berkenaan tanah dan menyimpan segala rekod yang melibatkan
pengendalian tanah. Responden ketujuh (defendan ketujuh) pula adalah
peguam yang bertindak untuk defendan kedua dalam kedua-dua pembelian
pertama tanah plaintif daripada Rajamani palsu dan jualan seterusnya kepada
defendan pertama. Melalui pembelaan-pembelaan masing-masing,
dihujahkan antara lain, bahawa (i) defendan pertama mempunyai hak milik
terhadap tanah itu memandangkan ia pembeli bona fide untuk satu nilai; (ii)
defendan kedua merupakan pembeli bona fide untuk nilai dan hak miliknya
terhadap tanah tersebut tidak boleh disangkal; (iii) defendan-defendan ketiga
dan keempat tidak mempunyai tanggungjawab dalam tort terhadap plaintif
dan defendan ketiga telah mematuhi transaksi amalan pindahan hak dalam
pengendaliannya dengan Rajamani palsu; (iv) defendan-defendan kelima dan
keenam tidak dinamakan dengan betul sebagai pihak-pihak dalam tindakan
ini berikutan ss. 5 dan 6 Akta Prosiding Kerajaan 1956 dan penipuan
dilakukan oleh pihak lain; dan (v) defendan ketujuh, seorang junior dan
peguam litigasi yang tidak berpengalaman, tidak mempunyai pengetahuan
mengenai penipuan tersebut. Pesuruhjaya Kehakiman (PK) menolak
tuntutan plaintif terhadap kesemua defendan kecuali defendan kedua.
Walaupun defendan ketujuh didapati tidak boleh dipercayai dan memainkan
peranan dalam penipuan yang dikendalikan oleh defendan kedua, tuntutan
plaintif ditolak hanya kerana plidingnya, iaitu, bahawa kes plaintif
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terhadapnya adalah berhubung dengan konspirasi dengan defendan-defendan

ketiga dan keempat untuk menipu. Pesuruhjaya Kehakiman tidak berpuas
hati bahawa terdapat konspirasi sebegitu antara pihak-pihak tersebut. Tidak
berpuas hati, perayu merayu ke mahkamah ini terhadap keputusan PK dan
defendan ketujuh telah membuat rayuan silang untuk mengetepikan
keputusan Mahkamah Tinggi di mana dia didapati mempunyai pengetahuan
mengenai penipuan tersebut dan terlibat dalamnya. Isu yang dibangkitkan
untuk pertimbangan adalah sama ada pindah milik tanah plaintif kepada
mana-mana pihak dan sebarang permohonan untuk menggantikan hak milik
yang kononnya dibuat menggunakan namanya adalah tidak sah dan terbatal
dan tidak boleh menyokong pindah milik kepentingan dalam hak milik tanah
tersebut.
Diputuskan (membenarkan rayuan; menolak rayuan silang defendan
ketujuh dengan kos)
Oleh Abdul Rahman Sebli HMR men yampaikan pengh akiman
mahkamah:
(1) Untuk penguatkuasaan sebarang pindah milik tanah di bawah undangundang, dokumen hak milik yang digunakan untuk pindah milik
mestilah dokumen hak milik yang sah. Apabila didaftar, plaintif telah
memperolehi ketidaksangkalan di bawah s. 340(1) KTN dan
kesangkalan sebegitu hanya boleh dicabar oleh satu alasan statutori
untuk penipuan di bawah s. 340(2) atau alasan lain di bawah ekuiti.
Berdasarkan fakta, hak milik plaintif tidak pernah dicabar berikutan
s. 340(2) atau atas alasan ekuiti lain.
(2) EMR 6527 kekal sah dan tidak boleh disangkal. Dalam keadaan ini,
pengeluaran dan pendaftaran sebarang hak milik berkenaan tanah
tersebut terbatal ab initio. Di bawah KTN, setiap dokumen hak milik
mestilah mempunyai kaitan dengan hanya satu lot tanah. Tidak boleh
ada dua hak milik yang wujud berkenaan tanah yang sama. Oleh itu,
memandangkan dokumen hak milik plaintif yang berada dalam
milikannya dikeluarkan dengan sah, didaftar dan tidak pernah disangkal
di bawah s. 340(2) KTN atau alasan lain di bawah ekuiti, maka hak
milik gantian defendan pertama berkenaan tanah tersebut terbatal. Hak
milik plaintif ke atas tanah tidak boleh disangkal dan dicabar.
(3) Hak milik gantian defendan pertama yang terbatal tidak mempunyai
kesan undang-undang dan tidak boleh memberi ketidaksangkalan. Hak
milik terbatal sebegitu boleh disangkal ipso facto dan defendan pertama
tidak boleh dilindungi di bawah proviso kepada s. 340(3) KTN untuk
menuntut ketidaksangkalan. Fakta bahawa defendan pertama membeli
tanah dengan niat baik untuk nilai tidak memberi ketidaksangkalan
kepada hak miliknya jika hak milik tersebut terbatal pada
permulaannya. GM 9890 adalah dokumen hak milik terbatal
memandangkan ia dikeluarkan dan didaftar semasa wujudnya hak milik
dokumen yang sah dan tidak boleh disangkal, iaitu, EMR 6527.
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(4) Satu-satunya cara defendan pertama boleh memperolehi hak milik sah
dan tidak boleh disangkal adalah apabila tanah itu dipindah milik oleh
plaintif kepadanya sebagai pemilik berdaftar dan bukannya dibuat
melalui seorang penipu yang tidak mempunyai hak milik tanah. Subseksyen (1) dan (3) kepada s. 340 KTN tidak memberi hak milik kepada
tanah. Hak milik diberi oleh Pihak Berkuasa Negeri melalui beri milik
atau diberi oleh pemilik berdaftar melalui pindah milik. Sub-seksyen (1)
dan (3) hanya memberi ketidaksangkalan selepas hak milik didaftarkan.
Walau bagaimanapun, di mana hak milik itu dengan sendirinya terbatal
ab initio, pendaftaran tidak memberi ketidaksangkalan dan proviso
kepada s. 340(3) tidak terpakai untuk membantu defendan pertama.
Memandangkan hak milik plaintif tidak, pada bila-bila masa, boleh
disangkal disebabkan s. 340(2) atau pun atas alasan ekuiti, ia kekal tidak
boleh disangkal dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh pindah milik tipu tanah itu
oleh Rajamani palsu kepada defendan kedua dan seterusnya kepada
defendan pertama.
(5) Untuk memberi kesan kepada per. 13(1) Perlembagaan Persekutuan,
dalam pertikaian antara pemilk tanah tidak bersalah di mana hak
miliknya dilindungi oleh s. 340(1) KTN dan seorang pembeli tidak
bersalah bona fide untuk nilai yang menuntut perlindungan di bawah
s. 340(3), timbang keadilan berpihak pada pemilik tanah tidak bersalah.
Pesuruhjaya Kehakiman khilaf dalam menolak tuntutan plaintif terhadap
defendan pertama. Plaintif diletakkan dalam keadaan di mana hak
miliknya boleh digunakan sebagai senjata untuk membatalkan hak milik
defendan pertama dan bukannya hanya sebagai perlindungan untuk
menjaga hak miliknya daripada tuntutan bertentangan.
(6) Defendan kedua adalah dalang sebalik skima untuk menipu plaintif akan
tanahnya dan bukanlah pembeli bona fide untuk satu nilai. Oleh itu,
defendan kedua bertanggungjawab terhadap plaintif. Defendan-defendan
ketiga dan keempat cuai kerana gagal mengambil segala langkah untuk
memastikan identiti sebenar dan status penyamar, iaitu, Rajamani palsu.
Apabila Rajamani palsu mengemukakan pasport India dengan No.
F4495077, yang tidak sama dengan nombor pasport Rajamani/plaintif
yang sebenarnya, defendan ketiga sepatutnya membuat siasatan lanjut.
Walau bagaimanapun, dia memilih untuk tidak berbuat demikian,
walaupun terdapat perbezaan ketara pada nombor-nombor pasport
tersebut. Jika defendan ketiga membuat pemeriksaan lanjut sebagaimana
seorang peguam yang cermat dan bertanggungjawab akan lakukan dalam
keadaan sebegini, dan bukannya menerima apa yang dikatakan oleh
penjual sebagai betul dan boleh dipercayai, dia boleh mengetahui
bahawa Rajamani bukanlah pemilik sebenar tanah itu. Akibatnya,
defendan-defendan ketiga dan keempat telah memungkiri tanggungjawab
berjaga-jaga mereka terhadap plaintif. Walaupun begitu, berpandukan
kepada pandangannya bahawa seorang peguam hanya mempunyai
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tanggungjawab berjaga-jaga terhadap anak guamnya dan bukannya

kepada pihak ketiga, dapatan PK bahawa defendan-defendan ketiga dan
keempat tidak bertanggungjawab untuk kecuaian terhadap plaintif tidak
dapat dielakkan.
(7) Pesuruhjaya Kehakiman khilaf dalam menolak tuntutan plaintif terhadap
defendan-defendan kelima dan keenam berdasarkan alasan bahawa
plaintif mengambil tindakan terhadap pihak yang salah. Tindakan
plaintif tidak boleh dicabar disebabkan kegagalan mencantumkan
Pengarah Tanah dan Galian Selangor sebagai salah satu pihak. Aturan
15 k. 6(1) Kaedah-Kaedah Mahkamah 2012 sepatutnya dibangkitkan
bagi pihak plaintif. Tambahan lagi, melalui ss. 12 dan 13 KTN, terdapat
pegawai-pegawai yang mempunyai tugas untuk melaksanakan KTN dan
pegawai-pegawai ini yang sepatutnya dinamakan sebagai pihak-pihak.
Tuduhan kecuaian dan kemungkiran tanggungjawab statutori berkaitan
kegagalan sistem berbanding dengan tindakan cuai seseorang pegawai.
Sebagai akibatnya, keseluruhan jabatan (defendan-defendan kelima dan
keenam) gagal melepaskan tanggungjawab statutori mereka dan tiada
seorang pun yang boleh dikecualikan daripada kemungkiran
tanggungjawab statutori ini atau kecuaian.
(8) Pejabat Penasihat Undang-Undang Negeri telah bertindak sepenuhnya
dalam perbicaraan ini untuk membela defendan-defendan kelima dan
keenam. Tidak wajar untuk defendan-defendan tersebut bergantung pada
alasan teknikal untuk mencabar tuntutan plaintif, apatah lagi apabila
mereka didapati cuai oleh mahkamah bicara. Kecuaian defendandefendan kelima dan keenam turut menyumbang kepada kerugian yang
dialami oleh plaintif melalui kelakuan frod defendan kedua bersamasama Rajamani palsu itu. Tambahan lagi, defendan-defendan kelima dan
keenam tidak mengemukakan keterangan untuk menunjukkan bahawa
soal siasat di bawah s. 421AA KTN telah pun dijalankan oleh manamana pegawainya sebelum mengeluarkan dan mendaftar hak milik
gantian kepada defendan kedua, diikuti selepas satu tahun kemudian
kepada defendan pertama.
(9) Defendan ketujuh mempunyai pengetahuan sebenar dan bukannya
konstruktif berkenaan penipuan yang dilakukan oleh defendan kedua
dan turut terlibat di dalamnya. Dia telah, antara lain, (i) terlibat dalam
pengendalian dengan Rajamani palsu; (ii) berurusan untuk mendapatkan
hak milik gantian dan membantu dalam jualan tanah daripada Rajamani
palsu kepada defendan kedua dan kemudian kepada defendan pertama;
(iii) terlibat dalam membuat permohonan untuk pindah milik tanah bagi
pihak Rajamani palsu; dan (iv) memegang salinan hak milik GM 5066
yang dicetak apabila saksi defendan-defendan kelima dan keenam
memberi keterangan bahawa GM 5066 tidak pernah dikeluarkan.
Defendan ketujuh bertindak bersama-sama defendan-defendan ketiga
dan keempat dengan menjadi saksi kepada tandatangan Rajamani palsu
[2016] 4 CLJ
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atas perjanjian dan memorandum pindah milik. Penemuan bahawa

defendan ketujuh turut terlibat dalam penipuan ini dan bukan seorang
saksi yang boleh dipercayai bermakna bahawa kes plaintif terhadapnya
telah dibuktikan. Fakta bahawa dia tidak mempunyai pengetahuan
mengenai penipuan tersebut kerana dia adalah junior dan seorang
peguam litigasi junior yang tidak berpengalaman tidak boleh
dipertimbangkan.
Case(s) referred to:
Adorna Properties Sdn Bhd v. Boonsom Boonyanit [2001] 2 CLJ 133 FC (refd)
Al-Sabah v. Ali [1999] EGCS 11 (refd)
Au Meng Nam & Anor v. Ung Yak Chew & Ors [2007] 4 CLJ 526 CA (refd)
Damodaran v. Vasudeva [1973] 1 LNS 19 HC (refd)
Gan Yook Chin & Anor v. Lee Ing Chin & Ors [2004] 4 CLJ 309 FC (refd)
Kamarulzaman Omar & Ors v. Yakub Husin & Ors [2014] 1 CLJ 987 FC (refd)
Kerajaan Malaysia & Ors v. Lay Kee Tee & Ors [2009] 1 CLJ 663 FC (refd)
Lee Ing Chin & Ors v. Gan Yook Chin & Anor [2003] 2 CLJ 19 CA (refd)
Leisure Farm Corporation Sdn Bhd v. Kabushiki Kaisha Ngu & Ors [2015] 3 CLJ 489
CA (refd)
Neogh Soo Oh & Ors v. G Rethinasamy [1983] 2 CLJ 218; [1983] CLJ (Rep) 663 HC
(refd)
Oh Hiam & Ors v. Tham Kong [1980] 1 LNS 53 PC (refd)
Overseas Realty Sdn Bhd v. Wong Yau Choy & Ors; Tetuan Tay Ibrahim & Partners
(Third Party) [2014] 8 CLJ 107 HC (refd)
Pengerusi Suruhanjaya Pilihanraya Malaysia v. See Chee How & Anor [2015] 8 CLJ 367
CA (refd)
Penn v. Bristol & West Building Society [1997] 3 All ER 470 (refd)
PJTV Denson (M) Sdn Bhd & Ors v. Roxy (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd [1980] 1 LNS 55 FC
(refd)
Ross v. Caunters (a firm) [1979] 3 All ER 580 (refd)
Shayo (M) Sdn Bhd v. Nurlieda Sidek & Ors [2013] 1 CLJ 153 HC (refd)
Sivalingam Periasamy v. Periasamy & Anor [1996] 4 CLJ 545 CA (refd)
Swamy v. Matthews & Ors [1967] 1 LNS 174 FC (refd)
Tai Lee Finance Co Sdn Bhd v. The Official Assignee Of The Property Of Ngan Kim Yong
& Ors [1983] 1 CLJ 183; [1983] CLJ (Rep) 387 FC (refd)
Tan Chiw Thoo v. Tee Kim Kuay [1997] 1 CLJ 541 FC (refd)
Tan Ying Hong v. Tan Sian San & Ors [2010] 2 CLJ 269 FC (refd)
Tsoi Ping Kwan v. Medan Juta Sdn Bhd & Ors [1996] 4 CLJ 553 CA (refd)
Wilkins & Ors v. Kannammal (f) & Anor [1951] 1 LNS 108 HC (refd)
Yap Ham Seow v. Fatimawati Ismail & Ors And Another Appeal [2013] 9 CLJ 577 CA
(dist)
Legislation referred to:
Federal Constitution, art. 13(1)
Government Proceedings Act 1956, ss. 5, 6,
National Land Code, ss. 12, 13, 22, 85(2), 89, 329(2), 340(1), (2), (3)(a), 421AA
Rules of Court 2012, O. 15 r. 6(1)
For the appellant - Bastian Vendargon (PK Nathan, T Gunaseelan & Gene Vendargon with
him); M/s Gunaseelan & Assocs
For the 1st respondent - KL Pang (Shelby Chin with him); M/s Cheah Teh & Su
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[2016] 4 CLJ
For the 2nd respondent - M/s Sankar & Co (Absent)

For the 3rd & 4th respondents - Leong Wai Hong (David Tan with him); M/s Skrine
For the 5th & 6th respondents - Ahmad Fuad Othman (Wan Nur Amanina Wan Din
with him); SFC, State Legal Advisors Office, Selangor
For the 7th respondent - Sree Harry (Mahendra Mahason & Enoveetha Baskaran with
him); M/s Sree Harry & Co
[Editors note: For the High Court judgment, please see Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar
v. Eng Beng Development Sdn Bhd & Ors [2015] 1 LNS 529 (overruled in part)]
Reported by Kumitha Abd Majid

JUDGMENT
Introduction
Abdul Rahman Sebli JCA:
[1]
This is yet another case of land fraud resulting in the loss of
property by an innocent landowner through no fault of hers. The law as it
stands today appears to give greater protection to an innocent bona fide
purchaser for valuable consideration than to the innocent landowner, no
doubt a result of the immunity accorded to such bona fide purchaser for
valuable consideration by the proviso to s. 340(3) of the National Land Code
(the Land Code).
[2]
In a landmark decision in Tan Ying Hong v. Tan Sian San & Ors
[2010] 2 CLJ 269; [2010] 2 MLJ 1 the apex court restored the position long
held before Adorna Properties Sdn Bhd v. Boonsom Boonyanit [2001] 2 CLJ 133;
[2001] 1 MLJ 241 that the Land Code recognises deferred rather than
immediate indefeasibility.
[3]
In the light of what the proviso to s. 340(3) of the Land Code provides,
the courts approach in resolving competing claims over land that is the
subject of fraud has always been to determine whether the subsequent
purchaser had acquired the land in good faith and for valuable consideration.
[4]
All that such purchaser needs to do in order to keep the land as his
is to convince the trial judge that he probably had no notice of the fraud
perpetrated by the fraudster. It is really that easy to lose ones land. In the
present case, a RM2 company was used as the engine of fraud.
[5]
Although the law concerning tenure of land in West Malaysia is
governed by the Land Code, equitable principles have been applied as
can be seen in Wilkins And Others v. Kannammal (f) And Anor [1951] 1 LNS
108; [1951] 1 MLJ 99 CA where Taylor J delivering the judgment of the
court held:
The Torrens system is a system of conveyancing; it does not abrogate the

principles of equity.
[2016] 4 CLJ
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521
[6]
Likewise, in the Privy Council case of Oh Hiam & Ors v. Tham Kong
[1980] 1 LNS 53; [1980] 2 MLJ 159 Lord Russell of Killowen said:
The Torrens system is designed to provide simplicity and certitude in
transfer of land which is amply achieved without depriving equity of the
ability to exercise its jurisdiction in personam on grounds of conscience.
[7]
We had the privilege of hearing very able and forceful arguments
from learned counsel for the respective parties on 28 October 2015 and
3 December 2015 and reserved judgment to a date to be fixed. We have now
reached a unanimous decision and this is our judgment.
[8]
My learned brothers Justice Mohtarudin Baki and Justice Mohd
Zawawi Salleh have read the final draft of this judgment and have
approved the same. For convenience, we shall refer to the parties as they
were in the court below, namely the appellant as plaintiff and the respondents
as defendants.
The Plaintiffs Case
[9]
The plaintiffs pleaded case was that the transfer of her land to the
second defendant and subsequently to the first defendant was bad in law and
void for breaches of the provisions of the Land Code. We use the word
transfer in parenthesis because there was no transfer of the land in the true
legal sense of the word.
[10]
We do not think it is open to argument that in law, it is the plaintiff
and only the plaintiff as the registered proprietor who had the legal capacity
to effect transfer of the land. If for any reason the transfer is null and void,
any title that was acquired through such void transfer will likewise be null
and void and will not be immune from attack.
[11]
The plaintiffs claim, inter alia, was for the following reliefs:
(a) a declaration that she is the registered proprietor of the land;

G
(b) a declaration that her name be restored in the register;

(c) a declaration that all transfers of the land in favour of the first and second
defendants are void;
(d) an order cancelling all entries in the register in respect of the land in
favour of the first and second defendants; and
(e) damages against the defendants.

[12]
The first prayer is a paradox and a contradiction in terms as the
plaintiff was practically asking for her own land to be declared as her rightful
property. It cannot get more absurd than that.
I
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[2016] 4 CLJ
[13]
After a full trial of the action, the learned Judicial Commissioner
(JC) dismissed the plaintiffs claim against all the defendants except the
second defendant (a RM2 company) and allowed the first defendants
counterclaim against the plaintiff, a classic case of sudah jatuh ditimpa
tangga. The English equivalent to the aphorism is to rub salt to injury.
[14]
The second defendant was absent both at the trial in the High Court
and at the hearing of this appeal and its counsel had also failed to turn up
at this appeal. Nor did it file any appeal or cross-appeal against the decision
of the High Court. Therefore the High Court decision finding the second
defendant liable to the plaintiff remains intact, and this includes most
importantly a finding that the transfer of the plaintiffs land was effected by
unlawful means, resulting in the issuance and registration of two replacement
titles, first in the name of the second defendant and subsequently in the name
of the first defendant.
The Pivotal Issue
[15]
The pivotal issue in this appeal, like in all cases of like specie,
revolves round the provisions of s. 340 of the Land Code, which reads:
340. Registration to confer indefeasible title or interest, except in certain
circumstances:
(1) The title or interest of any person or body for the time being
registered as proprietor of any land, or in whose name any lease,
charge or easement is for the time being registered, shall, subject
to the following provisions of this section, be indefeasible.
(2) The title or interest of any such person or body shall not be
indefeasible-
(a) in any case of fraud or misrepresentation to which the person

or body, or any agent of the person or body, was a party or privy; or
(b) where registration was obtained by forgery, or by means of an
insufficient or void instrument; or
(c) where the title or interest was unlawfully acquired by the person
or body in the purported exercise of any power or authority conferred
by any written law.
(3) Where the title or interest of any person or body is defeasible
by reason of any of the circumstances specified in sub-section (2) -
(a) it shall be liable to be set aside in the hands of any person or

body to whom it may subsequently be transferred; and
(b)
any interest subsequently granted there out shall be liable
to be set aside in the hands of any person or body in whom it is
for the time being vested;
Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall affect any
title or interest acquired by any purchaser in good faith and
for valuable consideration, or by any person or body claiming
through or under such a purchase.
[2016] 4 CLJ
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[16]
The provision is clearly structured to ensure certitude in land
ownership in West Malaysia, which subscribes to the Torrens system. It is
intended to guarantee indefeasibility of title or interest upon registration.
[17]
It is not quite correct though to say that registration is everything
as indefeasibility of title is liable to impeachment under s. 340(2) or under
s. 340(3)(a) where the purchaser for valuable consideration had not acted
in good faith or on other grounds of equity. In other words indefeasibility
is not absolute.
[18]
There are two situations in which indefeasibility is conferred upon
registration of title. The first is under sub-s. (1) of s. 340 which provides for
indefeasibility generally to all registered proprietors whose names appear for
the time being in the register document of title. The second is by virtue of
the proviso to sub-s. (3) which provides for indefeasibility specific to bona
fide purchasers for valuable consideration where title to the land has become
defeasible by reason of sub-s. (2).
[19]
It is the second situation that has brought misery to many unsuspecting
landowners, who would wake up one fine morning only to discover that their
lands were gone. This is absolutely shocking to these landowners as under
s. 340(1) of the Land Code their titles are expressed in clear language to be
indefeasible, meaning to say incapable of being annulled or undone except
on grounds specified in s. 340(2). It is one of the great mysteries of the law. It
is therefore important to determine the true effect of the proviso to s. 340(3)
of the Land Code.
[20]
In a recent decision of the Federal Court in Kamarulzaman Omar &
Ors v. Yakub Husin & Ors [2014] 1 CLJ 987; [2014] 2 MLJ 768 it was held,
on the facts of the case, that the title acquired by the purchasers was defeasible
notwithstanding that they were bona fide purchasers for valuable consideration
without notice of the defeasible title of the vendors.
[21]
The court came to this conclusion after finding that the vendors were
imposters of those entitled to the estate of the deceased and therefore had no
title to pass, like the fake Boonsom Boonyanit in Adorna Properties Sdn Bhd
and, to a certain extent, the fake vendor in the present appeal.
The Facts
[22]
The facts have been set out with admirable clarity by learned counsel
for the plaintiff and they are as follows. The plaintiff, Rajamani a/p Meyappa
Chettiar was the registered proprietor and lawful owner of a parcel of land
known as EMR 6527 (the land) until she was deprived of her rights over
the land in what the learned JC aptly described as a land scam case.
[23]
What we mean by deprivation of rights is that the plaintiffs name
has been replaced with the name of the second defendant and subsequently
with the name of the first defendant in the register document of title, despite
having possession of the original issue document of title at all material times.
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[24]
The first defendant, Eng Beng Development Sdn Bhd, a private
limited company had purchased the land from the second defendant
Infinite Income Sdn Bhd and is currently holding what purportedly is a
replacement title, namely GM 9890.
[25]
The second defendant on its part had purportedly purchased the
land from an imposter from India by the name of Rajamani a/p Meyappa
Chettiar (the bogus Rajamani) for a consideration of RM1.2 million.
Whoever this bogus Rajamani was, and whether she was real or imaginary,
it is obvious that the second defendant by using her as a decoy and with a
little help from willing hands had unlawfully enriched itself at the expense
of the plaintiff.
[26]
The third defendant, Pushpaleela a/p R Selvarajah was at all material
times an advocate and solicitor of the High Court of Malaya and was the
person who acted for the bogus Rajamani in the sale and transfer of the
plaintiffs land to the second defendant. She was the person responsible for
attesting the signature of the bogus Rajamani in the transfer form (Form 14A).
[27]
The fourth defendant, MY Choong, Pushpa & Co is the law firm in
which the third defendant was a partner at all material times and where she
was practicing as an advocate and solicitor.
[28]
The fifth defendant, Pentadbir Tanah Daerah Klang, and the sixth
defendant, Pendaftar Hakmilik Negeri Selangor Darul Ehsan, are the land
authorities responsible for all transactions in respect of the land and for the
maintenance and proper upkeep of all records of dealing involving the land.
[29]
The seventh defendant, Sheelan Arjunan was at all material times an
advocate and solicitor of the High Court of Malaya and a legal assistant in
the law firm known as Messrs Omar Hussein & Co. The seventh defendant
acted for the second defendant in both the first purchase of the plaintiffs land
from the bogus Rajamani (the first transaction) and the subsequent sale of
the same to the first defendant.
[30]
So the land had been sold twice, first by the bogus Rajamani to the
second defendant and then by the second defendant to the first defendant. The
stage was thus set for taking advantage of the shield of immunity provided
by the proviso to s. 340(3) of the Land Code.
[31]
It was the second defendant who introduced the bogus Rajamani to
the third and fourth defendants and who requested the law firm to act for her
in the first transaction. The seventh defendant and the law firm in which he
was attached to acted for the second defendant (and through it the bogus
Rajamani) to apply for and to obtain a replacement title to the land.
[32]
The fact that the plaintiff had, at all material times, been in possession
of the original manual issue document of title to the land is not in dispute.
The title was produced as exhibit at the trial. She later discovered that the
land had been transferred by her to the second defendant for a consideration
of RM1.2 million.
[2016] 4 CLJ

525
[33]
The fraudulent transfer was effected on 25 October 2005 by the
bogus Rajamani to the second defendant using a fraudulent title. A year later,
on 20 September 2006, the land was transferred to the first defendant by the
second defendant for a consideration of RM1.8 million, using the same
fraudulent title and not the original issue document of title.
[34]
By this stroke of criminal ingenuity the second defendant had thus
unlawfully enriched itself by RM600,000, assuming it is true that it had paid
RM1.2 million to the bogus Rajamani for the land.
[35]
On being aware of these dealings, the plaintiff lodged a police report
on 30 March 2007. She had earlier lodged a private caveat on 28 March 2007
to protect her interest in the land. The entry of this caveat was the subject
of the first defendants counterclaim against the plaintiff, which the learned
JC decided in favour of the first defendant at the conclusion of the trial,
relying on s. 329(2) of the Land Code and the decision of the High Court in
Damodaran v. Vasudeva [1973] 1 LNS 19; [1974] 1 MLJ 128.
[36]
It is important to emphasise that the plaintiff never parted with
possession of the original issue document of title and had never engaged any
lawyer to sell the land or to deal with it in any way whatsoever and she never
signed any document for the purpose of any transfer of the land. In short, she
had nothing to do with the transaction involving the transfer of her land to
the second defendant or to the first defendant. It was an open and shut case
of fraud.
[37]
It is further undisputed that neither the defendants nor their witnesses
ever dealt with the plaintiff as owner of the land. All of them dealt with the
bogus Rajamani, or at least that was how it was played out during the trial.
The Defences
[38]
The defences raised by the respective defendants in answer to the
plaintiffs claim were as follows:
first defendant - that it had good title to the land as it was a bona fide
purchaser for valuable consideration, relying on the decision of this
court in Yap Ham Seow v. Fatimawati Ismail & Ors And Another Appeal
[2013] 9 CLJ 577; [2014] 1 MLJ 645;
second defendant - that it was a bona fide purchaser for valuable
consideration and hence its title to the land was indefeasible;
third and fourth defendants - that they had no duty in tort to the plaintiff
and that the third defendant had complied with normal conveyancing
practice in her dealings with the bogus Rajamani and that any loss to the
plaintiff was caused not by her but by the fifth and sixth defendants;
fifth and sixth defendants - that they were not properly named as parties
by virtue of ss. 5 and 6 of the Government Proceedings Act 1956 and
that the fraud was committed by other parties and that they too were
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[2016] 4 CLJ
victims and had been duped into issuing the continued title to the second
defendant and subsequently to the first defendant and to allow transfer
of the property. They also claimed protection under s. 22 of the Land
Code; and
seventh defendant - that being a junior and inexperienced litigation
lawyer, he had no knowledge of the fraud.
Our Determination Of The Issues

[39]
We shall begin with the case against the first defendant, Eng Beng
Development Sdn Bhd. Its claim to indefeasibility was by virtue of being a
bona fide purchaser for valuable consideration under s. 340(3) of the Land
Code and not, it will be noted, by virtue of being a registered proprietor
under s. 340(1).
[40]
The difference is not without significance because different
considerations will then apply in determining the circumstances under which
the indefeasibility of their titles can be defeated. The indefeasibility of title
conferred by s. 340(1) can be defeated by any of the statutory grounds set out
in s. 340(2) whereas the indefeasibility of title conferred by the proviso to
s. 340(3) can be defeated if the subsequent purchaser had not acquired the
land in good faith and for valuable consideration.
[41]
Having found that the first defendant had purchased the land in good
faith and for valuable consideration from the fraudster, the learned JC quite
expectedly dismissed the plaintiffs claim against the first defendant. In so
deciding, it is obvious that his focus was on the proviso to s. 340(3) of the
Land Code. He cannot be faulted for doing so as the flow of authorities
favour the view that a subsequent purchaser in good faith and for valuable
consideration enjoys immunity from adverse claim to his title.
[42]
It was the learned JCs finding that the first defendant had
neither knowledge nor notice of the commission of the fraud by the second
defendant in cahoots with the bogus Rajamani that resulted in the transfer of
the land to the second defendant before it was subsequently transferred to the
first defendant.
[43]
On the evidence before him, we are not prepared to say that the
learned JC was plainly wrong in making such finding of fact. Our reservation
however is with his failure to address his mind to the critical question of
whether the plaintiffs title to the land, namely EMR 6527 had, as a matter
of law, passed to the first defendant in order to confer indefeasibility to the
first defendants replacement title, namely GM 9890.
[44]
The question is directly connected to the issue of whether the
indefeasibility of the first defendants title, if at all, that is conferred by the
proviso to s. 340(3) can be defeated by the indefeasibility of the plaintiffs
[2016] 4 CLJ
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title conferred by s. 340(1), and this is quite apart from the question of
whether title to the land is vested in the first defendant by virtue of s. 89 of
the Land Code.
[45]
Interest in land that can be defeated by registration is a prior
unregistered interest: see PJTV Denson (M) Sdn Bhd & Ors v. Roxy (Malaysia)
Sdn Bhd [1980] 1 LNS 55; [1980] 2 MLJ 136 per Raja Azlan Shah CJ (as
His late Royal Highness then was). EMR 6527 is not such prior unregistered
interest in land as it was duly registered in the plaintiffs name.
[46]
Section 89, it must be noted speaks of a document of title that is
duly registered. In addition to that, the conclusiveness of title under the
section is expressed to be subject to the provisions of this Act. It means a
document of title that is duly registered in accordance and in strict
compliance with the provisions of the Land Code and not otherwise. A
document of title that is not so registered is not a valid document of title and
is incapable of conferring indefeasibility.
[47]
Clearly, for any transfer of land to take effect in law, the document
of title used to effect the transfer must ex necessitate be a valid document of
title. It is only upon a valid transfer of such valid document of title that the
question can then arise whether the title upon registration acquires
indefeasibility and is shielded from impeachment by the proviso to s. 340(3)
of the Land Code. The proviso does not operate in a vacuum. There must,
ex post facto be a valid title in existence before it takes effect.
[48]
Lest this court be accused of attempting to turn back the clock on the
adoption of the Torrens system in this country, it is necessary for us to
explain that the purpose of the exercise is not to lift the veil of registration
so to speak but to determine if the replacement title in the first defendants
possession, namely GM 9890 is a valid document of title vis-a-vis the
plaintiffs document of title, namely EMR 6527.
Whether Plaintiffs Title Indefeasible
[49]
The first thing to remember with regard to the plaintiffs title is that
upon registration, she acquired indefeasibility under s. 340(1) of the Land
Code and such indefeasibility can only be defeated by any of the specified
statutory grounds of fraud et cetera under s. 340(2) or other grounds of equity.
It cannot be defeated by any other ground.
[50]
None of such statutory grounds under s. 340(2) or other grounds of
equity exists in relation to the issuance of the plaintiffs document of title.
In fact, the plaintiffs title was never and has never been impeached by reason
of s. 340(2) or other grounds of equity.
I
[51]
EMR 6527 therefore remains valid and indefeasible. Under the
circumstances, the issuance and registration of any other title in respect of
the land would be void ab initio. The reason is simply because the issuance
and registration of such title would be in breach of the Land Code.
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[52]
Under the Land Code, each title document must relate to only one
lot of land: see s. 85(2). There cannot be two titles existing side by side in
respect of the same parcel of land. One of them has to be void. This has to
be so, for otherwise one lot will have not only two but multiple titles.
[53]
Therefore, since the issue document of title in the plaintiffs
possession was validly issued and validly registered and has never been
rendered defeasible by reason of s. 340(2) or other grounds of equity, the first
defendants replacement title in respect of the land has to be void.
[54]
We find support for this proposition in the Federal Court case of Tan
Chiw Thoo v. Tee Kim Kuay [1997] 1 CLJ 541; [1997] 2 MLJ 221 which
surprisingly was not cited to us by any of the parties to this appeal, for good
reasons we presume.
[55]
In that case the respondent was issued with a document of title
registered in September 1968 whilst the appellant was issued with another
document of title registered in December 1972, meaning to say the respondents
title was first in time to be registered. No issue of fraud was involved.
[56]
One of the issues for the courts determination, which is relevant for
purposes of this appeal, was whether the respondents title, which was
registered earlier, prevailed over the appellants title. The Federal Court held
in no uncertain terms that the second title registered in the name of the
appellant was void against the respondent and that the indefeasibility of the
respondents title could not be challenged.
[57]
It was further held, on another alternatively sufficient ground, apart
from indefeasibility of title that the appellants title was also void as a
document of title to land because the land could not be alienated by the state
Authority since it was no longer State land.
[58]
Admittedly the facts of the case are not on all four with the facts of
the present appeal but the fact pattern of the case fits in with the fact pattern
of the case before us since both involve a single piece of land having two
titles, namely EMR 6527 in the plaintiffs name and GM 9890 in the first
defendants name.
[59]
We note that the position of the appellant in that case was far more
favourable than the position of the first defendant in the present appeal in that
the registration of his title did not involve any element of fraud. Yet his title
was held to be void against the respondent, despite the fact that he was for
the time being registered as proprietor within the meaning of s. 340(1) of
the Land Code and was not guilty of any wrongdoing.
[60]
The ratio decidendi of the case is clear, that the law recognises only
one document of title. In the context of the present appeal, that document
of title is the plaintiffs original issue document of title which, we repeat, has
not been rendered defeasible by reason of s. 340(2) of the Land Code or other
[2016] 4 CLJ
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grounds of equity. Her title to the land therefore remains indefeasible and
cannot be challenged. By resisting the plaintiffs claim and counterclaiming
against her, the first defendant was doing just that, which it cannot.
First Defendants Title Defeasible
[61]
Applying Tan Chiw Thoo to the facts of the present case, the first
defendants replacement title being void has no legal effect whatsoever
and is incapable of conferring indefeasibility. Such void title is ipso facto
defeasible and the first defendant cannot seek shelter behind the proviso to
s. 340(3) to claim indefeasibility.
[62]
Indefeasibility of title must not be confused with validity of title.
They are two different kettles of fish altogether. Indefeasibility of title refers
to immunity from attack by adverse claim whereas validity of title refers to
its legal efficacy or force. A fortiori the title must first be a valid title before
it can acquire indefeasibility as validity is a sine qua non for indefeasibility.
[63]
We have no doubt in our minds that s. 340 of the Land Code is only
intended to confer indefeasibility to valid documents of title and not to void
documents that have no legal efficacy or force. It cannot be the intention of
the Legislature in all its wisdom that indefeasibility is to be accorded to both
valid and void documents of title upon registration. Sub-section (2) makes
this abundantly clear.
[64]
Thus, the mere fact that the first defendant had purchased the land
in good faith and for valuable consideration does not confer indefeasibility
to its title if such title is otherwise void at inception. GM 9890 is clearly a
void document of title as it was issued and registered during the subsistence
of a valid and indefeasible document of title, namely EMR 6527.
[65]
Perhaps the following observation by Peh Swee Chin FCJ delivering
the judgment of the Federal Court in Tan Chiw Thoo at p. 549 may shed some
light on the actual status of such title:
The purported alienation to the 2nd titleholder was a nullity, in our

opinion, to such an extent on the facts of this case, that had there been
a purchaser in good faith and for valuable consideration of the title of the
2nd titleholder, for the sake of illustration, such a purchaser would have
obtained neither title nor interest of the said lot, in other words, the proviso to subs. (3) of s. 340 of the Code would not apply to assist such a purchaser.
(emphasis added)
[66]
We appreciate of course that the above passage was said en passant
(in passing) and that the court was concerned with alienation of land rather
than with fraudulent transfer of land or with purchase of land by a bona fide
purchaser for valuable consideration, but a feature of the case that stands out
is that two titles were issued and registered in respect of the same parcel of
land, which is exactly the case in the present appeal.
530
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[2016] 4 CLJ
[67]
The disparity in the facts does not therefore dilute the relevance of
the case, especially given the fact that in our case the land was validly
registered in the plaintiffs name when it was surreptitiously registered in the
second defendants name.
[68]
At the risk of repetition we must reiterate that the indefeasibility of
the plaintiffs title cannot be challenged other than on grounds specified in
s. 340(2) of the Land Code or other grounds of equity: Tan Chiw Thoo (supra).
It is, as we said, not simply a question of whether the first defendant had
purchased the land in good faith and for valuable consideration but whether
the replacement title in its possession is capable of conferring indefeasibility
and overriding the plaintiffs original issue document of title.
[69]
As transfer of title precedes and is a prerequisite for registration, any
registration that precedes transfer can never confer title to land. That is a
legal impossibility. The only way the first defendant could have acquired
valid and indefeasible title to the land was by having the land lawfully
transferred to it by the plaintiff as the registered proprietor and not by some
fraudster who had no title to the land, having purchased it from an accessory
who herself was not for the time being registered as proprietor of the land.
It was in fact a transfer that involved no mans land.
[70]
Given the fact that the land was transferred to the first defendant not
by the plaintiff as the registered proprietor but by a fraudster who had
transferred it to itself from an imposter, that reduces, in our respectful view,
the replacement title in the first defendants possession to nothing more than
a worthless piece of paper with no legal efficacy or force whatsoever. It is
in this context that the first defendants claim to indefeasibility by virtue of
the proviso to s. 340(3) of the Land Code must be looked at.
[71]
It is important to bear in mind that sub-ss. (1) and (3) of s. 340 do not
confer title to land. Title is conferred by the State Authority by way of
alienation or by the registered proprietor by way of transfer. Sub-sections (1)
and (3) merely confer indefeasibility upon registration of title. But where, as
in this case, the title itself is void ab initio, registration will not confer
indefeasibility and the proviso to s. 340(3) will not apply to assist the first
defendant.
[72]
The defeasible title referred to in s. 340(3) presupposes a validly
registered title, but which has become defeasible by reason of s. 340(2). It
does not refer to a title that is void ab initio, such as the title that the second
defendant acquired from its partner in fraud the bogus Rajamani, who was
not even the registered proprietor and therefore had no title to pass at the
time she supposedly transferred the land to the second defendant.
[73]
Since the plaintiffs title has not, at any point of time, become
defeasible by reason of s. 340(2) or other grounds of equity, it remains
indefeasible and is not affected by the fraudulent transfer of the land by the
[2016] 4 CLJ
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531
bogus Rajamani to the second defendant and subsequently to the first

defendant by the second defendant. If her title was indefeasible then, it is
indefeasible now.
[74]
From the language of s. 340(1) read in conjunction with s. 340(2), it
is clear to us that even the first owner to whom the land has been alienated
does not enjoy immediate indefeasibility. His title is liable to be impeached
under s. 340(2) or other grounds of equity. But unless and until that happens,
his title is unimpeachable and remains indefeasible. In plain language minus
the jargon, he remains the owner and retains ownership of the land to the
exclusion of all others.
[75]
This brings into sharp focus art. 13(1) of the Federal Constitution
which guarantees that no person shall be deprived of property save in
accordance with law. To give effect to the spirit of art. 13(1), we hold that
in a contest for title between an innocent landowner whose title is protected
by s. 340(1) and an equally innocent bona fide purchaser for valuable
consideration who claims protection under s. 340(3), the scales of justice
must tilt in favour of the innocent landowner.
[76]
Any contrary proposition will result in unmitigated injustice to
the real landowner and destroy the whole foundation of the concept of
indefeasibility under s. 340 of the Land Code. The first defendant as an
innocent bona fide purchaser for valuable consideration is not without
remedy. Its remedy lies in taking action against those who caused loss and
damage to it, if any.
[77]
Given the view that we take on the issue of law raised in this appeal,
we are constrained to hold that the learned JC was wrong in dismissing the
plaintiffs claim against the first defendant. It is clear that the first defendants
replacement title is not impervious to attack by reason of nullity. The
plaintiff has been placed in a position where she can use her title as a sword
to strike down the first defendants title and not merely as a shield to protect
her own title from adverse claim.
[78]
Our decision may appear to be in conflict with the decision of this
court in Yap Ham Seow (supra) but this is only because the question of law
posed for our determination is materially different from the questions of law
posed for the courts determination in that case.
[79]
The key question of law for our determination in this appeal is
whether the transfer of the plaintiffs land to any party, and any application
for any replacement title purportedly made in her name was bad in law and
consequently void and incapable of supporting transfers of interest in title.
This court in Yap Ham Seow was not called upon to specifically answer this
question. The case is therefore distinguishable on the issue of law to be
decided.
532
Current Law Journal
[2016] 4 CLJ
Second Defendant
[80]
We now come to the case against the second defendant. The learned
judge was satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the second defendant had,
in cahoots with the bogus Rajamani as its accessory, fraudulently caused the
transfer of the land to itself.
[81]
The learned judge was convinced that the second defendant was the
mastermind of the scheme to cheat the plaintiff of her land and was not
a bona fide purchaser for valuable consideration as claimed by it in its
defence, a claim it was not prepared to defend by absenting itself at the trial
and in this appeal. The learned JC was clearly right in finding the second
defendant liable to the plaintiff.
[82]
Unfortunately, for the plaintiff it was a hollow victory as the second
defendant is a RM2 company whose ability to pay whatever judgment sum
that is due to her is doubtful. It is likely that she will end up with a paper
judgment against the second defendant.
Third And Fourth Defendants

[83]
As for the third and fourth defendants, the reason why the learned
JC cleared them of liability was because he was of the view that the solicitor
who acted for the fraudster did not owe a duty of care to the plaintiff as the
real owner of the land. The other reason was that if at all they owed a duty
of care to the plaintiff, their actions did not amount to breaches of that duty
of care on the ground that the bogus Rajamani had presented to the third
defendant her current international passport which carried the same name as
the plaintiff and the land title.
[84]
First, whether the third and fourth defendants owed a duty of
care to the plaintiff. The plaintiff relied on the case of Neogh Soo Oh & Ors
v. G Rethinasamy [1983] 2 CLJ 218; [1983] CLJ (Rep) 663; [1984] 1 MLJ
126 in support of her contention that the third and fourth defendants failed
to exercise due care and skill required of a competent solicitor undertaking
conveying transactions.
[85]
The third and fourth defendants on the other hand relied on Yap Ham
Seow (supra) to support their argument that their duty of care was confined
to their client (the forger) and does not extend to the plaintiff who was a
stranger to their retainer. The learned JC decided to follow Yap Ham Seow
as he felt that he was bound by the decision.
[86]
The general rule is that a solicitor owes a duty of care primarily to
his client but like all general rules, there are exceptions. Ross v. Caunters (a
firm) [1979] 3 All ER 580 is authority for the proposition that the duty of care
of a solicitor is not limited to his client while Penn v. Bristol & West Building
Society [1997] 3 All ER 470 demonstrates that although a solicitor believes
[2016] 4 CLJ
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533
he is acting for someone as his client, if it is found that he was not so acting
or authorised so to act, and his negligence leads to damage and loss to that
someone, he is liable to that person.
[87]
It is trite law that a solicitor must not represent nor act for a person
without authorisation: see Halsburys Laws of England, 4th edn, vol. 44 by
Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone. In Al-Sabah v. Ali [1999] EGCS 11 Ferrer
J held as follows at p. 11:
As to the second issue, it is clear that a solicitor cannot properly act for
the client unless he has instructions from the client so to act. It is
the solicitors duty to satisfy himself that he has been so instructed. If
instructions come to a solicitor not from the client himself but from a third
party claiming to represent the client, the solicitor needs to take special
care to satisfy himself the client wishes him to act, by seeing the client
personally or obtaining written confirmation from the client or taking
some other step which is sufficient, in the circumstances, to show that the
client wants the solicitor to act for him in the matter in question. This
reflects a passage in the Law Societys Guide to the Professional Conduct of
Solicitors quoted in the judgment of Judge Kolbert in Penn v. Bristol and
Building Society [1995] 2 FLR 938, [1996] 2 FCR 729 at p. 948 of the former
report. In my judgment a solicitor who fails to act in accordance with this
principle will not only run foul of the rules of professional conduct but,
if he causes prejudice to the interests of the person he supposes to be his
client, even in doing something which it would be perfectly proper for him
to do if he were duly retained, he will be liable in negligence.
(emphasis added)
[88]
We consider these authorities to be good law on liability in
negligence by advocates and solicitors to third parties in circumstances
peculiar to the facts and circumstances of the present case. With due respect
to the learned JC, he was wrong in holding that he was bound by the dictum
in Yap Ham Seow. We agree with learned counsel for the plaintiff that the case
is not authority for the blanket proposition that a solicitor never owes a duty
of care to a third party. Whether a solicitor is to be held liable to a third party
must depend on the facts and circumstances of each case.
[89]
In fact, this court in Yap Ham Seow looked at the totality of the
evidence before coming to the conclusion that the solicitor was not negligent.
Obviously the conclusion was not reached simply on the basis that in law a
solicitor owes no duty of care to a third party. If it were otherwise, there
would have been no necessity for the court to examine the evidence to
determine whether as a matter of fact the solicitor had breached his duty of
care to the third party.
[90]
On the facts of the present case it is clear to us that the third and
fourth defendants were negligent in failing to take all necessary steps to
verify the true identity and status of the imposter, the bogus Rajamani. When
the bogus Rajamani produced an Indian passport Bearing No. F4495077,
534
Current Law Journal
[2016] 4 CLJ
which did not match with the real Rajamani/plaintiffs passport which bears
No. X205536, and gave a self-serving declaration in the surat akuan at
p. 2857 of the appeal record to link the two passports, the third defendant
was put to notice of the need to make further enquiries.
[91]
But she chose not to, despite the glaring disparity in the passport
numbers staring her in the eyes. It was a red flag that should have aroused
her suspicion as to the true identity of the person who appeared before her
and claiming to be the landowner. Indeed the learned JC correctly noted at
para. 69(ii) of his judgment as follows:
In addition, the statutory declaration dated 20 August 2005 produced
by the bogus Plaintiff stating that she was the bearer of Indian passport
no. X205536 and re-issued with anew passport no. F4495077 in her
present possession should also have rung alarm bells at the meeting.
This declaration was necessary to connect the bogus Plaintiff with the title
of the Land. However the declaration is obviously self-serving. It is
worthless with no weight to be attached to it without the official
certification by the Indian consular office or relevant public authority.
[92]
Had the third defendant carried out further investigation as a
prudent and reasonably competent solicitor would under the circumstances,
instead of blindly accepting what was claimed by the vendor as correct and
genuine, she would have discovered that the Rajamani that she was dealing
with was not Rajamani the real landowner: Au Meng Nam & Anor v. Ung Yak
Chew & Ors [2007] 4 CLJ 526; [2007] 5 MLJ 136; Overseas Realty Sdn Bhd
v. Wong Yau Choy & Ors; Tetuan Tay Ibrahim & Partners (Third Party) [2014]
8 CLJ 107.
[93]
In Swamy v. Matthews & Ors [1967] 1 LNS 174; [1968] 1 MLJ 138
FC, Barakbah LP in his judgment said:
Now on the law. A man or a woman who practises a profession is bound
to exercise the care and skill of an ordinary competent practitioner in that
profession - be it the profession of an accountant, a banker, a doctor, a
solicitor or otherwise. In the case of Lanphier Phipos (1883) 8 Car & P 475;
173 ER 581 Tindal CJ laid down this principle:Every person who enters into a learned profession undertakes to
bring to the exercise of it a reasonable degree of care and skill. He
does not undertake, if he is an attorney, that at all events you shall
gain your case, nor does a surgeon undertake that he will perform
a cure; nor does he undertake to use the highest degree of skill.
There may be persons who have higher education and greater
advantages than he has; but he undertakes to bring a fair,
reasonable and competent degree of skill.
[94]
Careless conveyancing lawyers must bear the natural and probable
consequences of their acts or omissions. The truth is, the learned JC himself
acknowledged, albeit reluctantly that the third defendant was negligent when
he said at para. 107 of his grounds of judgment, as follows:
[2016] 4 CLJ
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535
The bogus Plaintiff had presented to the Third Defendant her current
passport which carried the same name as the Plaintiff and the Land title.
However the Third Defendants failure to further investigate into her
identity might in my view be negligent on her part. This is because as an
experienced legal practitioner, she should have been alerted to the
worthless statutory declaration that necessarily linked the earlier passport
of the bogus Plaintiff to the Land title.
[95]
That effectively was a finding that the third defendant, and by
extension the fourth defendant, had breached their duty of care to the
plaintiff. Nevertheless, being guided by his view that a solicitor only owes
a duty of care to his client and not to third parties, it was inevitable that the
learned JC would find the third and fourth defendants not liable in negligence
to the plaintiff.
Fifth And Sixth Defendants
[96]
With regard to the fifth and sixth defendants, the learned JC found
them to be grossly negligent, including being in breach of statutory duty
for having registered the transfer of the land despite the existence of a private
caveat entered by the plaintiffs son on 1 March 2001. No cross-appeal was
filed by the fifth and sixth defendants against this part of the judgment. The
finding is therefore deemed to be accepted by the fifth and sixth defendants,
which means they accepted that they were liable in negligence to the plaintiff.
[97]
However, despite finding the fifth and sixth defendants to be grossly
negligent, the learned JC dismissed the plaintiffs claim against them purely
on what the learned JC found to be a procedural defect, ie, not naming the
correct party. It was his view that the proper party to be sued should be the
Director of Lands and Mines Selangor and not the fifth and sixth defendants,
relying on the Federal Court case of Kerajaan Malaysia & Ors v. Lay Kee Tee
& Ors [2009] 1 CLJ 663.
[98]
We must say at the outset that the learned JC was wrong in
dismissing the plaintiffs case against the fifth and sixth defendants purely on
the ground that the plaintiff had sued the wrong party. First of all, the point
was not pleaded, resulting in the plaintiff being ambushed by the point.
[99]
Secondly, under the Land Code, specifically ss. 12 and 13, there are
designated officers charged with the responsibility of administering the Land
Code and these are the officers who should properly be named as parties and
thirdly, the allegation of negligence and breach of statutory duty was related
to system failure rather than the negligent act of any particular officer.
[100] We agree with the plaintiffs contention that the entire departments
(fifth and sixth defendants) failed in the discharge of their statutory duties and
that no one person could be singled out for these breaches of statutory duties
or negligence.
536
Current Law Journal
[2016] 4 CLJ
[101] The same issue of naming the individual tortfeasors or the relevant
officer(s) who committed the tort was raised and rejected by the High Court
in Shayo (M) Sdn Bhd v. Nurlieda Sidek & Ors [2013] 1 CLJ 153; [2013] 7 MLJ
755. The decision has since been upheld by this court. In any event, we are
in agreement with learned counsel for the plaintiff that the plaintiffs action
cannot be defeated by reason only of the non-joinder of the Director of Lands
and Mines Selangor as a party.
[102] We are of the view that O. 15 r. 6(1) of the Rules of Court 2012
(the Rules) should have been invoked in favour of the plaintiff. Rule 6(1)
provides as follows:
6. (1) A cause or matter shall not be defeated by reason of the misjoinder
or non-joinder of any party, and the Court may in any cause or matter
determine the issues or questions in dispute so far as they affect the rights
and interests of the persons who are parties to the cause or matter.
[103] In Tsoi Ping Kwan v. Medan Juta Sdn Bhd & Ors [1996] 4 CLJ 553;
[1996] 3 MLJ 367 even at the appellate stage, the Court of Appeal on its own
motion added a third party to the proceedings to achieve the ends of justice.
[104] The learned JC was however of the opinion that O. 15 r. 6(1) of the
Rules does not apply for the reason that he would not be able to know the
identity or identities of the individual tortfeasors. The flaw in the argument
is apparent because if the learned JC was in no position to know who the
tortfeasors were, how would the innocent and unsuspecting plaintiff be
expected to know them, given that this was a case of system failure? Clearly
the odds against the plaintiff were insurmountable.
[105] The learned JCs reliance on the Federal Court case of Kerajaan
Malaysia & Ors v. Lay Kee Tee & Ors (supra) was, with respect, misconceived
having regard to the following distinguishing factor as noted by the Federal
Court:
The four appellants are the sole parties here and if the action is dismissed
against them there are no other parties against whom the case can
proceed.
[106] In the present appeal there were other parties before the court but
more importantly, the State Legal Advisors office participated fully in the
trial in defending the fifth and sixth defendants. With due respect, it is
untenable and unconscionable to the extreme for the fifth and sixth
defendants to rely on this technical point in an attempt to defeat the plaintiffs
claim, more so when they have been found to be grossly negligent by the
trial court and did not cross-appeal against the finding.
[107] There can be no doubt that the negligence of the fifth and sixth
defendants had contributed significantly to the loss of the plaintiffs land
through the fraudulent acts of the second defendant in cohort with the bogus
Rajamani.
[2016] 4 CLJ

537
[108] The fifth and sixth defendants produced no evidence at all to show
that an investigation pursuant to s. 421AA of the Land Code had been carried
out by any of their officers before issuing and registering the replacement
titles to the second defendant, followed one year later to the first defendant.
This must lead to an inference that none was carried out.
[109] As for the fifth and sixth defendants claim of protection under s. 22
of the Land Code, the learned JC found that the defence was not applicable
in view of his finding that the relevant officers had not been made parties to
the proceedings.
[110] It is clear that if he had found, as he should, that the provision was
applicable, his finding against the fifth and sixth defendants would have been
that the fifth and sixth defendants failed to establish good faith, the effect of
which is to nullify their defence of good faith under s. 22 of the Land Code.
This can be deduced from the following passage at para. 123 of the grounds
of judgment:
The reliance on the application of s. 22 requires the officers to have acted
in good faith. If applicable here, the burden of proof to establish good
faith rests on the Fifth/Sixth Defendant but I again observed that the
relevant officers were not call as witnesses to testify in court.
Seventh Defendant
[111] Lastly, the case against the seventh defendant. It was the learned JCs
finding that the seventh defendant had actual and not only constructive
knowledge of the fraud committed by the second defendant and was privy to
it, citing Tai Lee Finance Co Sdn Bhd v. The Official Assignee Of The Property
Of Ngan Kim Yong & Ors [1983] 1 CLJ 183; [1983] CLJ (Rep) 387; [1983]
1 MLJ 81 as supporting authority. This finding is absolutely correct as the
following circumstances show that the seventh defendant was indeed party
to the fraud:
(i) he was involved in everything from dealing with the bogus Rajamani,
linking her up with the third and fourth defendants, to dealing with her
replacement title and facilitating the sale of the land from the bogus
Rajamani to the second defendant and later for a second time from the
second defendant to the first defendant;
(ii) he acted fraudulently and in concert with, amongst others, the third
and fourth defendants to cause the transfer of the land to the second
defendant;
(iii) he had possession of a printout of title GM 5066 when the sole witness
for the fifth and sixth defendants testified that GM 5066 was never
issued;
538
Current Law Journal
[2016] 4 CLJ
(iv) he was involved in submitting the application for transfer of the land on
behalf of the bogus Rajamani; and
(v) he was involved in other similar land disputes which have ended up in
court as he himself candidly admitted under cross-examination.
[112] The learned JC also mentioned in his judgment that he had observed
the demeanour of the seventh defendant and this was his finding:
In my view, all the bizarre factors discussed above are obvious facts that
were telling that something in the conveyancing transaction of the Land
was amiss that smacked of fraud. I noticed that the Seventh Defendant
had however in his testimony dismissed them as casual and nothing that
aroused suspicion. I have carefully watched him and am not convinced
from his facial expression and manner of answering that he actually
believed what he said.
[113] However, despite finding the seventh defendant to be unworthy of

credit and was privy to the fraud perpetrated by the second defendant, the
learned JC dismissed the plaintiffs claim against him purely on a pleading
point, ie, that the plaintiffs pleaded case against the seventh defendant was
one of conspiracy with the third and fourth defendants to defraud. The
learned JC was not satisfied that there was such conspiracy or collusion
between the seventh defendant and the third and fourth defendants.
[114] With due respect to the learned JC, this is erroneous because the
plaintiffs pleaded case against the seventh defendant was not founded on
conspiracy. It was founded on privy to fraud, which the learned JC himself
found to have been proved against the seventh defendant. There was no plea
of conspiracy to defraud in the amended statement of claim.
[115] The plaintiffs averment that the seventh defendant had acted in
concert with the third and fourth defendants to cause fraudulent transfer of
the land must be seen in the context of their act of obtaining the signatures
of the bogus Rajamani on the agreement and memorandum of transfer. That
was proved as the seventh defendant had acted in concert with the third and
fourth defendants to achieve the attestation and witnessing of the signatures.
[116] Having regard to the totality of the evidence and the surrounding
circumstances of the case, the seventh defendants defence that he had no
knowledge of the fraud because he was a junior and inexperienced litigation
lawyer cannot hold water. In the first place, being an inexperienced junior
lawyer is no excuse for being negligent unless it can be shown that he could
not have known of the fraud with due diligence.
[117] But most important of all, the learned JC had found the seventh
defendant to be privy to the fraud committed by the second defendant. This
finding is fatal to his defence as it demolished the whole substratum of his
defence of lack of knowledge and experience.
[2016] 4 CLJ
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539
The Seventh Defendants Cross-Appeal

[118] At the outset of the proceedings, learned counsel for the plaintiff
raised a preliminary objection to the seventh defendants notice of crossappeal dated 5 May 2015, on the ground that it was incompetent as it seeks
to set aside the decision of the High Court finding fraud against the seventh
defendant and more specifically the finding that the seventh defendant had
actual knowledge of the fraud and was privy to it.
[119] It was argued that a separate notice of appeal ought to have been filed
by the seventh defendant, citing Leisure Farm Corporation Sdn Bhd v. Kabushiki
Kaisha Ngu & Ors [2015] 3 CLJ 489; [2015] 4 MLJ 543. The basis of the
objection was that the cross-appeal does not relate directly to the appeal
brought by the plaintiff. Leisure Farm was followed in another Court of
Appeal case of Pengerusi Suruhanjaya Pilihanraya Malaysia v. See Chee How &
Anor [2015] 8 CLJ 367. Incidentally, my learned brother Justice Mohd
Zawawi Salleh and myself were panel members in that appeal.
[120] We dismissed the preliminary objection as we were of the view that
the notice of cross-appeal was proper. In any event, we felt that it was more
important that the case to be decided on the merits rather than on a technical
defect in the notice of appeal, if at all there was any.
[121] As for the merits of the seventh defendants cross-appeal, it is clear

that his appeal is not only fact based but it also involves the question of his
credibility as a witness. In para. 112 above we have reproduced the learned
JCs assessment of the seventh defendants credibility as a witness. We have
no reason to disturb this finding: Sivalingam Periasamy v. Periasamy & Anor
[1996] 4 CLJ 545; [1995] 3 MLJ 395; Lee Ing Chin & Ors v. Gan Yook Chin
& Anor [2003] 2 CLJ 19; Gan Yook Chin & Anor v. Lee Ing Chin & Ors [2004]
4 CLJ 309.
[122] A finding that the seventh defendant was privy to the fraud and was
not a credible witness necessarily means that the plaintiffs case against him
had been proved on the balance of probabilities.
Bullock Or Sanderson Order
[123] In relation to the order of costs made by the learned JC, it was
submitted on behalf of the plaintiff that in the light of his findings on liability
in respect of the respective defendants, the learned JC should have made a
Sanderson Order instead of a Bullock Order.
[124] According to learned counsel, it was necessary and proper for the
plaintiff to have named all the seven defendants in the case as they were all
involved one way or another in the transactions that resulted in the loss of
the plaintiffs land. A Sanderson Order would enable the first, third and fourth
and seventh defendants to recover their costs from the unsuccessful
defendant, namely the second defendant.
540
Current Law Journal
[2016] 4 CLJ
[125] In view of our decision on this appeal and cross-appeal, we do not

think there is any need for us to deal with the point raised.
Conclusion
[126] For all the reasons aforesaid, we find sufficient merit in the plaintiffs
appeal to warrant interference with the decision of the High Court. In the
circumstances, the appeal is allowed. The whole decision of the learned JC
is set aside, including his decision allowing the first defendants counterclaim
against the plaintiff and we substitute it with an order in terms of the amended
statement of claim against each of the defendants other than the second
defendant. The seventh defendants cross-appeal is dismissed with costs.
Costs
[127] Costs of this appeal shall be borne by the defendants. We now invite
the parties to address us on the quantum of costs to be awarded to the
plaintiff.
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RAJAMANI MEYAPPA CHETTIAR v.

Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

possession of original issue document of title Whether actual landowner suffered

Current Law Journal

Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

Current Law Journal

Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

Bahasa Malaysia Headnotes

Current Law Journal

terhadapnya adalah berhubung dengan konspirasi dengan defendan-defendan

Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

Current Law Journal

tanggungjawab berjaga-jaga terhadap anak guamnya dan bukannya

Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

atas perjanjian dan memorandum pindah milik. Penemuan bahawa

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For the 2nd respondent - M/s Sankar & Co (Absent)

Reported by Kumitha Abd Majid

The Torrens system is a system of conveyancing; it does not abrogate the

Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

The Plaintiffs Case

(a) a declaration that she is the registered proprietor of the land;

(b) a declaration that her name be restored in the register;

(e) damages against the defendants.

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The Pivotal Issue

(a) in any case of fraud or misrepresentation to which the person

(a) it shall be liable to be set aside in the hands of any person or

Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

Current Law Journal

Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

Current Law Journal

Our Determination Of The Issues

Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

Current Law Journal

Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

The purported alienation to the 2nd titleholder was a nullity, in our

Current Law Journal

Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

bogus Rajamani to the second defendant and subsequently to the first

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Third And Fourth Defendants

Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

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Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

Current Law Journal

Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

Current Law Journal

[113] However, despite finding the seventh defendant to be unworthy of

Rajamani Meyappa Chettiar v.

The Seventh Defendants Cross-Appeal

[121] As for the merits of the seventh defendants cross-appeal, it is clear

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[125] In view of our decision on this appeal and cross-appeal, we do not

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