QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE

ANALYSIS OF SIEMENS AG

Authors (Universitat de Barcelona):

Patrcia Amor Agut

Clara Valls Moreno
Gemma Casserras

EDITOR: Jordi Marti Pidelaserra

(Dpt. Comptabilitat, Universitat Barcelona)

BLOC 1: SIEMENS AG
Patrcia Amor 14961785

BLOC
Clara Valls 14959906

2: Risk Analysis

Gemma Casserras 14965090

BLOC 3: Profitability Analysis

Alessandra Cortegiani (Bloc 3) 14991480

2
3

BLOC 1
SIEMENS AG BASIC INFORMATION

Index
1. Introduction
2. Company History
3. Vision, Mission and Strategy
3.1. Vision
3.2. Mission
3.3. Strategy
4. Company Structure
4.1. Board of directors
4.2. Management by sector
5. Company Sectors
5.1. Energy Sector
5.2. Industry Sector
5.3. Healthcare Sector
5.4. Infrastructure and cities Sector
5.5. Financial Services
5.6. Other activities
5.7. Revenues importance
6. Shareholders
7. Stakeholders
8. Competitors

1. Introduction:
Siemens AG is a German multinational engineering and electronics conglomerate
company headquartered in Munich, Germany. It is the largest based in Europe.
Founded to manufacture and install telegraphic systems, Germany-based Siemens
AG has prospered and grown over 165 years to become a multifaceted electronics
and electrical engineering enterprise, and one of the most international
corporations in the world.
Founded to manufacture and install telegraphic systems, Germany-based Siemens
AG has prospered and grown over 165 years to become a multifaceted electronics
and electrical engineering enterprise, and one of the most international
corporations in the world.
The Siemens name has been synonymous with cutting-edge technologies and
continuous growth in profitability. With their wide array of products, systems and
services, they are world leaders in information and communications, automation
and control, power, medical solutions, transportation and lighting. Sustainable
success is their number one priority. Have presence in more than 190 countries and
750 subsidiaries and associated companies all over the world.
Siemens operate in the fields of industry, energy and healthcare as well as
providing infrastructure solutions.
Their activities focus on meeting the needs of their customers and creating value for
their shareholders and employees. Their innovations--generated in their own
laboratories and in cooperation with customers, business partners and universities-are their greatest strength. Siemens' global network of innovation is developing
new products and services for a world that--while limited in resources--is boundless
in possibilities.

2. Company History:
Company Origins in Telegraph Systems: 1847-76
1847. Siemens & Halske was founded in Berlin by Werner Siemens and J.G. Halske
to manufacture and install telegraphic systems.

Expansion and Diversification: 1877-1929

1877. Alexander Graham Bell's new telephones reached Berlin for the first time.
Werner Siemens quickly patented an improved version of the device and began
production. In the next decade, Siemens & Halske also developed and began
manufacturing electrical lighting and power generating equipment.
1892. Siemens & Halske build a power station at Erding in Bavaria and establish an
American subsidiary, Siemens & Halske Electric Company, in Chicago.

1895. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered the X-ray, and Siemens & Halske
owned the first patent for an X-ray tube.
1897. Siemens & Halske decided to go public and reorganized with Carl Heinrich.
1903. It established Siemens Schuckertwerke GmbH, a subsidiary devoted to
electric power engineering.
1909. Siemens & Halske developed an automatic telephone exchange serving 2,500
customers in Munich.
But when World War I broke out, orders for civilian electrical equipment slowed
considerably and the company began production of communications devices for the
military.
1923. It started producing radio receivers for the consumer market. In the same
year, recognizing the growing importance of Japan as an industrial power and set up
a Tokyo subsidiary, Fusi Denk, later known as Fuji Electric.
1925. Siemens began construction of a power station on the Shannon River in
Ireland, and in 1927 the company began work on another hydroelectric power
station for the Soviet government. Back home in Germany, financed and produced a
railway network in suburban Berlin.
By the end of the decade, the company was accounting for one-third of the German
electrical manufacturing industry's production and nearly the same proportion of its
employees.

The Company During Wartime: 1930-45

1930s. Siemens & Halske was bloodied by the Great Depression, but it survived. It
was forced to halve its dividend in the early 1930s and lay off employees, but
remained on relatively sound financial footing until the Nazi government's
rearmament project helped revive its fortunes in 1935 (manufactured a wide range
of equipment for all of Germany's armed services).
1945. After the Soviet army conquered Berlin, Russian occupation authorities
completely dismantled the Siemensstadt factory works and corporate headquarters.
Rebuilding and Reorganization Through the 1950s and 1960s
The company had been devastated by the war and required years of rebuilding to
get back on its feet.
1949. Its corporate headquarters was relocated to Munich
1950. Siemens & Halske was once again producing railroad, medical, telephone, and
power generating equipment, as well as consumer electronics products.
1954. It established an American subsidiary in New York, Siemens Inc.
1955. Siemens & Halske entered the burgeoning fields of data processing
(mainframe computer) and nuclear power (nuclear reactor).

1966. The company underwent a major reorganization bringing all of its

subsidiaries directly under control of the parent company and reincorporating as
Siemens A.G.

Prospering in the 1970s

1970s. Were prosperous years for Siemens. Despite a slower worldwide economy
that curbed customer orders in some areas and forced the company to cut its
workforce.

Keeping Pace with High Technology and Globalization in

the 1980s and 1990s
1980s. Under Plettner and new CEO Karlheinz Kaske, Siemens embarked on an
expensive and ambitious program of acquisitions and research and development
to try to make itself into a world leader in high technology. Siemens' strategy was
designed to pay off over the long term and produced few tangible benefits in the
short run.
As the company entered the new decade, globalization became a vital part of its
policy--and that meant a readjustment of the company's homogeneous culture.
Europe was facing a recession and the Asian and South American markets offered
huge opportunities for growth.
The hierarchical structure and engineering focus were replaced for a new emphasis
on innovation and service.
1990s. Another move toward globalization, an international partnership brought
Siemens together with the world's largest computer maker (IBM) and Japan's
second largest chip maker (Toshiba Corporation).

Radical Restructuring for the 21st Century

Mid-1990s. Difficult years for Siemens. Analysts critiqued Siemens for being too
slow to respond to the new demands of the rapidly globalizing business
environment.
1998. Company head Heinrich von Pierer introduces a ten-point excellence plan to
increase earnings and crack down on underperforming businesses.
The revamped Siemens consisted of four main divisions: power generation, industry,
rail systems, and information and communications.
Information and communications was Siemens' biggest division. Here, the company
hoped to forge partnerships in its mobile phones and personal computers
businesses, both areas in which it lacked sufficient market share to compete
effectively on its own.
Still, the company focuses on IT & Communications and Industry. Von Pierer was
particularly intent on restoring profitability to the three IT-related divisions of
telecom equipment, mobile phones, and business services.
2001. Siemens makes its first listing on the New York Stock Exchange.
8

2003. Siemens acquired the flow division of Danfoss and incorporated it into the
Automation and Drives division.
2004. The wind energy company Bonus Energy in Brande, Denmark was acquired,
forming Siemens Wind Power division.
2005. Siemens sold the Siemens mobile manufacturing business to BenQ, forming
the BenQ-Siemens division.
2006. Siemens announced the purchase of Bayer Diagnostics, which was
incorporated into the Medical Solutions Diagnostics.
2007. The Fixed Networks, Mobile Networks and Carrier Services divisions of
Siemens merged with Nokia's Network Business Group in a 50/50 joint venture,
creating a fixed and mobile network company called Nokia Siemens Networks.
2008. Siemens AG announced a joint venture of the Enterprise Communications
business with the Gores Group.
2009. Siemens announced to sell its 34% stake in Framatome. In March, it
announced to form an alliance with Rosatom of Russia to engage in nuclear-power
activities. In April 2009, Fujitsu Siemens Computers became Fujitsu Technology
Solutions as a result of Fujitsu buying out Siemens' share of the company. In October
2009, Siemens signed a $418-million contract to buy Solel Solar Systems an Israeli
company in the solar thermal power business.
2010. Siemens agreed to sell its IT Solutions and Services subsidiary for 850
million to Atos.
2011. Siemens announced that it would exit the nuclear sector.

3. Vision, Mission and Strategy:

3.1. Vision:
Siemens vision is to be a pioneer- this is their vision, their identity and their main
defining characteristic. The vision is based on their values responsible, excellent
and innovative , which provide the foundation for their success. Being a pioneer in
each sector they operate:
-

Energy efficiency
Industrial productivity
Affordable and personalized
Intelligent infrastructure solutions

3.2. Mission:
On the basis of its forward-looking technology and solutions, the mission of Siemens
is to produce a wide range of products and solutions designed with the environment
and engage with climate change.

3.3.
Strategy:
4. Company

Structure:

The company strategy shows how to make its vision a reality. Siemens is aiming to
capture and maintain leading market and technology positions in all its business in
order
achieveof
sustainable
profitable growth and, thus, continually increase its
4.1.toBoard
directors
company value. For this reason its strategy is reflected in three different directions:
The German corporation law requires all the public companies to divide the board
- of directors
Innovation-driven
growth
markets: The Board
company
is breaking
new which
ground
into two-tiers:
a Management
(called
Vorstand)
iswhile
focusing
on
growth
markets.
Its
activities
are
closely
geared
to
innovationsolely responsible of the management of the company, and a Supervisory Board
driven
markets with which
long-term
they intend
play aofleading
role
(called
Aufichatsrat),
is in potential
charge ofand
overseeing
the to
activity
the
in
these
markets.
To
reach
this
goal,
Siemens
is
continuously
strengthening
management board. The aim of this two-tiered system is to make the German its
offerings
and furthersystem
expanding
environmental
Corporate
Governance
moreitstransparent
and portfolio.
understandable.
Get closer to its consumers: they want to be close to their markets, our partners
and our customers. For these reason another strategic aim that they are
is we
thehave
professionalization
andboard,
expansion
serviceofportfolio.
On pursuing
one hand,
the Management
whichofistheir
composed
10 members.
They
are
opening
up
a
large
number
of
new
business
opportunities
and
The president and CEO of Siemens AG is Peter Lscher, therefore we can
conclude
reinforcing
customer
retention.
Moreover,
to
better
understand
what
that the Management Board is not simply a control element, actually thereally
Vorstand
customers, Siemens
is constantly
intensifying
its already
hashelps
a realtheir
decision-making
power. The
other members
of Vorstand
are wideranging interaction with them.
Use the power of Siemens, One Siemens: To rank among the best, it is
important
excel in everything to do, and
that means
KlaustoHelmrich
Brigitte
Edereryou need an outstanding
team.Peter
Because
of
this,
their
last
commitment
is
their
Y. Solmssen
Dr. Siegfriedemployees
Russwurm integrity. The
One Siemens
strategy
is
based
on
the
idea
of
each
employee
contribute to the
Joe Kaeser
Dr. Roalnd Busch
company
successSuess
with his knowledge, his Barbara
compromise
Dr. Michael
Kux and his pioneer spirit. In
addition, Siemens always operate under the
of Siemens;
Dr. name
Hermann
Requardtthey only use
one brand for all their business as their objective is to transmit confidence and
innovation through all their products.
:
On the other hand, the Supervisory Board of Siemens AG has 20 members. As
stipulated by the German law, half of the members represent the company
shareholders and half represent the company employees. The shareholder
representatives were elected at the Annual Shareholders Meeting on this January
and the employee representatives were chosen for last time on 2012.
The present members of the Supervisory board are:
Shareholder representatives

Employee representative

Dr. Gerhard Cromme

Berhold Huber

Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Siemens and

ThyssenKrupp AG

First chairman, IG Metall

Since 1/23/2003

7/1/2004

Dr. Josef Ackermann

Lothan Adler

Second Deputy Chairman

Chairman of the Central Works Council of Siemens AG

Chairman of the Board of directors of Zurich Insurance.1/23/2003

Group AG
Since 1/23/2003

11
10

Gerd von Brandenstein

Bettina Haller

Member of the Supervisory Board of degewo Chairwoman of the Combine Works Council,
AGSiemens AG
Since 1/24/2008

4/1/2007

Michael Diekmann

Hans-Jgen Hartung

Chairman of the Board of the management of Chairman of the Works Council, Siemens Energy
Allianz SESector
1/24/2008

1/27/2009

Dr. Hans Michael Gaul

Robert Kensbock

Chairman of the Audit Committee of Siemens Member of the Central Works Council of Siemens
AGAG
1/24/2008

1/23/2003

Dr. Peter Gruss

Harald Hern

President of the Max Plank Society

Chairman of the Siemens Europe Committee

1/24/2008

1/24/2008

Dr. Nicola Leibinger Kammller

Jger Kerner

TRUMPF GmbH + Co. KG

Executive managing board member of IG Metall

1/24/2008

1/25/20012

Grard Mestrallet

Dr. Rainer Sieg

President and CEO of GDF SUEZ SA

Chairman of the committee of Spokespersons,

Siemens Group

1/23/2013

Chairman of the central

Spokespersons, Siemens AG

committee of

1/24/2008
Gler Sabanci

Brigit Steinborn

Chairwoman and managing director of Haci Deputy Chairwoman of the Central Works
mer Sanci Holding SACouncil, Siemens AG
1/23/2013

1/24/2008

Werner Wenning

Sibylle Wankel

Chairman of the supervisory boards of Bayer Attorney, Bavarian Regional Headquarters, IG

AG and E.ON SEMetall
1/23/2013

4/1/2009

12

4.2. Management by sector

After mentioning the people that form the board of directors, we continue citing
the principal people that is in charge of each sector. To facilitate its understanding,
we have provided their names in an organization chard:

*Michael Suess
CEO energy sector

*Siegfried
Russwurm

*Hermann
Requardt

CEO Industry
Sector

CEO Healthcare
Sector

*Ronald Busch
CEO
Infrastructure &
Cities

Randy Zwirn
CEO Energy
Service

Bernd Montag
CEO Imaging
& Therapy
Systems

Dirk Hoke
CEO Customer
Services

Jan Mrosik
CEO Smart
Grid

Felix
Ferlemann
CEO Wind
Power

Michael
Reitermann
CEO
Diagnostics

Anton S.
Huber
CEO Industry
Automation

Jochen
Eickholt
CEO Rail
Systems

Ralf-Michael
Franke
CEO Drive
Technologies

Sami Atiya
CEO Mobility
and Logistics

Theodor
Scheidegger
CEO Solar &
Hydro

Tom Miller
CEO Customer
Solutions

Karlheinz
Springer
CEO Karlheinz
Springer

Norbert Gaus
CEO Clinical
Products

Ralf Christian
CEO Low and
Medium
Voltage

Adil Toubia
CEO Oil & Gas

Roger Radke
CEO Audiology
Solutions

Johannes
Milde
CEO Building
Technologies

Roland
Fischer
CEO
Fossil Power
Generation

5. Company Sectors:
Siemens' principal activities are in the fields of industry, energy, transportation
and healthcare. The company is organized into five main divisions: Industry,
Energy, Healthcare, Infrastructure & Cities, and Siemens Financial Services (SFS).
The Energy division is in charge of generating, transmitting and distributing
electrical power at the highest levels of efficiency. The company works directly
producing energy and moreover it also works indirectly in this field manufacturing

13

power, transmission systems, compressors and turbines.

Otherwise the company is also socially responsible as it produces, always with the
latest technology, farms of all kind of renewable energies (solar, wind, biomass and
hydro energy). But its responsibility with the word does not end here. Siemens
also has a great concern about medicine and tries to advance in this field by leaps
and bounds. The company invests large amounts of money in investigating many
different medicine camps and has developed one of the most important medical
instruments of nowadays.

As one of his values is to be innovative; Siemens is working in new solutions for

energy, industry, infrastructure and healthcare. In 2011 Siemens invested
approximately 4 billion in research and development. Otherwise R&D is in
progress at around 188 Siemens locations worldwide and the company maintains
strategic partnerships with leading research institutions. As we see, R&D is one of
the most important departments of the company while R&D gives to then a huge
competitive advantage above his direct competitors.

5.1. Energy
The Siemens Energy Sector is the world's leading supplier of products, services
and solutions for power generation. Its extensive portfolio comprises highly
efficient technologies for thermal power plants, renewables, power transmission,
and for the extraction, processing and transport of oil and gas. Siemens is really
respectful with the nature and on 2011 their products and solutions trimmed off
317 million of tonnes of Co2, a quantity equal to the total CO2 emissions in Berlin,
Delhi, Istanbul, Hong Kong, London, New York, Singapur and Tokio.

5.2 Industry
The Siemens Industry Sector is one of the world's leading suppliers of innovative
and eco-friendly products and solutions for industrial customers. With their
complete range of automation technologies, intelligent software solutions, vast
industry expertise and closely integrated services, they're increasing the
productivity, efficiency and flexibility of their customers while at the same time
14

strengthening their own competitiveness.

5.3 Healthcare
The Siemens Healthcare Sector is one of the world's largest providers to the
healthcare industry and a leader in imaging systems, laboratory diagnostics,
healthcare IT, and hearing aids. They offer customers products and solutions for
comprehensive patient care from a single source from prevention and early
diagnosis to therapy and aftercare. By optimizing the clinical procedures
associated with the most important medical conditions, they help make healthcare
faster, better, and more cost-efficient.

5.4 Infrastructure and Cities

The Infrastructure & Cities Sector is the newest sector of the company, it started
to operate in October 2011. It offers sustainable technologies for metropolitan
centers and urban infrastructures. The portfolio encompasses integrated mobility
solutions, building and security systems, power distribution equipment, smart grid
applications, and low- and medium-voltage products. This new structure will bring
up their clients even more closer and will offer new business opportunities in the
growing market of the cities

15

5.5. Financial Services

The Financial Services unit of Siemens (SFS) is an international provider of
business-to-business financial Current key figures of Financial Services solutions.
Leveraging their specialist financing and technology expertise in the areas of
energy, healthcare, industry, infrastructure and cities, they support customer
investments with leasing solutions and equipment, project and structured
financing. They provide capital for Siemens customers as well as external
companies and serve as an expert advisor for financial risks within Siemens. Their
financial and industry know-how creates customer value and enhances customer
competitiveness while building trust in new technologies and facilitating their
market launch.

5.6. Other activities

Despite all these sectors, Siemens has also invested in shares in BSH Bosch and
Nokia Siemens Networks.
BSH is the largest manufacturer of home appliances in Germany and Europe, and
one of the leading companies in this sector. The enterprise brings together the
major brands of homecare products: Bosch, Siemens, Gaggenau, Neff, Ufesa and
Balay. Furthermore, this company currently has 42 factories and 60 companies
scattered throughout the world and it employees around 39,000 people.

On the other hand, Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN) is one of the main companies of
telecommunications infrastructure and operates in 150 countries. The company
offers a comprehensive portfolio of technologies for mobile, fixed and converged,
as well as professional services including consultancy les services, systems
integration, installation and maintenance and managed services.

16

5.7. Revenues importance

Total Company revenues from 2012: 78,296M

Energy

22%
35%

Industry
Healthcare

17%

Infrastructure & cities

26%

In order to know which is the principal sector and the more important one, we
take into account the revenues that each sector had obtain the last year. So as we
could see, the sector with more weight into Siemens is the Energy sector with a
35% of the revenues, followed by the Industry sector with a 26% and later having
a less weight there are the Healthcare sector and the Infrastructure & cities sector.
Siemens has stood for technological excellence, innovation, quality, reliability and
internationality. The company is the worlds largest provider of environmental
technologies. Around 40 percent of its total revenue stems from green products
and solutions. In fiscal 2012, which ended on September 30, 2012, revenue from
continuing operations was 78.3 billion and income from continuing operations
was 5.2 billion. At the end of September 2012, Siemens had around 370,000
employees worldwide on the basis of continuing operations.

17

7. Stakeholders:
6. Shareholders Structure:
(as of September 30, 2012)
As Siemens operates in so many different sectors and furthermore they are so
divergent between them, at first we can conclude that everyone is a stakeholder,
because Siemens activities directly and indirectly affect a great amount of people.
Type
of Investor
For example,
the communities could be stakeholders as they daily use the metro
and the train or they have Siemens electrodomestics. Since this, they take the
stakeholders need for information and their interests very seriously.
But if we want to analyze deeper the stakeholders, we can define the stakeholders
as the people who can affect or be affected by the actions of the business as a
whole. Those include analysts and investors, their customers, employees and
suppliers, as well as public authorities, universities, research institutions and NGOs.

8. Competitors:
Siemens AG, as all big international companies, is always fighting to be on the top.
Regional
structurein more than one sector, they have different kinds of competitors
As they operate
depending on the activitys field. We will name only a few of them, the more
dangerous that they have.
General Electrics Co. (US)
This is an American multinational conglomerate. GE's divisions include GE Capital,
GE Energy, GE Technology Infrastructure, and GE Home & Business Solutions.
Through these businesses, GE participates in a wide variety of markets including
the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity (e.g. nuclear, gas and
solar), lighting, industrial automation, medical imaging equipment, motors, railway
locomotives, aircraft jet engines, and aviation services.
As you could see, this company operates in the same sectors of Siemens, so it is
their first competitor in the most part of their business.

The main competitors in the rail manufacturing:

- Bombardier Inc. (Canada)
With
some
- Alstom
SA.740,000
(France)shareholders, Siemens AG is one of the worlds largest
publicly owned companies. An analysis of their shareholder structure conducted
in August 2012 showed that shareholders in Germany hold the largest
percentage
Siemens
hadofbeen
theircompeting
share capital,
withabout
this two
30%companies
of all outstanding
for the manufacturing
shares.
of the
TGV
all over the
world.
Europe
theand
competition
has been
Alstom
Shareholders
in the
U.S.While
hold in
roughly
16%
shareholders
in thebetween
U.K.,
around
and
Siemens
9%, while
(bothinvestors
European
in companies),
France and Switzerland
Bombardierhold
enters
8%inand
the6%,
battle for the
manufacturing
respectively. in others parts of the world.
Some 59% of Siemens outstanding shares are currently held by institutional
investors, about 20% by private shareholders and around 6% by members of
The
main competitor
the Siemens
family. in the energy sector:
- ABB Ldt.
ABB and Siemens, the world leaders in latest generation electricity transmission
technology, are racing to overcome the biggest remaining challenge to transmitting
power more efficiently.
While Siemens has the broader span of products, from trains to medical scanners,
18
19

the Swiss company splits its sales fairly evenly between factory automation
systems and transmission equipment for electricity.
The Swiss and German groups are pouring millions into research into circuit
breakers for high voltage direct current (HVDC) power lines, the most efficient
way of transmitting electricity over long distances.
The main competitor in the healthcare sector:
- Philips Electronics N.V. (Netherlands)
Philips is much more focused on retail and consumer markets, where Siemens has
a much more industrial and wholesale or infrastructural focus. Both offer
healthcare solutions, but Siemens' clients are the hospitals, while Philips is more
focused on getting hospital solutions to the patients home.
Also, Philips is competing with Siemens in the lighting sector. Siemens has never
had its own lightning division but acquired one, by the time a growing competitor
of Philips: Osram.

20

BLOC 2
Risk Analysis

21

INDEX
-

Share Risk
Structure Risk
> Liquidity, solvency and leverage ratios
> Short-term risk
Current ratio
Quick ratio
Cash ratio
Working Capital
Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC)
> Long-term risk
Financial leverage
Debt-to-equity ratio
Leverage ratio
> Solvency - Liquidity

Stock Price evolution from 2009 until 2013

Evolution of Profits and Loses Account from 2008 to 2013
> Sales
> Cost of Goods Sold
Raw Material price risk
> Interests
The exchange rate risk
The Interest rate risk
-

Reserves evolution of the past four years

Bibliography

22

1. SHARES RISK
Magnitude
Volatility
VaR
Beta
Indexs Volatility
Indexs Var
Indexs Beta

Value
18,33%
1,43%
0,7
19,91%
52,48%
1

* Siemens AG values from 8/04/2013

Volatility refers to the amount of uncertainty or risk about the size of changes in a
security's value. A higher volatility means that the price of the security can change
dramatically over a short time period in either direction. A lower volatility means
that its value does not fluctuate dramatically, but changes in value at a steady pace
over a period of time. Shows the velocity in which the values change. Siemens AG
has a volatility of 18,33%, that means that the values move among an 18,33%
respect the historical mean.
The Beta () measures the difference between the profitability of the share respect
its reference index. It is a volatility measure of an asset. A higher value of means
higher volatility. And a beta coefficient of 1,0 it is equivalent to the market.
Siemens AGs Beta coefficient its 0,7, which means that if the index increase 10%;
Siemens will increase a 7%. So we can conclude that Siemens' securities will flow
close to the market and if the market goes up, Siemens' commodities will rise too
but slightly below the market.

The most popular and traditional measure of risk is volatility. The main problem
with volatility, however, is that it does not care about the direction of an
investment's movement. For investors, risk is about the odds of losing money, and
VaR is based on that common-sense fact. By assuming investors care about the
odds of a really big loss, VaR answers the question, "What is my worst-case
scenario?" or "How much could I lose in a really bad month?" The Value at Risk
(VaR) shows the losses that you could have for each share showing which could be
the loss of profitability.
For each share they risk a 1,43% daily. It is the chance they have of getting losses.

23

*Source: Yahoo Finance

Eurostoxx50
Average
St. Deviation
Av-St.Dev
Av+St.Dev
Coef. Var

2614,68
253,94
2360,74
2868,63
0,10

Rank
Min
Max

1072,99
1995,01
3068,00

Siemens AG
Average
St. Deviation
Av-St.Dev
Av+St.Dev
Coef. Var

73,80
11,54
62,26
85,34
0,16

Rank
Min
Max

53,53
45,85
99,38

*Siemens AG values from the last 4 years

*Eurostoxx50 values from last 4 years

In finance, the standard deviation is often used by investors to measure the risk of
a stock or a stock portfolio. The basic idea is that the standard deviation is a
measure of volatility: the more a stock's vale vary from the stock's average, the
more volatile the stock.
As we could see, Eurostoxx50 has a higher standard deviation so means that is
more volatile. Its stocks values fluctuate more dramatically from the average in
comparison with the Siemenss value.
A high standard deviation means that the fund's returns have experimented strong
variations, while a low standard deviation indicates that these returns have been
much more stable over time. Logically, how much bigger the standard deviation,
the higher is the potential loss; and therefore, the greater its risk. An investor is
more likely to lose money in a fund that has strong fluctuations.

24

And other measure is the coefficient of variation. This allows you to determine
how much volatility (risk) you are assuming in comparison to the amount of return
you can expect from your investment. The lower the ratio of standard deviation to
mean return, the higher is the expected return with less risk.
Contrary of what we have seen before, Eurostoxx50 has a lower CV which makes it
less dispersed and less risky that Siemens AG.
To see it all together, Siemens has small standard deviation and is not very volatile
this mean that its shares price doesnt fluctuate much and it its not much risky. Is
less volatile than its Index as the value shows. Commonly, the higher the
volatility is, the riskier the security. Siemens has lower chances to change
dramatically its price and this makes them more stable.

*Source: Yahoo Finance. Evolution of the Eurostoxx50s and the Siemens AGs stocks since 2009 until 08/04/2013

Otherwise we also have to take into account that the risk trends to disappear when
our portfolio is form by several assets, I mean we try to diversify the risk by
investing in different securities. So it is possible to spread the risk, but however
there will always remain a risk called systematic risk; there is continually the
possibility of losing money.

2. Structure Risk
Liquidity, Solvency and Leverage Ratios
In order to make this part of the essay we have take into account only the Siemens
AGs Annual report dates and not the Amadeus values. The numbers were quite
different from each other and it is more reliable the values issued by Siemens
themselves. So we have remake the calculus for the ratios and as we though are
different from the ratios given by the Amadeus basis.
Financial ratio analysis is the calculation and comparison of ratios that are derived
from the information in a company's financial statements. The level and historical

25

trends of these ratios can be used to make inferences about a company's financial
condition, its operations and attractiveness as an investment. And help in knowing
the company risk conditions.

Short-Term Risk
- Current Ratio
The current ratio indicates a company's ability to meet short-term debt obligations.
A current ratio between 1,5 and 3, it generally indicates good short-term financial
strength. If current liabilities exceed current assets (the current ratio is below 1),
then the company may have problems meeting its short-term obligations. If the
current ratio is too high, then the company may not be efficiently using its current
assets or its short-term financing facilities.

Current Ratio

2012
1,22

2011
1,21

2010
1,22

2009
1,19

2008
1,02

2007
1.09

2006
1.32

2005
1.18

2004
1.38

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Current Ratio
1,60
1,40
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
2003

So the Siemens currents ratio is always above 1 but never between the 1,5 and 3 so
indicates that the firm has enough resources to pay its debts over the next 12
months but is not as good as it could be. Does not mean that the firm may have
difficulty meeting current obligations but it is not a good ratio. Low values, however,
do not indicate a critical problem. If an organization has good long-term prospects,
it may be able to borrow against those prospects to meet current obligations.
It takes its lowest value in 2008, the nearest to 1, due to the start of the actual crisis.
Some types of businesses usually operate with a current ratio less than one. For
example, if inventory turns over much more rapidly than the accounts payable

26

2003
1.36

become due, then the current ratio will be less than one. This can allow a firm to
operate with a low current ratio.

- Quick Ratio
This measures the ability of the company to use its near cash or quick assets to
extinguish or retire its current liabilities immediately. Quick assets include those
current assets that presumably can be quickly converted to cash. A company with a
quick ratio of less than 1 cannot currently pay back its current liabilities.

2012
0,85

Quick Ratio

2011
0,86

2010
0,85

2009
0,81

2008
0,68

2007
0,80

2006
1,00

2005
0,85

2004
1,04

2003
1,03

Quick Ratio

1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

So as we could see, despite in 2003 and 2004, all the years Siemens had a liquidity
ratio lower than 1. This means that they had been having difficulties to meet
current obligations using liquid assets. The worst year was 2008 and then the ratio
increase but still maintaining below 1.
So could be said that Siemens had difficulties to meet they obligations using only
they assets that are quickly converted to cash. If we take into account all the
current assets (Current ratio) we could se that they are more solvent and can front
their liabilities. Their current assets are not too far from their current liabilities has
the current ratio shows, and if we take only those quick assets (removing the
inventories) we see that they will have more difficulties meeting their obligations.

27

Cash Ratio

This measures the ability of the company to front they short-terms obligations
with their cash. It only looks at the company's most liquid short-term assets
cash and cash equivalents which can be most easily used to pay off current
obligations. Cash ratio is not as popular in financial analysis as current or quick
ratios.

Cash Ratio

2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003
0,336 0,364 0,418 0,279 0,239 0,162 0,277 0,249 0,407 0,400

Cash Ratio
0,45
0,40
0,35
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,00
2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

There is no common norm for cash ratio, in some countries a cash ratio of not less
than 0,2 is considered as acceptable. But ratios that are too high may show poor
asset utilization for a company holding large amounts of cash on its balance sheet,
as could be the case of 2010, 2004 and 2003.

Working Capital
Measure both a company's efficiency and its short-term financial health. The
current assets cover the long-term needs of the company. The financial balance
is respected and the company has, thanks to working capital, a surplus of stable
resources to finance other short-term financing needs.

Working Capital
WC turnover

20122011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 20042003

949292,53 9,057 7,124 0,791 4,038 12,654 6,970 12,574 11,461
8,25 7,948,39 10,76 97,76 17,94 6,90 10,82 5,986,48

28

*in million of EUR

Working Capital
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Siemens working capital is always positive. Take the highest values in 2003 and
2004, and then fall and the next year, 2006, increase and take the biggest value of all.
Then started to fall until 2008 when take the smallest value, really small in
comparison whit the others years. After that the working capital of Siemens started
to grow and still doing nowadays but more slowly.

The working capital turnover ratio is used to analyze the relationship between the
money used to fund operations and the sales generated from these operations. In a
general sense, the higher the working capital turnover, the better because it means that
the company is generating a lot of sales compared to the money it uses to fund the
sales.
In 2008 when Siemens had the lowest WC is when had the biggest WC turnover.

Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC)

Cash conversion cycle is the time it takes a company to convert its resource
inputs into cash. It measures how effectively a company is managing its working
capital. Shorter the cash conversion cycle the better the company is off because it
has to lock up cash for a relatively smaller period of time.

29

Inventory
processing period
Receivable
collection period
Payables payment
period
Cash Conversion
Cycle (CCC)

20122011
100.28 106.87

2010
97.68

2009
93.43

2008
88.97

2007
91.02

2006 2005
73.22 82.45

20042003
74.07
71.97

61.53

69.66

70.67

71.98

71.76

74.99

67.44 78.84

72.79
73.12

51.12

55.25

51.97

53.68

55.91

59.54

53.24 66.51

60.46
58.34

87.43 94.78

86.41
86.75

110.69 121.28 116.37 111.74 104.82 106.46

Cash Conversion Cycle (in days)

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

So the cash conversion cycle measures the time between outlay of cash and cash
recovery.This measure illustrates how quickly a company can convert its
products into cash through sales. The shorter the cycle, the less time capital is tied
up in the business process, and thus the better for the company's bottom line.
The CCC measures the time between outlay of cash and cash recovery. This
measure illustrates how quickly a company can convert its products into cash
through sales. Siemens AG's cash conversion cycle had the tendency to increase
until 2012 that seems to decrease. The shorter the cycle, the less time capital is
tied up in the business process, and thus the better for the company's bottom line.

30

Long-Term Risk
- Financial Leverage
Financial leverage can be aptly described as the extent to which a business or
investor is using the borrowed money. Business companies with high leverage are
considered to be at risk of bankruptcy if, in case, they are not able to repay the
debts, it might lead to difficulties in getting new lenders in future. The most wellknown financial leverage ratio is the debt-to-equity ratio.

If the ratio is increasing, the company is being financed by creditors rather than
from its own financial sources, which may be a dangerous trend. Lenders and
investors usually prefer low debt-to-equity ratios because their interests are better
protected in the event of a business decline. Thus, companies with high debt-toequity ratios may not be able to attract additional lending capital.

Debt-to-Equity Ratio
Leverage Ratio

2012
0,67
3,52

2011
0,57
3,31

2010
0,70
3,63

2009
0,74
3,56

2008
0,60
3,53

2007
0,53
3,16

2006
0,53
3,10

2005
0,42
3,18

2004 2003
0,41 0,49
2,96 3,27

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Debt-to-Equity Ratio
0,80
0,70
0,60
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
2003

2004

2005

Debt to Equity ratio indicates the relative proportion of shareholders' equity and
debt used to finance a company's assets. A low debt to equity ratio indicates lower
risk, because debt holders have less claims on the company's assets.
A high debt to equity ratio usually means that a company has been aggressive in
financing growth with debt and often results in volatile earnings.

31

In general, a high debt-to-equity ratio indicates that a company may not be able to
generate enough cash to satisfy its debt obligations. However, a low debt-to-equity
ratio may also indicate that a company is not taking advantage of the increased
profits that financial leverage may bring; that is the case of Siemens.

Leverage Ratio
4,00
3,50
3,00
2,50
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

The financial leverage ratio is a measure of how much assets a company holds
relative to its equity. A high financial leverage ratio means that the company is
using debt and other liabilities to finance its. And would be more riskier than a
company with lower leverage. Siemens has always values of 3-3,5; a leverage ratio
greater than 2,0 means that a company uses more debt than equity to finance it
assets. It is when we see ratios of 4,5 or more that companies start to get really
risky.

Solvency-Liquidity
1,50
1,45
1,40
1,35
1,30
1,25
1,20
1,15
1,10
1,05
1,00

Cash Period

32

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

In order to be more clear and show if Siemens is in a risky place we had made a
solvency-cash period graphic. As we could see Siemens is always in the same quadrant
with a positive Solvency Ratio and a positive Cash Period. This means that they arent
in a risky position.

3. STOCK PRICE EVOLUTION FORM 2009

UNTIL

2013

* Source: Yahoo Finance 22/04/2013

We have used the Exponential Moving Average (EMA) instead of the Simple
Moving Average (SMA) because differently from SMA, it gives more importance to
the last sessions than the oldest ones. Moreover the EMA also shows the graphics
movements in a smoother way.
This graphic shows the Siemens stock price evolution up to 2013 (more concretely
from 4/22/2009 to 4/22/2013). The theory says that if the mean goes up the
tendency is bullish and contrary if the mean goes down the tendency is bearish. In
addition, we have also to take into account that the short mean will show a change
of tendency earlier that the long means. This is due to the fact that as fewer
seasons are used to calculate the EMA, the average moves closer to the prices and
it is more sensible and, when it is larger, it moves farthest from the prices and it is
more insensible.

The red line is the mean of 50 seasons, the green one is the mean of 100 and the
brown is the mean of 200.
First of all, the graph shows us a positive trend in the stock price evolution of
Siemens from July 2009, when the short-term indicator starts to go up. This

33

alteration can be seen as an indicator of trend change, despite the mid and longterm indicators did not start to rise yet. As soon as the green line starts to go up we
are surer of the change of tendency and we can ensure that the stock price
evolution in that moment was positive. This trend was reaffirmed when the longterm line intersects with the mid-term line. As we can see on the graphic the three
lines follow a parallel behavior that trends to separate into timeline. This behavior
means that the trends will continue and will be a strong tendency. This trend
continues until 2011 and as it is a strong bullish tendency we can conclude that it
was a good period to sell our shares of Siemens, but at the same time, this period
was also good for that people who wanted to buy Siemens shares because in that
moment their price was constantly increasing, so they would sell later their shares
at a higher price than they had paid for.

As we have mentioned before there is a change of tendency in July 2011 when the
short-term line starts decreasing. As before, we can ensure the change of tendency
when the mid-term average starts to decrease and reaffirm the fact, when the longterm line crosses the mid-term. But unlike the first tendency, which is clearly
bullish, this one also shows a period of time where it does not rise and neither
decreases. For this reason we can say that people who was interested in buying
shares was preferable to do it from July 2011 to, more or less, October 2011 and
from April 2012 to July 2012 taking into account the fact that the first period of
time mentioned decreases faster than the second one.

Finally the graph shows a last change of tendency. In July 2012 the short-term EMA
clearly shows a second bullish tendency up to nowadays. But in contrast to the
other bullish trend it is not as bullish as the one mentioned at the beginning.
Furthermore, as the price of Siemens shares is continuously rising, it is a good
moment for selling shares, as people who hold them are able to sell the shares at a
higher price than one day bought them.
On the other hand we have been looking into different stock price forecasts and
from thirty analysts that offer 12-moth price forecasts for Siemens AG, we
conclude that the company has a median target of $114,74, with a high estimate of
$129,12 and a low estimate of $91,21. The median estimate represents a +11,5%
increase from the last price $112,87.

*Source: The Wall Street Journal 22/04/2013

After these small findings, we can conclude that people should hold their shares for
the next four months, as the median and the low estimate are quite similar, and

34

later, depending how the market flows, they could evaluate whether to sell or not,
waiting the share price to raise.

4. Evaluation of profit and loses account from

2008 to 2012
*EUROS IN MILLIONS
*Fiscal year end in September

Sales
<Cost of good sold>
GROSS PROFIT
<Op. expenses>
OP. INCOME
<interests>
Other income <expeses>
INCOME BEFORE TAXES
<Taxes>
NET INCOME CONT. OP
NI from discounting op.
Other
NET INCOME

2008-09
77,327
<56,284>
21,043
<18,551>
2,492
<0,997>
1,379
2,874
<1,015>
1,859
4,027
<0,161>
5.725

2009-09
76,651
<55,941>
20,710
<14,363>
6,347
<0,683>
<1,773>
3,891
<1,434>
2,457
0,40
<205>
2,292

2010-09
75,978
<54,331>
21,647
<15,731>
5,916
<1,890>
1,785
5,811
<1,699>
4,112
<0,44>
<0,169>
3,899

2011-09
73,515
<51,388>
22,127
<14,169>
7,958
<1,716>
3,000
9,242
<2,231>
7,011
<0,690>
<0,176>
6,145

2012-09
78,296
<56,092>
22,204
<15,400>
6,804
<1,728>
2,203
7,279
<2,094>
5,185
<0,595>
<0,132>
4,458

SALES:
As we can observe on the Profit and Losses Accounts1 for the past five years, sales
have been decreasing up to 2011 and then in 2012 they have suffer an importance
increase.
For decades Siemens has been the problem child of European heavy industry,
lurching from profit to loss almost each quarter as big infrastructure projects went
wrong or spending spiraled out of control. Even when it made a profit, its margins
were to thin to cover its cost of capital. Underlying all this, Siemens was badly
managed for a long time, just so badly that between 2006 and 2008 it was
embroiled in a bribery issue.
But few things focus quite as well as a crisis. The company was sinking so the
board was forced to look for an outsider to head the company and it chose Peter
Lscher. From the beginning Peter Lcher has struggled counter, facing the World
Economic Crisis, to reposition the company and develop a stronger trademark to
obtain a monopolistic position on the market.

The Table has been extracted from the Annual Reports of Siemens AG.
35

Otherwise, Siemens have used only one brand name for trading for years and Peter
Lcher and the rest of the Board of Presidents have tried to clean the image of the
company and related it with security, loyalty, high technology and innovation. But,
due to the crisis, this reorganization and reorientation of the company have not
come to light until a year ago, until 2012, where the revenues of Siemens increased
so heavily, in fact the sales have increased nearly five points from last year.

For this reason we can conclude that nowadays the public image of Siemens does
not represents a risk for its sales and neither for the company survival as it did
years back.

COST OF SALES
a. RAW MATERIALS PRICE RISK

*Source: London Metal Exchange

The different sources of business of Siemens are dependent on the development of

raw material prices. The main key materials to which they have significant cost
exposure include copper (strong blue line in the graph), various formats of steel
(light blue line) and aluminum (grey line). In addition, within stainless steel they
have considerable exposure related to nickel and chrome alloy materials.
The average monthly price of copper (denominated in per metric ton) for
September 2012 was 4% higher than the average monthly price in September
2011; this reversed a previously negative trend year-over-year and was due to the
release of financial and fundamental stimulus programs. Prices on a fiscal-year
average were 8% lower in fiscal 2012 than the average for fiscal 2011. Prices for
copper are still supported by tight supply and demand fundamentals and by
speculative influences in the commodity markets. Nevertheless, because copper is
produced in multiple locations and traded, such as across the London Metal
Exchange, the risk to Siemens is primarily a price risk rather than a supply risk.

Average monthly prices of aluminum (grey line) traded at the London Metal
Exchange faced more pressure year-over-year, losing 4% in September 2012
compared to September 2011. While, among other factors, high-energy costs put
upward pressure on aluminum, these were more than offset by oversupply. As

36

with copper, we see developments in the aluminum market as posing a price risk,
rather than a supply risk.
The average monthly steel prices (light blue line) for September 2012 came down
by 3% compared to the average monthly prices in September 2011. Especially at
the end of fiscal 2012, steel markets and prices for upstream raw materials (e.g.
iron ore) softened significantly

To finish, their principal exposure to the prices of copper, steel and stainless steel,
is in the Sectors Energy, Industry and Infrastructure&Cities. Secondly their main
price exposure related to aluminum is in the Energy Sector. In addition, Siemens is
generally exposed to energy and fuel prices, both directly (electricity, gas, oil) and
indirectly (energy used in the manufacturing processes of suppliers). Moreover
some other continuing operations which face price and supply risks are related to
rare earth metals, particularly the Industry Sectors Drive Technologies Division
and the Energy Sectors Wind Power Division
Siemens employs various strategies to reduce the mentioned price risk in its
project and product businesses, such as long-term contracting with suppliers,
physical and financial hedging and price escalation clauses with customers

b. INTERESTS
The exchange rate risk

* Source: Bloomberg

In addition to the common currency of the European Monetary Union (the

euro, ) another key currency for Siemens is the US dollar. Following an
appreciation of the euro (EUR) against the US$ at the beginning of fiscal 2012,
concerns over the sovereign debt crisis in a number of southern European
member states of the European Monetary Union led to decline of against the
US$.
For the remainder of fiscal 2012, the value of the EUR relative to the
US$ remained below its level at the end of fiscal 2011. During July 2012, the
value of the against the US$ reached its lowest levels of the fiscal year. Only
at the end of fiscal 2012 did the value of the begin to recover somewhat.

37

Among the contributing factors were the German constitutional courts

rejection of applications to block the ESM and the ECBs announcement of the
modalities of a new government bond purchase program. Nevertheless at
September 30, 2012, the value of the against the US$ was around 4% below
the level a year earlier.
In contrast to the share price the exchange rate is an uncontrolled fluctuation
and it affect us in our transactions, imports and exports, so for covering our
shoulders Siemens uses Future contracts, currency options and currency
forward contracts.
The Interest rate risk2
DATA IN MILLION OF EUR

Short term debt and current maturities of long term debt

Long term debt
Cash and cash equivalents
Current available for sale financial assets
NET DEBT

2012 - 09
3,709
16,651
<7,823>
<517>
12,020

2012 -12
3,826
16,880
<10,891>
<524>
9,292

The interest rate risk is the risk related to the borrowing with variable interest
rate. As Siemens AG is a huge conglomerate enterprise, it borrows money of many
different Financial Entities and moreover it also issues bonds, so the changes in the
interest rate does represent a risk for the company.
As we can observe on the above table neither our short-term nor long-term debt
have been increased in this last year. Moreover the company makes regular
appearances on the worlds capital markets and it has recently issued bonds to
face its obligations. In addition, in order to guarantee to our clients the
investments security of the bonds, we count with two rating agencies: Moodys
Investors Service and Standard &Poors which rate our debt as stable.
Now we attach a table with current ratings:
Rating Agency
Moodys
Standard & Poors

Long-term
Aa3
A+

Short-term
P-1
A-1+

Outlook
Stable
Stable

Last update
Jun 2012
Nov 2012

On June 2012 Moody s raised its long-term Siemens credit rating from A1 to
Aa3. The rating classification Aa is the second highest rating within Moodys
debt ratings category. Then, the number 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of
that rating category. At the same time Moodys revised its outlook for our credit
rating from positive to stable. Furthermore on June 2012 Moodys affirmed our
P-1 short-term rating.

The data of both tables have been extracted from the Annual Reports of Siemens
38

Lately, on November 2012, the other rating company, Standard&Poors also revised
its outlook for Siemens credit rating from positive to stable. At the same time,
S&P affirmed the A+ long-term corporate rating and the A-1+ short-term rating,
which is the highest short-term rating within the S&Ps short-term rating scale.

5. RESERVE EVOLUTION OF THE LAST FOUR YEARS

*DATA IN MILLION OF EUR

Short-term debt and current maturities of L-T debt

Long term debt
Retained earnings
*Source: Annual Reports of Siemens

2012
3,826
16,880
22,756

2011
3,660
14,280
25,881

2010
2,416
17,497
29,998

2009
698
18,94
22,696

As we can see on the table there is a really huge variation from the short-term debt
of 2009 and 2010. This fact has his explanation on the changes that suffered the
company on 2008. This year was a key year for Siemens AG as its Board of Director
was changed and a deep reformation was started. Siemens had not got the clean
and strong image as it has nowadays.

Bloc 3

With the same idea, the Board of Directors also enlarged the retained earnings
seven points above the last year. But it is not considered a risky operation, as while
the reserves increase, .the long-term debts decrease.

If we analyze the last year we can conclude that, in relation to 2009, the long-term
debt has been reduced while the short-term debts have been increased and the
reserves remain the same. Another time we conclude that it does not represent a
risky situation, as the long-term debt has been reduced two points and the
company operates with more short-term debt than long and it seems to manage its
operations more optimally than it did later on 2008.

Profitability Analysis

The only case where we can perceive a risky operation is during the 2010 period
because both short-term and long-term debt was largely increased while the
reserves also increased a lot.

39
40

Index
-

ROE RETURN ON EQUITY

ROE BT RETURN ON EQUITY BEFORE TAX

ROE AND ROE BT - FISCAL IMPACT

COMPARISON OF ROE

ROA RETURN ON ASSETS

COST OF CAPITAL, K

RISK AND PROFITABILITY 3D GRAPH

VALUE-ADDED

GROWTH RATE

41

1. ROE Return On Equity

ROE shows how well a company uses investment funds to generate earnings
growth. ROEs between 15% and 20% are generally considered good. Return on
equity measures a corporation's profitability by revealing how much profit a
company generates with the money shareholders have invested.

Margin Ratio Turnover Ratio Leverage Ratio

It also could be calculate by multiplying the Margin ratio, the Turnover ratio and
the Leverage ratio. The margin ratio is a ratio of profitability calculated as net
income divided by revenues. It measures how much out of every dollar of sales a
company actually keeps in earnings. A higher profit margin indicates a more
profitable company. The turnover ratio evaluates how well a company is utilizing
its assets to produce revenue, the higher the number the better. And the leverage
ratio (as we had explain before) is a measure of how much assets a company holds
relative to its equity. A high financial leverage ratio means that the company is
using debt and other liabilities to finance (is getting more financing from outside
creditors). And would be more riskier than a company with lower leverage.

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Margin ratio

0,074

0,030

0,046

0,084

0,057

Turnover ratio

0,819

0,807

0,739

0,705

0,723

Leverage ratio

3,528

3,562

3,628

3,306

3,523

ROE

0,214

0,086

0,124

0,195

0,145

0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
0
2008

2009

42

2010
ROE

2011

2012

Has we have said before, the ROE is good when takes values between 15-20%, this
only happens three years: 2008, 2011 and 2012. So after 2008 the ratio decreases
a lot due to the fall of the margin ratio and reaches its minimum in 2009. This fall
might be related with the company's repeated scandals and corruption. Then after
2009 the ROE increased until last year that fall down again. The leverage ratio has
always, more or less, the same values as the turnover ratio; it is the margin ratio
values that fluctuate more. It would appear that greater gearing increases ROE, but
this must be traded-off against higher financing costs, which reduces profit.

2. ROE

BT

RETURN ON EQUITY BEFORE TAX

This is the same has Return on Equity explained earlier but before had take into
account the taxes.

Income Before Tax

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2,874

3,891

5,811

9,242

7,279

Net Income

5,725

2,292

3,503

6,145

4,458

Real Tax Rate

35%

37%

29%

24%

29%

Shareholder's Equity

26,774

26,646

28,346

31,531

30,733

ROE BT

10,73%

14,60%

20,50%

29,31%

23,68%

35,00%
30,00%
25,00%
20,00%
15,00%
10,00%
5,00%
0,00%
2008

2009

2010
ROE BT

43

2011

2012

The ROE BT had the tendency to increase until 2011 where take the highest
percentage of almost 30%. This is due to the increase of the equity and also the
higher value of income before tax.

3. ROE and ROE BT - Fiscal Impact

0,35
0,3
0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
0
2008

2009

2010
ROE

2011

2012

ROE BT

If we compare the ROE after and before tax, we could see that in 2008 and 2009
they had a completely different behavior due to the difference between the income
after and before tax. The income before tax increase while the after tax decrease.
Then they behave equal and the difference between the two lies and between
before and after tax is the fiscal impact of the taxes.

4. COMPARISON OF ROE
And if we take a look into the other companies of the EUROSTOXX50 we could se
that we are above the average in terms of return on equity.
2011
Inditex
WV
BASF
Telef
Nestl
Siemens
BMW
LVMH
Danone
L'OREAL
Bayer
Iberdrola

ROE

Margin

Turnover

Leverage

30,29%
24,94%
24,35%
22,77%
19,92%
19,50%
18,10%
17,80%
14,00%
13,82%
13,10%
9,17%

0,141
0,045
0,084
0,090
0,149
0,084
0,071
0,130
0,086
0,120
0,068
0,091

1,400
0,628
1,201
0,480
0,749
0,705
0,558
0,630
0,689
0,757
0,709
0,330

1,530
4,010
2,410
4,700
1,783
3,306
4,554
2,160
2,380
1,523
2,726
2,920

44

Repsol
Philips
Nokia
Average

8,44%
-8,55%
-9,17%
15,61%

0,042
-0,035
-0,038
0,081

0,778
0,691
0,980
0,806

2,603
2,138
2,400
2,939

35,00%
30,00%
25,00%
20,00%
15,00%
10,00%

ROE

5,00%
0,00%
-5,00%
-10,00%
-15,00%

And if we only focus on those companies that are from the same country as our
company, Germany, and we now compare us with the other German companies of
the Eurostoxx50 we could see that our ROE is in the middle of them. Not the best
and not the worst, just in the middle.

2011

ROE

Margin

Turnover

Leverage

Volkswagen

24,94%

0,045

0,628

4,010

BASF

24,35%

0,084

1,201

2,410

Siemens

19,49%

0,084

0,705

3,306

BMW

18,10%

0,071

0,558

4,554

Bayer

13,10%

0,068

0,709

2,726

The table that we have just referred shows that the two firms on the top almost
have the same ROE value and our company that is stuck in the middle is close to
BMW (18,10%) and pretty far form BASF and Volkswagen. If we want to reach the

45

values of these two large enterprises what might be more intelligent would be to
increase the turnover ratio.
As we can see, BAFT has the same margin ratio and the Volkswagen's ratio is
nearly the half. What refers to the turnover ratio, BAFT and us have almost the
same ratio values, but Volkswagen's leverage is one point above us, leading to a
higher risk since the leverage ratios that exceeds from 4 are considered hazardous.
Thus the smarter way to raise our return on equity would be increasing our
turnover trying to manage our assets more carefully and efficiently. The higher the
turnover, the better.

30,00%
25,00%

24,94%

24,35%
19,49%

20,00%

18,10%

15,00%

13,10%

10,00%
5,00%
0,00%
Volkswagen

BASF

Volkswagen

Siemens
BASF

Siemens

BMW
BMW

Bayer

Bayer

5. ROA Return On Assets

An indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its total assets. ROA gives
an idea as to how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings.
It is calculated by dividing a company's annual earnings by its total assets. The
assets of the company are comprised of both debt and equity. Both of these types
of financing are used to fund the operations of the company. The ROA figure gives
investors an idea of how effectively the company is converting the money it has to
invest into net income. The higher the ROA number, the better, because the
company is earning more money on less investment.

46

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

EBIT (Op. Income)

2,492

6,347

5,916

7,958

6,804

Total Assets

94,463

94,926

102,827

104,243

108,282

ROA

2,64%

6,69%

5,75%

7,63%

6,28%

9,00%
8,00%
7,00%
6,00%
5,00%
4,00%
3,00%
2,00%
1,00%
0,00%
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

ROA

As we could see in the graphic, the Siemens AGs ROA has the tendency to increase
despite in 2010 that had a drop and last year also decrease. The assets have
increase year after year and the EBIT had increase a lot to 2008 to 2009 and then
stabilized the increasing. This percentage shows how profitable are the companys
assets in generating profits. How many euros of earnings they derive from each
dollar of assets they control.

47

6. ROA

AND

ROE BT DEBT IMPACT

Return on assets is an indicator of how profitable a company is before leverage not

as the ROE that take into account the leverage effect.

2012

ROE BT
23%

Debt ratio
2,523

ROA
6,30%

ROE BT

35,00%
30,00%
25,00%
20,00%

(ROA-k)

Leverage Efect

15,00%
10,00%

ROA
5,00%
0,00%
2008

Debt Ratio

2009

2010

2011

2012

The debts have the same effects over the financial profitability as those of a level,
that's why it is called the leverage effect.
Is it characterized by the raise of the economic profitability when increasing debt,
only when the economic profitability is higher than the borrowing cost. In the
same way we must take into account that as more money we borrow, more
probability of insolvency there will be, especially in these times of financial
uncertainty.

For those reasons, the most rentable way to finance a company is getting indebted
instead of reinvesting the company's revenues. The main advantage is that we do
not have to pay taxes for the money that we don't have, so all the money we
borrow from the banks is duty free, so we save a large amount of cash.
In contrast, if a company tries to be profitable by reinvesting, it would have a really
large equity, but simultaneously its ROE would be very small in comparison with
the cost of reinvesting.

48

7. Cost of Capital (k)

The cost of capital (k) is the required return necessary to make a capital budgeting
project. Determines how a company can raise money (through a stock issue,
borrowing, or a mix of the two). The cost of capital is composed by the euribor
plus the risk premium. Also could be expressed with the following formula:

The j represents the sensibility of the banks letting money to a company. And after
making some calculus, we have arrived to a value of 0,0043, very low, which means
that the bank is very sensitive letting us money. And if we carry out this equation,
we conclude that our cost of capital (k) is 0,0061. With a higher value of k, more
costly is to get into debt. So we wont have problems and wont be difficult for us to
borrow money from the banks.

e
Liabitilies
Equity
ROE BT
ROA
j
k

0,0049
77549
30733
0,24
0,063
0,004369318
0,00612516

The ROA have to be bigger than the k as the return has to be higher than the cost of
debt if we want to be rentable:

Now we also could express the formula of ROE BT in another way:

49

This is now and exponential equation and we represent it like this:

RO
E
BT

Optimum Point

ROA

In order to find the optimum point that shows us the level of debt that gives has
the maximum ROE BT; we work out the derivatives of the equation above.

Debt Ratio that will gives

us the maximum ROE BT

2012
Debt Ratio

Real
2,523

Ideal point
6,630

The real Debt ratio that Siemens had in 2012 was 2,523 that gives a ROE BT of
24%. And after working out the value of debt ratio that will tell us the maximum
ROE BT and will situate us in the ideal point, we arrive at a value of Debt ratio of

50

6,630. This debt ratio entails a Leverage ratio of 7,630, which is very high and will
mean that we are very financed by external creditors.

8. RISK AND PROFITABILITY 3D GRAPH

Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC)
ROA
Solvency Ratio

2012
110.69
6,30%
1,22

2011
121.28
7,63%
1,21

2010
116.37
5,75%
1,22

2009
111.74
6,69%
1,19

RO
A

2009

2011

2012

2010

Cash Cycle

In order to see how rentable is Siemens AG, we carry out a three-axis graph with
the ROA, the Cash Conversion Cycle and the Solvency ratio of the last four years of
the company. Through all this years they had maintain the same solvency ratio
higher than 1, although that good solvency ratios are between 1,5 and 3. But
despite this they never had been in a risky situation. The last year they had a
lower Cash cycle than the previous years, which is better because the company has
to lock up cash for a relatively smaller period of time.
As a conclusion we can say that or company is in a good position as during these
four past years it has maintained in the first quadrant, generating profits without
showing any important risk.

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9. VALUE-ADDED
Value added (VA from now on) shows how many EBITDA the company generates
per each EUR invested in its employees. At the same time it charges the company
rent for tying up investors cash to support operations. There is a hidden
opportunity cost, calculated by VA, which goes to investors to compensate them
for forfeiting the use of their cash, normally ignored by the conventional measures
of performance.
A positive VA indicates that book value is increasing, which over time will produce
a positive shareholder value. A negative VA, indicates that the operations are not
profitable enough to support the cost of capital, or that the company has too much
capital for its operations.
2008
0,214

Value-added

2009
0,372

2010
0,369

2011
0,451

2012
0,390

To calculate the value-added by Siemens, we have applied the following formula:

0,5
0,45
0,4
0,35
0,3
0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
0
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Value-added

For 2008 we have obtained 0,214 as a result, meaning that for every EUR Siemens
invested in their employees (monetary unit of wage paid) they got 0,214 EUR of
EBITDA. The next three years experimented an increase in its VA until 2012, when
sales
increased and so did costs and expenses, which led to a decrease of VA by 0,06

52

10. Growth rate

The growth rate is the amount of increase that a specific variable has gained within
a specific period and context. For investors, this typically represents the
compounded annualized rate of growth of a company's revenues, earnings,
dividends and even macro concepts, such as the economy as a whole . Is a model to
see how much have growth our company.

Payouts
Tax Rate
ROA
g

2008
23%
35%
2,6%
1,31%

2009
56%
37%
6,7%
1,86%

2010
58%
29%
5,8%
1,71%

2011
42%
24%
7,6%
3,36%

2012
56%
29%
6,3%
1,97%

4,00%
3,50%
3,00%
2,50%
2,00%
1,50%
1,00%
0,50%
0,00%
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

As we can see in the table, between 2008 and 2009, our growth rate increased a
0,55%, thats because the ROA went up more than a 0,40%, nevertheless payouts
and tax rate increased during that period of time but the whole trend indicates an
important increase because of the high change on the commented ROA.
Between 2009 and 2010 the analyzed rate decreased from 1,86% to 1,71%, that is
because of the decrease of -0,9% of ROA.
But what we should stand out should be the important change of the growth rate
in 2011, this was because our ROA goes from 5,8% to 7,6% (increase of 1,8%).
Then, in 2012, the g went down again but its decreasing stopped closer above in
comparison with the results of the previous years, without taking into account the
high result in 2011.

53

11. PRICE EARNING RATIO

The P-E gives you an idea of what the market is willing to pay for the companys
earnings. The higher this ratio is, the more the market is willing to pay for the
companys earnings. Some investors read a high P-E as an overpriced stock and
that may be the case, however it can also indicate the market has high hopes for
this stocks future and has bid up the price.

Conversely, a low P-E may indicate a vote of no confidence by the market or it

could mean this is a sleeper that the market has overlooked.
Investors can use the PE ratio to compare the value of stocks: if one stock has a P
E twice that of another stock, all things being equal (especially the earnings growth
rate), it is a less attractive investment. Companies are rarely equal, however, and
comparisons between industries, companies, and time periods may be misleading.
PE ratio in general is useful for comparing valuation of peer companies in similar
sector or group.

2008
1,60
65,75
41,09

EPS
Share price
PER (in EUR)

2009
2,7
63,28
23,44

2010
4,8
77,43
16,13

2011
8,23
68,12
8,28

2012
5,77
77,61
13,45

45,00
40,00
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

PER

As we can see, the minimum PER belongs to 2011 with a rate of 8,28% and the
highest one belongs to period 2008 with a 41,09%. Thats why in 2011 the EPS
increased a lot while, in comparison with it, in 2008 was very small.
The price rate has always been fluctuating between 65% to 78% approximately.

54

And we also have search the PER on the internet to compare with our calculus and
we have find a more specific graphic that takes into account the dates monthly.
This graphic its from ycharts.com in 24/05/2013.

Minimum ratio
Maximum ratio
Average ratio

4,641
63,11
20,37

Oct. 27-2008
Jan. 2-2008

We observe that during the last three years, the PER doesnt fluctuate a lot, and has
followed a more or less stabilized trend. But during the periods 2008 and 2009, it
increase and decrease very heavily. Having, during 2008 the maximum and
minimum levels of all the periods analyzed.

55

57

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS:
Gestin Financiera from Professor Rodrigo La Fuente from Google Books
Siemens Memories
Siemens Annual Reports

INTERNET:
Siemens Global Website http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/en/
Alstom Website http://www.alstom.com/
Bombardier Website http://www.bombardier.com/
General Electrics http://www.ge.com/
Philips Website http://www.usa.philips.com/
Amadeus data base
El Economista: www.eleconomista.com
Wikiinvest: www.wikiinvest.com
The Wall Street Journal: www.wsj.com
NASDAQ: http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/si/option-chain
Stock Analysis on Net: http://www.stock-analysis-on.net/
Investopedia: www.investopedia.com
PER analysis http://ycharts.com/companies/si/pe_ratio (24/05/2013)

56