A

TRAINING REPORT
ON

220 KV GRID SUB-STATION (RRVPNL )

TAKEN AT
JAGATPURA JAIPUR (RAJASTHAN)
FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY OF
RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted To:-

Submitted By:-

KRISHAN KANT SAINI

( 10EVJEEO49)
B. Tech. (VII Semester)
Electrical Engg.

Mr. PARMESHWAR KUMAR

HOD OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
VIT JAIPUR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Training is one of the important aspects for an engineering students carrier. It is basically to
strengthen the practical concepts. During this training student gets aquatinted with the latest
technology and recent development.
Firstly, I convey my sincere thanks to all the employees of 220 KV GRID SUBSTATION,
JAGATPURA JAIPUR. Their love and guidance are omnipotent and incompatible throughout
the training period. I convey special thanks to MR. H.R. MEENA (X.en.) for providing me
the opportunity to undergo this training and I also express thanks to all hrd members for their
help and co operation.

KRISHAN KANT SAINI

PREFACE
Engineering students gain theoretical knowledge only through books. Only theoretical
knowledge is not sufficient for absolute mastery in any field. Theoretical knowledge in our
books is not of much use without knowing its practical implementation. It has been
experienced that theoretical knowledge is volatile in nature; however practical knowledge
imparts solid foundation in our mind.
This report is in fact a summary of, what I have learnt and seen during my training in
RAJASTHAN STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD, RAJASTHAN. Succeeding chapters give
details what I have learnt inRAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LTD
(RRVPNL)

KRISHAN KANT SAINI

ABSTRACT
A sub-station is a intermediate link between the generating station and consumer. It may be
defined as the assemblies of apparatus which transfer the characteristic of electrical energy
from one form to another for example one voltage to another.
The electrical energy is generated at low voltage link 6.6 or 11 kv, through higher voltage to
33 kv are also possible due to economic considerations, low voltage is converted to high
voltage like 66 kv, 132 kv, 220 kv, 400 kv, 765 kv for transmission purpose. This can be done
with the help of the transformer.
The consumers apparatus are made for low voltage so this voltage is again to be stepped
down to the required voltage at the sub-station.
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and
distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using
transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant
and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps.
The designing of a sub-station which depends upon many factors- selection of site,
orientation of switchyard, alignment of feeders, position of control room & allied auxiliaries,
placement of electrical equipment , case of operation.

TABLE OF CONTENT

S.NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
CIRCUIT BREAKER
RELAY
BUS-BAR
LIGHTING ARRESTOR
INSULATOR
ISOLATOR
AUTO TRANSFORMER
CVT
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
CAPACITOR BANK
PLCC
CONTROL ROOM
BATTERY ROOM
CONCLUSION
BIBILIOGRAPHY

1. INTRODUCTION
The network of electricity supply to the consumer is very complex one comprising of
generating plant,transmission and sub-transmission lines, grid sub-station etc.each element of
the network has got direct bearing on the quality and continuance of electric power but G.S.S.
is the pivotal point.In pure electrical engineering terminology a G.S.S. is called node.

Introduction Of R.S.E.B. :Electrical energy occupies the top grade in energy hierarchy. It find innumerable used in
home, industry, Agriculture etc and even in the transport.
5

Rajasthan state electric board started functioning from 1st July 1957. But it has been divided
into 5 companies namely.

RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LTD (RRVPNL)

RAJASTHAN VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LTD (RVPNL)

JAIPUR VIDYUT VITRAN NIGAM LTD (JVVNL)

AJMER VIDYUT VITRAN NIGAM LTD (AVVNL)

JODHPUR VIDYUT VITRAN NIGAM LTD (Jd.VVNL)

GRID SUB-STATION
A sub-station is a intermediate link between the generating station and consumer. It may be
defined as the assemblies of apparatus which transfer the characteristic of electrical energy
from one form to another for example one voltage to another.
The electrical energy is generated at low voltage link 6.6 or 11 kv, through higher voltage to
33 kv are also possible due to economic considerations, low voltage is converted to high
voltage like 66 kv, 132 kv, 220 kv, 400 kv, 765 kv for transmission purpose. This can be done
with the help of the transformer.
The consumers apparatus are made for low voltage so this voltage is again to be stepped
down to the required voltage at the sub-station.
Grid is a technical word used for the inter-connection of power received from more than one
place.Anelectrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission
and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using
transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant
and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps.
The designing of a sub-station which depends upon many factors- selection of site,
orientation of switchyard, alignment of feeders, position of control room & allied auxiliaries,
placement of electrical equipment , case of operation.
6

220 KV G.S.S. SAWAI MADHOPUR (RAJASTHAN)

The 220 KV G.S.S Sawai Madhopur is situated at the Tonk road.The G.S.S. is almost 4 K.M.
away in south from the Railway Station.
Its surface area is about 1700m800m.This sub-station now comes under RAJSTHAN
RAJYA VIDYUT PRASRAN NIGAM LIMITED.This G.S.S. was established on 1988.
The supply of electric of the 220 KV Sawai Madhopur is taken from NTPC Anta station
through 220 KV lines in double circuit.Here two incoming lines. A 220 KV line is going to
dausa from Sawai Madhopur.
The number of 132 KV outgoing feeder from Sawai Madhopur is eight.There are eight
outgoing feeder of 33 KV and six outgoing feeder of 11 KV.There are the 220 KV autotransformer and three power transformer.
There are oil circuit breaker, vacuum circuit braker,SF6 circuit brakeretc.There are battery
room, control room and P.L.C.C. room.

( 220 KV G.S.S. SAWAI MADHOPUR )

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the concerned
Electrical System which includes all the required electrical equipment connection sequence
wise from the point of entrance of Power up to the end of the scope of the mentioned Work.
As in the case of 220 KV Substation, the SLD shall show Lightening Arrestor, State
Electricity Board's C.T/P.T Unit, Isolators, Protection and Metering P.T & C.T. Circuit
Breakers, again Isolators and circuit Breakers, Main Power Transformer, all protective
devices/relays and other special equipment like NGR, CVT, GUARD RINGS, SDR etc as per
design criteria.
As these feeders enter the station they are to pass through various instruments. The
instruments have their usual functioning.

(SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF GSS, SAWAI MADHOPUR)

TRANSFORMER RATINGS
1.
220/132 KV100 MVA
Power Transformer-1
2.
220/132 KV
100 MVA
Power Transformer-2
3.
132/33 KV
20/25 MVA
Power Transformer-1
4.132/33 KV
10/12.5 MVAPower Transformer-2
5.
132/33 KV
10/12.5 MVA
Power Transformer-3
6.
11/.44KV
100 KVA
Station Transformer
7.
11/.44 KV
100 KVA
GSS Colony Transformer
8.
33/.44KV
250 KVA
Station Transformer

SIX OUTGOING FEEDER OF 11 KV

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

11 KV
11 KV
11 KV
11 KV
11 KV
11 KV

FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER

NO.1
NO.2
NO.3
NO.4
NO.5
NO.6

CITY
PHALODI
RIICO
DEVPURA
MANTOWN
KHEDLI

EIGHT OUTGOING FEEDER OF 33 KV

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

33 KV
33 KV
33 KV
33 KV
33 KV
33 KV
33 KV
33KV

FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER

NO.1
NO.2
NO.3
NO.4
NO.5
NO.6
NO.7
NO.8

10

SHERPUR
BHERUGATE
AJNOTI
BONLI
CHOTH KA BARWARA
BAHARAWANDA
SHEOPUR
CHAKCHENPURA

EIGHT OUTGOING FEEDER OF 132 KV

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

132 KV
132 KV
132KV
132KV
132KV
132KV
132KV
132KV

FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER
FEEDER

NO.1
NO.2
NO.3
NO.4
NO.5
NO.6
NO.7
NO.8

11

KOTA
NEWAI
RAILWAY-1
RAILWAY-2
UNIYARA
LAKHERI
KHANDAR
BHADOTI

2.CIRUIT BREAKER
Introduction :The circuit breaker is one of the important equipment in power system. It protects the system
by isolating the faulty section while the healthy one is keep on working. Every system is
susceptible to fault or damages while can be caused due to overloading, short-circuiting, earth
fault etc. thus to protect the system and isolate the faulty section C.B. are required. Apart
from breaking and making contacts, a C.B. should be capable of doing.

Continuously carry the maximum current at point of installation.

Make and break the circuit under abnormal and normal condition.

Close or open the faulty section only where fault exists.

Principle :During making and breaking an arc is struck between the separating contacts which play an
important role in interruption process as it provides for the gradual transition from current
carrying to voltage withstanding states of contacts, but it is dangerous on account of energy
generated in the form of heat which may results in explosive forces. This should be
extinguished shortly. Method of interruption are current:1. High resistance interruption
2. Current Zero interruption
In high resistance interruption arc is controlled by subsequently increasing resistance is
brought into circuit and are cooled simultaneously so that current is quickly reduced to a
value insufficient to maintain the arc.
In current, zero interruption the arc resistance is kept low until the current becomes zero,
where the arc extinguishes itself and is prevented from restricting in spite of high restricting
voltage.

Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker:-

12

In this circuit breaker the oil is used as arc quenching medium only and little oil is required.
In this breaker instead of metallic tanks porcelain containers are used which solves the
insulating problem. This circuit breaker uses dielectric oil (transformer oil).

Construction :In M.O.C.B. there are two chambers separated to each other but both are filled with oil. Their
upper chamber is the circuit breaking while lower one is supporting chamber. The oil from
one chamber does not mix with the oil in the lower chamber but it acts as dielectric support.
This arrangement permits two advantages, firstly the circuit breaking chamber require a small
volume of oil. Secondly, the amount of oil to be replaced is reduce, as the oil in the
supporting chamber is not contaminated by the arc.
Advantage :1.
2.
3.
4.

It is requires lesser quantity of oil compare to the bulk oil circuit breaker.
It require smaller space
There is reduced risk of fire
Maintenance problem are reduced.

Disadvantage :These chambers suffers from the disadvantages that a very low current, they have long arcing
period so a separate oil reflection device has to be used. The contacts are operated by pull
lord or by the spring operating mechanism.

Air Blast Circuit Breaker:In this type of circuit breaker, compressed, air is used as an arc extinguishes medium,. In
these circuit breakers arc is subjected to air blast axially or across the arc. The air blast cools
the arc and sweeps away the arcing products to the atmosphere.
This rapidly increases the dielectric strength of the medium between the contacts and
prevents the re-establishing the arc. Consequently, the arc is extinguished and flow of current
is interrupted.
The air is supplied in CB by compressor, distribution pipe and storage tanks etc. the air under
pressure is allowed from central value to arcing chamber. The air pressure acts against the
13

spring force of moving contacts, pushing it back and ultimately sealing. The exhausted part
by gasket provided at the back of moving contact nozzle assembly.

( Air Blast Circuit Breaker )

Disadvantage:1. Considerable maintenance is required for compressor plant, which supplies the air
blast.
2. Air blast circuit breakers are very sensitive in the rate of rise of restriking voltage
(PRRV).

Advantage:1. The risk of fire is eliminated

2. The arcing products are completely removed by blast where as tin the oil circuit
breakers oil deteriorates with successive operations. The expense of regular oil
replacement is avoided.

SF6 Circuit Breaker:-

14

Ability of SF6 to quench the arc is 10 times that of air under identical condition. It is an
electronegative gas, which rapidly absorbs the free electrons in the arc path between CB
contacts. The contacts of the breaker are opened in a high-pressure flow of SF6 and an arc is
struck between them. The gas to form relatively immobile negative ions, thereby rapidly
buildup the insulation strength after the zero current position rapidly captures the conducting
free electrons and rate of generation of dielectric strength is 100 times than that of air.

(SF6 Circuit Breaker)

Operating Mechanism :Following is the methods of closing or opening the contacts of CB for switching on the
supply or isolating the supply in faulty condition:1. Hand operation
2. Motor operation
3. Solenoid Operation

3. RELAYS
15

Relay is a device which detect fault current and energize trip circuit of circuit breaker.Relays
must be able to evaluate a wide variety of parameters to establish that corrective action is
required. Obviously, a relay cannot prevent the fault. Its primary purpose is to detect the fault
and take the necessary action to minimize the damage to the equipment or to the system. The
most common parameters which reflect the presence of a fault are the voltages and currents at
the terminals of the protected apparatus or at the appropriate zone boundaries. The
fundamental problem in power system protection is to define the quantities that can
differentiate between normal and abnormal conditions. This problem is compounded by the
fact that normal in the present sense means outside the zone of protection. This aspect,
which is of the greatest significance in designing a secure relaying system, dominates the
design of all protection systems.

Inverse Time-Delay Overcurrent Relay:16

The principal application of time-delay over current relays (TDOC) is on a radial system
where they provide both phase and ground protection. A basic complement of relays would
be two phase and one ground relay. This arrangement will protect the line for all
combinations of phase and ground faults using the minimum number of relays.

Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay:The closer the fault is to the source, the greater the fault current magnitude, yet the longer the
tripping time. The addition of an instantaneous over current relay makes this system of
protection viable. In order to properly apply the instantaneous over current relay, there must
be a substantial reduction in short-circuit current as the fault moves from the relay toward the
far end of the line. However, there still must be enough of a difference in the fault current
between the near and far end faults to allow a setting for the near end faults. This will prevent
the relay from operating for faults beyond the end of the line and still provide high-speed
protection for an appreciable portion of the line.

Directional Overcurrent Relay:Directional over current relaying is necessary for multiple source circuits when it is essential
to limit tripping for faults in only one direction. If the same magnitude of fault current could
flow in either direction at the relay location, coordination cannot be achieved with the relays
in front of, and, for the same fault, the relays behind the non directional relay, except in very
unusual system configurations.

Earth Fault Relay:The earth fault relay and over current relay resembles because when the conductor break by
any reason it is earthed meant, it is short circuited and fault current which flow in many times
to normal current, so there is always over current fault so now we have the over current relay
and both are same. These relays can also be Electro-magnetic induction and static relay.

Distance Relay:Distance relays respond to the voltage and current, i.e., the impedance, at the relay location.
The impedance per mile is fairly constant so these relays respond to the distance between the
relay location and the fault location. As the power systems become more complex and the

17

fault current varies with changes in generation and system configuration, directional over
current relays become difficult to apply and to set for all contingencies, whereas the distance
relay setting is constant for a wide variety of changes external to the protected line.

Types Of Distance relay:Impedance Relay:The impedance relay has a circular characteristic centred. It is non directional and is used
primarily as a fault detector.
Admittance Relay:The admittance relay is the most commonly used distance relay. It is the tripping relay in
pilot schemes and as the backup relay in step distance schemes. In the electromechanical
design it is circular, and in the solid state design, it can be shaped to correspond to the
transmission line impedance.
Reactance Relay:The reactance relay is a straight-line characteristic that responds only to the reactance of the
protected line. It is non directional and is used to supplement the admittance relay as a
tripping relay to make the overall protection independent of resistance. It is particularly
useful on short lines where the fault arc resistance is the same order of magnitude as the line
length.

4. BUS-BARS
18

Introduction:A bus bar (sometimes pronounced "buzz bars") in electrical power distribution refers to thick
strips of copper or aluminium that conduct electricity within a switchboard, distribution
board, substation, or other electrical apparatus.
The size of the bus bar is important in determining the maximum amount of current that can
be safely carried. Bus bars can have a cross-sectional area of as little as 10 mm but electrical
substations may use metal tubes of 50 mm in diameter (1,963 mm) or more as bus bars.
Bus bars are typically either flat strips or hollow tubes as these shapes allow heat to dissipate
more efficiently due to their high surface area to cross-sectional area ratio.
The skin effectmakes 5060 Hz AC bus bars more than about 8 mm (1/3 in) thick inefficient,
so hollow or flat shapes are prevalent in higher current applications. A hollow section has
higher stiffness than a solid rod of equivalent current-carrying capacity, which allows a
greater span between bus bar supports in outdoor switchyards.
A bus bar may either be supported on insulators, or else insulation may completely surround
it. Bus bars are protected from accidental contact either by a metal enclosure or by elevation
out of normal reach. Neutral bus bars may also be insulated. Earth bus bars are typically
bolted directly onto any metal chassis of their enclosure. Bus bars may be enclosed in a metal
housing, in the form of bus duct or bus way, segregated-phase bus, or isolated-phase bus.
Bus bars may be connected to each other and to electrical apparatus by bolted or clamp
connections. Often joints between high-current bus sections have matching surfaces that are
silver-plated to reduce the contact resistance.
At extra-high voltages (more than 300 kV) in outdoor buses, corona around the connections
becomes a source of radio-frequency interference and power loss, so connection fittings
designed for these voltages are used.Bus bars are vital parts of a power system and so a fault
should be cleared as fast as possible.

19

A bus bar must have its own protection, although they have high degrees of reliability.
Bearing in mind the risk of unnecessary trips, the protection should be dependable, selective
and should be stable for external faults, called 'through faults'.
The most common fault is phase to ground, which usually results from human error. There
are many types of relaying principles used in bus bar.

BUS-BAR ARRANGEMENT
Bus bar arrangement depends upon:

Interruption tolerable in the supply scheme.

Alternative supply arrangement

BUS BAR ARRENGEMENT MAY BE OF FOLLOWING TYPE WHICH IS BEING

ADOPTED BY R.R.V.P.N.L.:1. Single bus bar arrangement
2. Double bus bar arrangement
3. Main bus with transformer bus
4. Main bus-I with main bus-II
5. Double bus bar arrangement with auxiliary bus.
Single Bus Bar Arrangement:This arrangement is simplest and cheapest. It suffers however, from major defects.
Double Bus Bar Arrangement/Contains Main Bus-I With Main Bus-II Arrangements:This scheme have two bus bars so that:Each load may be fed from either bus.The load circuit
may be divided in two separate groups if needed from operational consideration. Two
supplies from different sources can be put on each bus separately.Either bus bar may be taken
out from maintenance and clearing the insulators.

20

5.LIGHTNING ARRESTER
Introduction :Lightning Arresters are installed in power houses and sub-stations to safeguard the major
equipment like power-transformers, switch gear and to ensure the flow of power uninterruptedly. It is true that lightning arresters require minimum post-installation care, but
their importance as a critical equipment can hardly be disputed.

Lightning Strokes and Over-Voltages:The overhead transmission lines and connected electrical apparatus i.e. Power Transformers,
Switch gear etc. are subjected to over voltages on account of lightning discharges caused by
atmospheric disturbances and or by switching operations. Abnormal voltages are caused by
atmospheric disturbances as a result of:

Direct Strokes:Direct stroke to the phase conductor or ground wire or to supporting structure results into
abnormal transient voltage, which gets super-imposed on the power net work.

Indirect Strokes:Direct stroke in the vicinity of the line or the equipment or charged cloud over the power line
induces abnormal voltages.Abnormal transient over voltages super-imposed by direct or
indirect strokes travel along the conductor in both the directions with the speed of light i.e.
186,000 miles per second or 1000 feet per micro second. These waves are steep fronted in
case of direct strokes and travel till the surge voltage is attenuated or neutralized by reflected
waves of opposite polarity from the earthed object. E.H.V. transmission lines and substations are designed to take care of direct strokes by providing:
1.

Higher impulse level

2.

Shielding and lower footing resistance

3.

Lightning arresters for draining undesirable voltage to the ground.

21

(Lightning Arrester)

Types Of Lightning Arresters:Lightning protective devices, which are in market, are of the following type:-

Rod Gap or Sphere Gap:It is a very simple protective device i.e. gap is provided across the stack of insulators to
permit flash-over when undesirable voltages are impressed on the system. It does not fulfill
the function of ideal lightning arresters i.e. it does not cut off power voltage after it has
flashed over by a surge, in other words a short circuit will be caused on the system every time
a surge causes a flash-over. Flash over conditions are also affected by rain, pollution,
humidity temperature and polarity of the incident waves. In view of these disadvantages it
can be only used as "back up" protection in case main lightning arrester gets damaged.

Expulsion Type Lightning arresters:Expulsion type lightning arresters are also called "expulsion protector tubes", "de-ion tubes"
and "line type expulsion arresters." Constructional details and salient features of expulsion
type lightning arresters are shown in fig.
It consists of an insulating tube, which has got an electrode at each end and discharge hole at
the lower end. The length of the tube is such that spark over occurs in the tube between the
two electrodes. While installing lightning arresters it is ensured that there is external series
gap between the cap and the line. Series gap prevents constant application of system voltage
and thus leakage corona is avoided.
22

Whenever undesirable transient voltages occur, two gaps i.e. external and internal breakdown
due to flash over and provide a conducting path in the form of arc for drainage of the voltage
to the ground.
They are produced inside the tube by "follow up current" produces gas which drives out
ionized air (air is ionized by the arc) through the bottom vent. The rapid expulsion of the
gases in the tube normally interrupt the short circuit power follow current within the first or
second half cycle.

Valve Type Lightning Arresters:Valve type Lightning arrester consists of number of spark gaps in series with non-linear
resistors, the whole assembly being rigidly housed inside a hermetically sealed bushing.
Under normal conditions, power frequency system voltage does not cause break down of
series spark gaps and thereby insulate the line from ground for the highest system voltage.
When undesirable transient voltages due to lightning are super-imposed over the system, the
series gap assemblies spark over at a pre-determined value. After the breakdown of the gaps,
the non-linear resistors conduct the surge current to the ground offering very low resistance
and limit the power frequency current, to a value, the gaps can interrupt at the first current
zero. During the flow of the discharge current the non-linear resistor limit the voltage drop
across the arrester to a value far below the BIL of the equipment.
.

General Rating Recommendations Of Lightning Arresters:1. 10 KV rated lightning arresters: Arresters of this rating are used in case of power stations
and E.H.V. sub-stations.
2. 5 kA rated lightning arrests: Arresters of this capacity normally are used in case of high
voltage sub-stations having system voltage as 66 KV or less. These are also used in case of
small power houses.
3. 2.5 kA rated lightning arresters: Arresters of these ratings are used in case of system up to
11 KV.
4. 1.5 KA rated lightning arresters: arresters of these ratings are normally used in case of
distribution system.

23

Location of Lightning Arresters:In order to ensure effective protection of the equipment lightning arresters should be located:1. Very close to the equipment to be protected and connected with shortest leads on both
the line and ground side to reduce the inductive effects of the leads while discharging
large surge currents.
2. In order to ensure the protection of transformer windings it is desirable to interconnect the ground lead of the arrester with the tank and also the neutral of
secondary. This interconnection reduces the stress imposed on the transformer
windings by the surge currents to the extent of the drop across the earth resistance and
the inductive drop across the ground lead.

24

6. INSULATORS
Introduction:In order to present the flow of current to each earth from support the transmission line and
distributions lines are secured supporting pole with the help of insulators. Thus the insulators
play an important role in the successful operation of lines.

REQUIREMENTS FOR INSULATORS:

They must be mechanically very strong.

Their dielectric strength must be very high.

They must be free from internal impurities.

They should be porous.

They should not be affected with change in temperature.

TYPE OF INSULATORS:1.PIN TYPE INSULATORS:It is one of the earliest designs used for supporting lives conductors. is used for low voltage
up to 33 KV. The pin insulators are screwed on and firmly attached to galvanized steel bolts.
The figure of pin type insulator is shown as below:-

25

(Pin Type Insulator)

Suspension Type Insulators:For higher voltage up to 132 KV suspension insulators are used, a number of them are
connected in series by metallic links to form a chain and the line conductor is carried by the
bottom most insulator.
The figure of suspension type insulator is shown as below:-

(Suspension Type Insulator)

Shackle Insulators:It is mostly used for low voltage distribution lines such insulators can either be used in a
horizontal position or in a vertical position. The conductor in the groove are fixed with the
help of soft binding wires.

26

(Shackle Type Insulator)

Strain Insulators:When there is a corner or a sharp curve or the lines crosses river etc., the line is to withstand
great strain.
The figure of strain type insulator is shown as below:-

(Strain Type Insulator)

27

7. ISOLATOR
Introduction:When carrying out inspection to disconnect reliably the unit or section on which the work to
be done from all other live parts on the in-station in order to ensure completely safety of the
working staff.
To afford against minute mistakes it is desirable that it should be done by an apparatus which
makes a visible break in the circuit such an apparatus is the isolating switch (for insulator). It
may be defined as a device used to open (or use) a circuit either when negligible current is
interrupted (or established) or when no significant charge the voltage across the terminals of
each pole of the isolator will result from the operation.
The rotating centre part of the three phases are inter connected by operating rods 50 that
simultaneous movement of each part, connected by the operating rods and driven form one
post by operating mechanism through an adjustable lever drive rod and torque shaft
supporting structures. The design of a contact could be different with different manufacturers
for closing or both the isolator parts rotate causing moment of contact arm. The insulator
shown is pneumatic operates but is provided with emergency hand drive mechanism, also.
The figure of isolator is shown as below:28

Operation:The operation of an isolator may be manual i.e. by hand without using any other supply or
storage of energy meter power operated isolates during the cause of operation utilize energy
which is not supplied by the operator. The energy may be electrical pneumatic or the energy
previously stored in spring or counter weight.

Control:In case power operated isolators are purchased for any installation it may be worthwhile to
examine further weather control should be local in switchyard or remote in the control room.
The extra cost enrolled in the isolated is quite substantial particularly at voltage 132 kV and
below. It should therefore considered in detail whether any installation really instifies the
procurement of remote operated isolators keeping in view the past that the frequency of
operation of isolators is rather low.

Auxiliary Switch:This is an operating and important accessory and is designed as a switching device working
in conjunction with an isolator for controlling a circuit for auxiliary device such as trip coils
indicators or indicating lamps. The number of normally closed and normally open
contactshould be specially worked out particularly if electrical interlocking between breakers
and isolators

29

Make Before And Break After Contacts:These are provided in series with the main contacts so that in case of load isolators, the arcing
is taken and whenever necessary only the arcing contacts are replaced.

Arcing Horns:These are provided on each stack of post Insulator for the purpose of insulation co-ordination
some time confusion is created in the function of these arcing horns vis a vis (make before
and break after contacts. These may be fixed or adjustable types).
The use of arcing horns is avoided where insulation strength between poles or phases and
between higher than that of earth. This is necessary for safety and security.

8. AUTO TRANSFORMER
Introduction:Basically auto-transformer comprises of only one winding per phase, part of which is used by
both primary and secondary winding. This arrangement results into an appreciable saving in
cost as well as higher operating efficiency is achieved, but their extensive use is not being
favored by power utilities due to certain inherent disadvantages which are as follows:1. It has got low inherent reactance as such is subjected to severe short circuit conditions.
2. Since primary and secondary side uses same windings, there is always possibility of
imposition of higher voltage on secondary in case of fault.
3. Both the windings make use of common neutral, as such neutral is required to be earthed
or isolated on both sides.
4. Provision of additional insulation on secondary side and increased frame size when
adjustable taps are provided erodes the initial advantage of low cost.

Constructional Part:The chief elements of the construction are:

1.Magnetic Circuits: Comprising limbs, yokes and clamping structures.
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2. Electrical Circuits: The primary, secondary and (if any) tertiary windings, formers,
insulation and bracing devices.
3. Terminals: Tapings, tapping switches, terminal insulators and leads.
4. Tank: oil, cooling devices, conservators, dryers and auxiliary apparatus.

(Auto Transformer)

Constructional Frame Work:Considerable use is made of channel and angle section rolled steel in the framework of core
type transformers. a typical construction is to clamp the top and bottom yokes between
channel sections, held firmly by tie-holts. The bottom pair of channels has cross channels as
feet. The upper pair carries clamps for the high and low voltage connections.

Windings :-

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Classification of windings maybe done as (a) Circular or rectangular & (b) Concentric or
sandwiched.
In core type circular or rectangular type of windings are used and in shell type generally
sandwiched type windings are used.
On account of easier insulation facilities, the low voltage winding is placed nearer to the
core. In the case of core type and on the out sidepositions in the case of shell type
transformers. The insulation spaces between low and high voltage coils also serve to
facilitate cooling.

Leads And Material:The connections to the windings are copper rods or bars, insulated wholly or in part, and
taken to the bus bars directly in the case of oil cooled transformers. The shape and size of the
conductors are of importance in very high voltage systems, not on account of the current
carrying capacity, but because of dielectric stresses, corona, etc. at sharp bends corners with
such voltages.

Bushings:Up to voltages of 33 kV, ordinary porcelain insulators can be used. Above this voltage the use
of conductor and of oil filled terminal bushings, or, for certain cases, a combination of the
two has to be considered. Of course, any conductor can be effectively insulated by air
provided that it is at a sufficient distance from other conducting bodies and sufficiently
proportioned to prevent corona phenomena. Such conditions are naturally UN-obtainable
with transformers where the conductor has to be taken through the cover of the containing
tank, although common enough with over head transmission lines.
The oil filled bushing consists of a hollow porcelain cylinder of special shape with a
conductor (usually a hollow tube) through its centre.
The space between the conductor and the porcelain is filled with oil, the dielectric strength of
which is greater than that of air. The dielectric field strength is greatest at the surface of the
conductor, and this breaks down at a much lower voltage in air than in oil. Oil is fed into the
bushing at the top, act as an expansion chamber for the oil when the bushing temperature
rises.
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Tanks:Small tanks are constructed from welded sheet steel, and larger ones from plain boilerplates.
The lids may be cast iron, or waterproof gasket being used at the joints. The fittings include
thermometer pockets, drain cock, rollers or wheels for moving the transformer into position,
eye bolts for lifting, conservators and breathers, cooling tubes are welded in, but separate
radiators are individually welded and afterwards bolted on.

Temperature Indicators:Most of the transformer (small transformers have only OTI) are provided withindicators that
displace oil temperature and winding temperature. There arethermometers pockets provided
in the tank top cover which hold the sensingbulls in them. Oil temperature measured is that of
the top oil, where as the windingtemperature measurement is indirect. This is done by adding
the temperature risedue to the heat produced in a heater coil (known as image coil) when a
currentproportional to that flowing in windings is passed in it to that or top oil. For
properfunctioning or OTI & WTI it is essential to keep the thermometers pocket clean
andfilled with oil.

(Winding And Oil Temperature Indicator)

Silica Gel Breather:Both transformer oil and cellulosic paper are highly hygroscopic. Paper being more
hygroscopic than the mineral oil The moisture, if not excluded from the oil surface in
conservator, thus will find its way finally into the paper insulation and causes reduction
insulation strength of transformer.
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To minimize this conservator is allowed to breathe only through the silica gel column, which
absorbs the moisture in air before it enters the conservator air surface.

(Silica Gel Breather)

Conservator:Conservators are required to take up the expansion and contraction of the oil to come in
contact with the air, from which it is liable to take up moisture. The conservator may consist
of an airtight cylindrical metal drum supported on the transformer lid or on a neighboring
wall, or of a flexible flat corrugated disc drum. The tank is filled when cold and the
expansion is taken up in the conservator.
The figure conservator is as shown below:-

(Conservator)

Marshaling Box:34

The marshaling box is of steel sheath. It is provided with a hinged door and winding are
connected to the position. For 132 KV Crompton Greaves made high speed resistor transistor
on load tap changer.

9. CAPACITATIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down
extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to
operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two
capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the
device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the
voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals, a
high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least
one set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay.
CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one
hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice
the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series.
This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the first
capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C 2, and hence
the secondary terminals.

( CVT )

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The porcelain in multi unit stack, all the potentials points are electrically tied and suitably
shielded to overcome the effect of corona RIV etc. Capacitive voltage transformers are
available for system voltage.

10. CURRENT TRANSFORMER

As you all know this is the device which provides the pre-decoded fraction of the primary
current passing through the line/bus main circuit. Such as primary current 60A, 75A, 150A,
240A, 300A, 400A, to the secondary output of 1A to 5A.
Now a day mostly separate current transformer units are used instead of bushing mounting
CTs on levelled structure they should be for oil level indication and base should be earthed
properly. Care should be taken so that there should be no strain as the terminals.
When connecting the jumpers, mostly secondary connections is taken to three unction boxes
where star delta formation is connected for three phase and final leads taken to protection
/metering scheme. There should be no chance of secondary circuit remaining opens as it leads
to extremely high voltage which ultimately damage the CT itself.

(Current Transformers)
It can be used to supply information for measuring power flows and the electrical inputs for
the operation of protective relays associated with the transmission and distribution circuit or
36

for power transformer. These current transformers have the primary winding connected in
series with the conductor carrying the current to be measured or controlled. The secondary
winding is thus insulated from the high voltage and can then be connected to low voltage
metering circuits.Current transformers are also used for street lighting circuits. Street lighting
requires a constant current to prevent flickering lights and a current transformer is used to
provide that constant current.

11. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

A potential transformer (PT) is used to transform the high voltage of a power line to a lower
value, which is in the range of an ac voltmeter or the potential coil of an ac voltmeter.

( Potential Transformer)
The voltage transformers are classified as under:
1.Capacitive voltage transformer or capacitive type
2. Electromagnetic type.
Capacitive voltage transformer is being used more and more for voltage measurement in high
voltage transmission network, particularly for systems voltage of 132KV and above where it
becomes increasingly more economical. It enables measurement of the line to earth voltage to
be made with simultaneous provision for carrier frequency coupling, which has reached wide
application in modern high voltage network for tele-metering remote control and telephone
communication purpose.
The capacitance type voltage transformers are of twp type:

Coupling Capacitor type

Pushing Type

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The performance of CVT is affected by the supply frequency switching transient and
magnitude of connected Burdon. The CVT is more economical than an electromagnetic
voltage transformer when the nominal supply voltage increases above 66KV.

12. CAPACITOR BANK

Introduction:The capacitor bank provides reactive power at grid substation. The voltage regulation
problem frequently reduces so of circulation of reactive power.
Unlike the active power, reactive power can be produced, transmitted and absorbed of course
with in the certain limit, which have always to be workout. At any point in the system shunt
capacitor are commonly used in all voltage and in all size.

(Capacitor Bank)

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13. POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Introduction:As electronics plays a vital role in the industrial growth, communication is also a backbone of
any power stations. Communication between various generating and receiving station is very
essential for proper operation of power of power system. This is more in case of large
interconnected system where a control leads dispatch station has to co-ordinate the working
of various unit to see that the system is maintained in the optimum working condition, power
line communication is most economic and reliable method of communication for medium and
long distance in power network.

Wave Trap:Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency
communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the
telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and
LMU).

( Wave Trap)

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This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for communication
among various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals
are primarily teleprotection signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals.

14. CONTROL ROOM

Introduction:At NPH not only remote control carry the appropriate means by which circuit breaker may be
open or close but also necessary indicating devices, indicating lamps, isolating switching,
protective relays, secondary circuit and wires are located here and most important No load
tap changer for transformer is available. There is a panel for synchronizing.
Different panels are located at different stages and on each panel control switch is provided
on the board. The control switches for each circuit breaker and isolators are provided on
control panel. Colors of signals are synchronized as follows:

Red

Green :-For circuit breaker is in open position.

Amber :-Indicates abnormal condition requiring action.

:-For circuit breaker or isolator is in closed position.

There are different relays located.

Announcing Section:This section is always checked by the shift incharge. If any fault or any relay moves from
L.T., alarm swings and type of fault is indicated on the announcing box. The most important
section is transformer control section, winding temperature indicator.

40

Tap position selector is situated on control panel. A control engineer controls the loading of
various lines, outgoing feeders, synchronizing the incoming lines with bus bars.

Control and Relay Panel:The arrangement of control and relay power is such that the indicating apparatus is clearly
visible from control place. These respective panels are provided-

Control and indicating equipment.

Relay and recording equipment.

The synchronization switch is put to auto position when condition of synchronizing is

satisfied. The white lamp on the top indicating synchronizing relay operated glow and
Circuit Breaker is automatically closed. When bus bar is dead there is no need of
synchronizing in that case line is connected directly to bus bar by pulling a switch bar dead
bus to on position.

Event Logger- to work in control room contain work are automated with computer based
control system. By facilitate the operator locating identification and reporting fault,
information is received.

Supervisory Control And Data Acquire System:For power system operation and control includes-

Data collection system

Data transmission telemetric equipment

Data monitoring equipment

Man/machine interface

Data collection equipment as data logger collects the primary data from source Converts it
into suitable form of information and then transmitting and processing data. Logger records
the rating from different location in the plant. Data logger is designed for plant performance
computation for logical analysis of alarm condition. Thus minimizing possible confusion
during emergency.
41

The input scanner is an automatic sequence switch, which select each, signal in turn
transducers are used to convert original signal in the suitable electrical form for the input of
scanner.

15. BATTERY ROOM

Introduction:In a GSS, separate dc supply is maintained for signaling remote position control, alarm circuit
etc. Direct current can be obtained from 220volt 3 phase ac supply via rectifier and in event
of ac failure, from the fixed batteries, which are kept, charged in normal condition by rectifier
supply.

( Battery Room)

Battery System:The batteries used are lead acid type having a solution of sulphuric acid and distilled water as
electrolytes. In charged state, it has a specific gravity of 1.2 at temperature of 30C.In the
battery room batteries are mounted on wooden stand. The cells are installed stand by
porcelain.
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16. CONCLUSION
It was a very good experience of taking vocational training in 220 KV,GSS Sawai Madhopur.
All the employees working there were very helpful and were always ready to guide us.They
gave their best to make us understand.
The Assistant Engineer, Junior Engineer & Technicians gave us the detailed theory.Training
at 220KV GSS Sawai Madhopur gives the insight of the real instruments used. There are
many instruments like transformer, CT, PT, CVT, LA, Relay, PLCC, Bus bars, Capacitor
bank, Insulator, Isolators, Control room, Battery room etc. What is the various problem seen
in substation while handling this instruments. There are various occasion when relay operate
and circuit breaker open, load shedding, shut down, which has been heard previously.
To get insight of the substation, how things operate, how things manage all is learned there.
Practical training as a whole proved to be extremely informative and experience building and
the things learnt at it would definitely help a lot in snapping the future ahead a better way.The
working of control room was also very interesting.
All in all the training at 220 KV,GSS,SawaiMadhopur was a memorable experience.

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17. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Electrical Transmission And Distribution By- J.B.Gupta

Switch Gear Protection System By- BadriRam
Substation Engineering By-Er. R.S. Dahiya
Electrical Power System By- C.L. Wadhwa

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