PAPER PRESENTATION ON 4G TECHNOLOGY

Presented by
K.CHARISHA& K.Ganga Bhavani
B.Tech,ECE III year

DMSSVH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MACHILIPATNAM

ABSTRACT
Wireless mobilecommunications systems are introduced in the early 1980s, firstgeneration
(1G) systems were marked by analogfrequency modulation and used primarily for voice
communications. Second generation (2G) wirelesscommunications systems, which made
their appearance in the late 1980s, were also used mainly for voice transmission and
reception. The wireless system in widespread use today goes by the name of 2.5Gan in
between service that serves as a stepping stone to 3G. Whereby 2G communications is
generally associated with Global System for Mobile (GSM) service, 2.5G is usually identified
as being fueled by General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) along with GSM. In 3G systems,
making their appearance in late 2002 and in 2003, are designed for voice and paging services,
as well as interactivemedia use such as teleconferencing, Internet access, and other services.
The problem with 3G wireless systems is bandwidth these systems provide only WAN
coverage ranging from 144 kbps (for vehicle mobility applications) to 2 Mbps (for indoor
static applications). Segue to 4G, the next dimension of wireless communication. The 4g
wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio Band
(UWB), and Millimeter wireless and smart antenna. Data rate of 20mbps is employed.
Mobile speed will be up to 200km/hr. Frequency band is 28 GHz. it gives the ability for
world wide roaming to access cell anywhere.
HISTORY:
The history and evolution of mobile
service from the 1G(first generation) to
fourth generationare as follows.
The process began with the designs in the
1970s that have become known as 1G. The
earliestsystems were implemented based
on analog technology and the basic
cellular
structure
of
mobilecommunication. Many fundamental
problems were solved by these early
systems. Numerousincompatible analog
systems were placed in service around the
world during the 1980s.
The 2G (second generation) systems
designed in the 1980s were still used
mainly for voiceapplications but were
based on digital technology, including
digital signal processing techniques.These
2G systems provided circuitswitched data
communication services at a low speed.
Thecompetitive rush to design and
implement digital systems led again to a
variety of different andincompatible

standards such as GSM (global system

mobile), TDMA (time division multiple
access); PDC (personal digital cellular)
and CDMA (code division multiple
access).Thesesystems operate nationwide
or internationally and are todays
mainstream systems, although thedata rate
for users in these system is very
limited.The 2.5G it is basically an
enhancement of the two major 2G
technologies to provide increasedcapacity
on the 2G RF (radio frequency) channels
and to introduce higher throughput for
dataservice, up to 384 kbps. A very
important aspect of 2.5G is that the data
channels are optimizedfor packet data,
which introduces access to the Internet
from
mobile
devices,
whether
telephone,PDA (personal digital assistant),
or laptop.During the 1990s the next, or
3G, mobile system which would eliminate
previousincompatibilities and become a
truly global system. The 3G system would
have higher qualityvoice channels, as well
as broadband data capabilities, up to 2

Mbps. An interim step is beingtaken

between 2G and 3G,
However, the demand for higher access
speed multimedia communication in
todays society
which greatly depends on computer
communication in digital format, seems
unlimited.According to the historical
indication of a generation revolution
occurring once a decade, thepresent
appears to be the right time to begin the
research on a 4G mobile communication
system
ABOUT 4G
Accessing information anywhere, anytime,
with a seamless connection to a wide range
ofinformation and services, and receiving
a large volume of information, data,
pictures, video, andso on, are the keys of
the 4G infrastructures. The future 4G
infrastructures will consist of a set
ofvarious networks using IP (Internet
protocol) as a common protocol so that
users are in controlbecause they will be
able to choose every application and
environment.
Based
on
the
developingtrends
of
mobile
communication, 4G will have broader
bandwidth, higher data rate, andsmoother
and quicker handoff and will focus on
ensuring seamless service across a
multitude
ofwireless
systems
and
networks.Application adaptability and
being highly dynamic are the main
features of 4G services ofinterest to users.
These features mean services can be
delivered and be available to the
personalpreference of different users and
support the users traffic, air interfaces,
radio environment, andquality of service.
Connection with the network applications
can be transferred into variousforms and
levels correctly and efficiently. The
dominant methods of access to this pool
ofinformation will be the mobile
telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly
access the voicecommunication, high
speed
information
services,
and
entertainment
broadcast
services.

Thefourth generation will encompass all

systems from various networks, public to
private;operatordriven
broadband
networks to personal areas; and ad hoc
networks.
The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G
and 3G systems, as well as with digital
(broadband)broadcasting
systems.
In
addition, 4G systems will be fully IP
based
wireless
Internet.
Thisall
encompassing
integrated
perspective
shows the broad range of systems that the
fourthgeneration intends to integrate, from
satellite broadband to high altitude
platform to cellular 3Gand 3G systems to
WLL (wireless local loop) and FWA (fixed
wireless access) to WLAN(wireless local
area network) and PAN (personal area
network),all
with
IP
as
the
integratingmechanism. With 4G, a range of
new services and models will be available.
These services andmodels need to be
further examined for their interface with
the design of 4G systems.
4G FEATURES
Support for interactive multimedia,
voice, streaming video, Internet, and other
Broad bandservices
IP based mobile system
High speed, high capacity, and low cost
perbit
Global access, service portability, and
scalable mobile services
Seamless switching, and a variety of
Quality of Servicedriven services
Better scheduling and calladmission
control techniques
Adhoc and multihop networks (the
strict delay requirements of voice
Make multihop network service a difficult
problem)
Better spectral efficiency
Seamless network of multiple protocols
and air interfaces (since 4G will be allIP,
look for 4Gsystems to be compatible with
all common network. Technologies

including 802.11, WCDMA,Bluetooth, and

Hyper LAN).
An infrastructure to handle preexisting
3G systems along with other wireless
Technologies,some of which are currently
under development.
IMPLEMENTATION OF 4G
The goal of 4G is to replace the current
core mobile networks with a single
worldwide corenetwork standard, based on
IP for control, video, packet data, and
voice. This will provideuniform video,
voice, and data services to the mobile host,
based entirely on IP.

IP is assumed to act as an adhesive for

providing global connectivity and mobility
amongnetworks. An all IPbased 4G
wireless network has inherent advantages
over its predecessors. Itis compatible with,
and independent of the underlying radio
access technology.An IP wireless network
replaces the old Signaling System (SS7)
telecommunications protocol,which is
considered massively redundant. This is
because SS7 signal transmission consumes
alarger part of network bandwidth even
when there is no signaling traffic for the
simple reasonthat it uses a call setup
mechanism to reserve bandwidth, rather
time/frequency slots in the radiowaves.
IP networks, on the other hand, are
connectionless and use the slots only when
they have data tosend. Hence there is
optimum usage of the available bandwidth.
Today,
wirelesscommunications
are
heavily biased toward voice, even though
studies indicate that growth inwireless data
traffic is rising exponentially relative to
demand for voice traffic. Because an all
IPcore layer is easily scalable, it is ideally

suited to meet this challenge. The goal is a

mergeddata/voice/multimedia network.

TRANSMITTER

An OFDM transmitter accepts data from

an IP network, converting and encoding
the data priorto modulation. An IFFT
(inverse fast Fourier transform) transforms
the OFDM signal into an IFanalog signal,
which is sent to the RF transceiver. The
receiver circuit reconstructs the data
byreversing this process. With orthogonal
subcarriers, the receiver can separate and
process.
IP NETWORK
OFDM
TRANSMITTER
MODULATION
IFFT making
IF analog
RF TRANSMITTER
ODFM provides better
communication quality

link

and

Wireless Technologies Used In 4G

1. OFDM
2. UWB
3. MILLIMETER WIRELESS
4. SMART ANTENNAS
5. LONG TERM POWER PREDICTION

6. SHEDULING AMONG USERS

7. ADAPTIVE MODULATION AND
POWER CONTROL
Orthogonal
Frequency
Division
Multiplexing(OFDM):
OFDM, a form of multicarrier
modulation, works by dividing the
data stream for transmission at a
bandwidth B into N multiple and parallel
bit streams, spacedB/N apart (Figure ).
Each of the parallel bit streams has a much
lower bit rate than the original
bit stream, but their summation can
provide very high data rates. N orthogonal
subcarriersmodulate the parallel bit
streams, which are then summed prior to
transmission.
Error Correcting:
4Gs errorcorrection will most likely use
some type of concatenated coding and will
providemultiple Quality of Service (QoS)
levels. Forward errorcorrection (FEC)
coding addsredundancy to a transmitted
message through encoding prior to
transmission.
The
advantages
ofconcatenated coding over convolutional
coding are enhanced system performance
through thecombining of two or more
constituent codes into one concatenated
code. The combination can
improve error correction or combine error
correction with error detection
For example: For implementing an
Automatic Repeat Request if an error is
found. FEC using
concatenated
coding
allows
a
communications system to send larger
block sizes while reducing
biterror rates.
SMART ANTENNAS
A smart antenna system consists of multiple
antenna elements with signal processing to
automatically optimize the antennas
radiation (transmitter) and/or reception
(receiver) patterns in

response to the signal environment. One

smartantenna variation in particular,
MIMO, shows
promise in 4G systems. MIMO (MultiInput
MultiOutput) is a smart antenna system
where
smartness is considered at both transmitter
and the receiver. MIMO represents space
division
multiplexing (SDM)information signals
are multiplexed on spatially separated N
multiple
antennas and received on M antennas.
Figure shows a general block diagram of a
MIMO
system. Multiple antennas at both the
transmitter and the receiver provide
essentially multiple
parallel channels that operate simultaneously
on the same frequency band and at the same
time.
This results in high spectral efficiencies in a
rich scattering environment (high multi
path), since
you can transmit multiple data streams or
signals over the channel simultaneously

APPLICATIONS
4G Car
With the hype of 3G wireless in the rear
view mirror, but the reality of
truly mobile broadband data seemingly too
far in the future to be visible yet on the
informationsuper highway, it may seem
premature to offer a test drive 4G.
But the good news is, 4G is finally coming
to a showroom near you.
Traffic control during disasters
4G networks can allow officials to access
traffic control boxes to change

inland traffic lanes to green. Instead of

having to send officers to every box on
roads beingoverwhelmed by civilians who
are evacuating, it can all be done remotely,
and dynamically.
ADVANTAGES
1. The 4G systems will interoperate with
2G and 3G systems, as well as with
digital(broadband) broadcasting systems.
In addition, 4G systems will be fully IPbasedwireless Internet.
2. 4G in principle will allow high-quality
smooth video transmission.
3. In 3G only very short music clips can be
downloaded. 4G is likely to enable
thedownload of full length songs or music
pieces which may change the market
responsedramatically. Music rights will be
a major issue to solve.
4. 3G and 4G Mobile operators have
demanded products that will offer PC
capabilitiesin a PDA form factor.

5. Fourth-generation (4G) cellular

services, intended to provide mobile data
at rates of100Mbits/sec or more.
CONCLUSION
4G provide with a very efficient and
reliable wireless communication system
forseamless roaming over various network
including internet which uses IP network.
It will be implemented in the coming
years which are a miracle in the field of
communication engineering technology.
It will dominate the wireless
communications, and its converged system
willreplace most conventional wireless
infrastructure.
REFERENCES
1) Communication Systems
2) www.comsoc.org
3) www.techonline.com
4) www.ieee.org