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    BJT Load Line

    Uploaded by

    SunilAjmeera
    The document discusses transistor biasing and establishing an operating point (Q-point). The Q-point is the intersection of the transistor's output characteristics curve and the load line, and represents the voltages and currents at which the transistor is operated. It must be set in the active region to allow signal amplification. Biasing circuits are used to stabilize the Q-point against variations in transistor parameters like reverse saturation current and beta that occur due to temperature changes. The document defines stability factors that quantify how well biasing circuits stabilize the Q-point against such parameter variations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    BJT Load Line

    Uploaded by

    SunilAjmeera
    283 views5 pages
    The document discusses transistor biasing and establishing an operating point (Q-point). The Q-point is the intersection of the transistor's output characteristics curve and the load line, and represents the voltages and currents at which the transistor is operated. It must be set in the active region to allow signal amplification. Biasing circuits are used to stabilize the Q-point against variations in transistor parameters like reverse saturation current and beta that occur due to temperature changes. The document defines stability factors that quantify how well biasing circuits stabilize the Q-point against such parameter variations.

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    The document discusses transistor biasing and establishing an operating point (Q-point). The Q-point is the intersection of the transistor's output characteristics curve and the load line, and represents the voltages and currents at which the transistor is operated. It must be set in the active region to allow signal amplification. Biasing circuits are used to stabilize the Q-point against variations in transistor parameters like reverse saturation current and beta that occur due to temperature changes. The document defines stability factors that quantify how well biasing circuits stabilize the Q-point against such parameter variations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    283 views5 pages

    BJT Load Line

    Uploaded by

    SunilAjmeera
    The document discusses transistor biasing and establishing an operating point (Q-point). The Q-point is the intersection of the transistor's output characteristics curve and the load line, and represents the voltages and currents at which the transistor is operated. It must be set in the active region to allow signal amplification. Biasing circuits are used to stabilize the Q-point against variations in transistor parameters like reverse saturation current and beta that occur due to temperature changes. The document defines stability factors that quantify how well biasing circuits stabilize the Q-point against such parameter variations.

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    Transistor Biasing Q Or Quiescent Point, DC Load Line, AC Load Line, Stablity Factor

    Q- point or quiescent or operating point of BJT


    Q-point is an acronym for quiescent point. Q-point is the operating point of the
    transistor (ICQ,VCEQ) at which it is biased. The concept of Q-point is used when
    transistor act as an amplifying device and hence is operated in active region of
    input output characteristics. To operate the BJT at a point it is necessary to provide
    voltages and currents through external sources.
    Importance of q point in transistor
    Normally whatever signals we want to amplify will be of the order milli volts or less.
    If we directly input these signals to the amplifier they will not get amplified as
    transistor needs voltages greater than cut in voltages for it to be in active region.
    Only in active region of operation transistor acts as amplifier. So we can establish
    appropriate DC voltages and currents through BJT by external sources so that BJT
    operates in active region and superimpose the AC signals to be amplified. The DC
    voltage and current are so chosen that the transistor remains in active region for
    entire AC signal excursion. All the input AC signals variations happen around Qpoint.

    Q-point is generally taken to be the intersection point of load line with the output
    characteristics of the transistor. There can be infinite number of intersection points
    but q-point is selected in such a way that irrespective of AC input signal swing the
    transistor remain in active region.

    DC load line
    The dc load line is the locus of I C and VCE at which BJT remains in active region i.e. it
    represents all the possible combinations of IC and VCE for a given amplifier.

    Procedure to draw DC load line


    To draw DC load line of a transistor we need to find the saturation current and
    cutoff voltage. The saturation current is the maximum possible current through the
    transistor and occurs at the point where the voltage across the collector is
    minimum. The cutoff voltage is the maximum possible voltage across the collector
    and occurs at zero collector current. A common emitter amplifier is shown the
    figure below

    The

    biasing and blocking capacitors

    acts

    as

    open circuit for DC signals hence

    can

    be

    represented

    by

    open

    circuit

    terminals.

    The DC equivalent of amplifier is

    shown

    the figure.

    in

    From the DC equivalent circuit by applying Kirchoffs voltage Law in collector


    loop in
    Vce = Vcc Rc *Ic
    The two points on the line are found as follows

    (Equation 1)

    Cutoff point : To find the cutoff point equate the collector current to zero(actually
    in cutoff the collector current is I COwhich will be of micro amperes order and hence
    can be assumed to be zero). In equation 1 equating Ic to zero the cutoff point is (Vcc,
    0).
    Saturation point : To find the saturation point equate the collector voltage to
    zero(actually in saturation the collector voltage will be around o.2 Volts which is
    small and hence can be assumed to be zero). In equation 1 equating Vce to zero the
    cutoff point is (0, Vcc/Rc).
    (Vcc, 0) is cut off point where transistor enters in to cut off region from active region
    and (0, Vcc/Rc) is saturation point where the transistor enters saturation region.

    AC load line:
    DC load line analysis gives the variation of collector currents and voltage for static
    situation of Zero AC voltage. The ac load line tells you the maximum possible output
    voltage swing for a given common-emitter amplifier i.e. the ac load line will tell you
    the maximum possible peak-to-peak output voltage V ce(cut off) from a given amplifier.
    For AC input signal frequencies the biasing capacitors are chosen such that they
    acts as short circuits and as open circuits for DC voltages. Hence the AC signal
    equivalent circuit is shown in the figure below along with the AC load line

    From the AC equivalent circuit we will get

    Vce =
    The

    (Rc//Rl)*Ic
    AC

    output

    Vce can

    quiescent

    at

    most

    Vceq (since

    normally

    chosen

    such a way that the maximum input

    in

    the

    have

    point

    is

    signal

    excursion is symmetrical on both

    negative

    and positive half cycles i.e Vmax= +

    Vceq and

    Vmin =

    -Vceq so that the transistor

    stays in active region for entire input signal excursion ), hence the maximum
    current for that corresponding Vceq is Vceq / (Rc//Rl). Also output collector current can
    be at most Icq hence the maximum voltage for that corresponding I cq is Icq*(Rc//Rl).
    Hence by adding quiescent currents the end points of AC load line are
    Ic(sa)t = Icq+ Vceq/(Rc//Rl) and Vce(off) = Vceq+ Icq*(Rc//Rl)

    Below is the graph showing DC and AC load lines

    Why stabilization of operating point is needed?


    In practice the operating point varies shifts due to drift in temperature e.t.c. As
    temperature increases Ico, , Vbe gets affected. The reverse saturation current almost
    doubles for every 10 degree rise in collector junction temperature. The base to
    emitter voltage decreases by 2.5 milli volts for every one degree rise in
    temperature. Hence the operating point should be stabilized against the variations
    in temperature so that it remains stable. To achieve this biasing circuits are
    introduced.
    Biasing circuits for BJT
    The main aim of biasing circuits is to stabilize the transistors operating point
    irrespective of variations in Ico, , Vbe which vary because of varying temperature.
    Mainly the variation of Ico with temperature is a significant one and has to be taken
    care of.
    Stability factors
    To quantify how good these these biasing circuits are in stabilizing the operating
    point stability factors are defined with respect to variation in these transistor
    parameters.
    Stability Factor S = Ic/Ico
    Similarly S = Ic/ , S= Ic/ Vbe
    (Hand out on Biasing circuits is also uploaded)

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