INFO INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Coimbatore 641 107
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
GE6162
ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY
GROUP B (ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS)
LAB MANUAL
I YEAR
I SEMESTER
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
2013 REGULATION
(Common to all B.E. / B.Tech. Degree Programmes)
INFO INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Coimbatore 641 107
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
SUBJECT CODE :GE6162
ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY
GROUP B (ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS)
(REGULATION 2013)
NAME
ROLL NO
BRANCH
YEAR & SEMESTER
Electrical Safety Guidelines
No power laboratory should be performed without a Faculty or Technicians present.
Before equipment is made live, circuit connections and layout should be checked by a Faculty.
Never make any changes to circuits or mechanical layout without first isolating the circuit by
switching off and removing connections to supplies.
Be familiar with the electrical hazards associated with your workplace.
You may only enter the laboratory when authorized to do so and at authorized times.
Be as careful for the safety of others as for yourself. Think before you act. Be tidy and
systematic.
Avoid bulky, loose or trailing clothes. Avoid long loose hair. Remove metal bracelets or
watchstraps.
Do not take food or drink into the laboratory. Avoid wet hands and clothing.
Use extension cords only when necessary and only on a temporary basis.
Discard damaged cords, cords that become hot, or cords with exposed wiring.
Know the correct handling procedures for batteries, cells, capacitors, inductors and other high
energy-storage devices.
Voltages above 50 V rms ac and 50 V dc are always dangerous. Extra precautions should be
considered as voltage levels are increased.
Experiments left unattended should be isolated from the supplies.
Equipment found to be faulty in any way should be reported immediately and not used until it
is inspected and declared safe.
When you are mentally or physically tired, avoid work on energized circuits.
Don't depend on switches to de-energize a circuit. Pull the plug out from the socket/outlet.
GE6162 ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY
GROUP B (ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS)
III ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE
10 Hours
1. Residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and energy meter.
2. Fluorescent lamp wiring.
3. Stair case wiring
4. Measurement of electrical quantities - voltage, current, power & power factor in RLC circuit.
5. Measurement of energy using single phase energy meter.
6. Measurement of resistance to earth of an electrical equipment.
IV ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE
13 Hours
1. Study of Electronic components and equipments - Resistor colour coding, measurement of
AC signal parameter (peak-peak, rms period, frequency) using CRO.
2. Study of logic gates AND, OR, EOR and NOT.
3. Generation of Clock Signal.
4. Soldering practice - Components Devices and Circuits - Using general purpose PCB.
5. Measurement of ripple factor of HWR and FWR.
Ex. No
Date
Name of the Experiment
Page
No.
Sign
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING PRACTICE
GROUP B ELECTRICAL
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and
energy meter.
2. Fluorescent lamp wiring.
3. Stair case wiring
4. Measurement of electrical quantities - voltage, current, power &
power factor in RLC circuit.
5. Measurement of energy using single phase energy meter.
6. Measurement of resistance to earth of an electrical equipment.
EX.NO :
DATE :
RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING USING
SWITCHES, FUSE, INDICATOR, LAMP AND
ENERGY METER
AIM:
To construct the residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and energy
meter.
THEORY:
Conductors, switches and other accessories should be capable of carrying the maximum
current which will flow through them. Conductors should be of copper or aluminum. In power
circuit, wiring should be designed for the load which it is supposed to carry current. Power sub
circuits should be kept separate from lighting and fan sub-circuits. Wiring should be done on the
distribution system with main branch distribution boards at convenient centers. Wring should be
neat, with good appearance. Wire should pass through a pipe or box, and should not twist or
cross. The conductor is carried in a rigid steel conduit conforming to standards or in a porcelain
tube.
A switch is used to make or break the electric circuit. It must make the contact finely.
Under some abnormal conditions it must retain its rigidity and keep its alignment between switch
contacts. The fuse arrangement is made to break the circuit in the fault or overloaded conditions.
The energy meter is used to measure the units (kWh) consumed by the load.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
COMPONENTS
QUANTITY
1.
Bulb holder
2.
Bulb
3.
Single way switch(5Amps)
4.
Switch box
5.
Connecting wires
As required
6.
Main switch
7.
Energy meter
8.
Indicator
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The metal covering of all appliances are to be properly earthed in order to avoid
electrical shock due to leakage or failure of insulation.
2. Every line has to be protected by a fuse of suitable rating as per the requirement.
PROCEDURE:
1. Mark the location of electrical items on the given wooden board.
2. Mark lines for wiring on the wooden board.
3. The required length of PVC pipe can be fixed along the line with the help of clips.
4. The wires of required length and colour were chosen and the wiring is being made
through PVC pipe.
5. The bulb holder and switches are fixed in the corresponding location.
6. Use the red colour wire for phase line to the bulb through switch.
7. The other terminal of the bulb is connected to the neutral line black in colour.
8. The red and black wire terminals are connected to main switch.
9. Check the lamp, indicator and plug point.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
RESULT:
Thus the simple house wiring by using switches, fuse, indicator, filament lamps and
energy meter was studied.
VIVA QUESTIONS :
1. What is the use of energy meter?
Energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a
residence, a business, or an electrically powered device.
2. What do the three holes in a socket represent?
Phase or live wire, Neutral wire and earth wire
3. What is the difference between earth and neutral?
The role of Neutral point (Neutral wire) is to close the circuit and carry the consumer
load current (return current) back to the transformer point) while the earth point (earth
wire at consumer premises) shall carry no current in normal situations.
4. What is the use of fuse?
A fuse is nothing more than a short length of wire designed to melt and separate in the
event of excessive current. Fuses are always connected in series with the component(s) to
be protected from over current.
5. Why the tester glows in line not in neutral?
Tester always lights up due to potential difference between phase and earth. Neutral is at
zero potential from earth so the tester does not glow.
EX.NO :
DATE :
FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING
AIM:
To make connections of a fluorescent lamp wiring and to study the accessories of the
same.
THEORY:
1. The electrode of the starter which is enclosed in a gas bulb filled with argon gas, cause
discharge in the argon gas with consequent heating.
2. Due to heating, the bimetallic strip bends and causes in the starter to close. After this, the
choke, the filaments (tube ends) to tube and starter becomes connected in series.
3. When the current flows through the tube end filaments the heat is produced. During the
process the discharge in the starter tube disappears and the contacts in the starter move apart.
4. When sudden break in the circuit occur due to moving apart of starter terminals, this causes a
high value of e.m.f to be induced in the choke.
5. According to Lenzs, the direction of induced e.m.f in the choke will try to oppose the fall of
current in the circuit.
6. The voltage thus acting across the tube ends will be high enough to cause a discharge to occur
in the gas inside the tube. Thus the starts giving light.
7. The fluorescent lamp is a low pressure mercury lamp and is a long evacuated tube. It contains
a small amount of mercury and argon gas at 2.5 mm pressure. At the time of switching in the
tube mercury is in the form of small drops. Therefore, to start the tube, filling up of argon gas is
necessary. So, in the beginning, argon gas starts burning at the ends of the tube; the mercury is
heated and controls the current and the tube starts giving light. At each end of the tube, there is a
tungsten electrode which is coated with fast electron emitting material. Inside of the tube is
coated with phosphor according to the type of light.
8. A starter helps to start the start the tube and break the circuit. The choke coil is also called
blast. It has a laminated core over which enameled wire is wound. The function of the choke is to
increase the voltage to almost 1000V at the time of switching on the tube and when the tube
starts working, it reduces the voltage across the tube and keeps the currents constant.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
COMPONENTS
Fluorescent Lamp Fixture
Fluorescent Lamp
Choke
Starter
Wires
QUANTITY
1
1
1
1
As Required
PROCEDURE:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram as shown in figure.
2. Fix the tube holder and the choke in the tube.
3. The phase wire is connected to the choke and neutral directly to the tube
4. Connect the starter in series with the tube.
5. The wiring connections are then tested by giving power supply.
WIRING DIAGRAM
RESULT:
Thus the fluorescent tube wiring has been constructed and the working is tested.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the use of starter?
A glow starter or commonly known as starter is used in the tube light circuit to provide an
initial current to filaments of the tube light.
2. What is the use of choke?
All arc discharge lamps need a choke to limit current. Also, it provide high voltage pulse
required for starting of lamp.
3. Name the gas present inside the tube light.
A fluorescent lamp tube is filled with a gas containing low pressure mercury vapor and
argon, xenon, neon, or krypton.
4. What is present inside the starter?
A starter is actually a capacitor connected in parallel with a fluorescent lamp. To strike
this lamp a sudden spark of current discharge is required in the tube. The starter supplies
this initial spark. When a tube light is connected to the supply, the starter charges. On
reaching the striking voltage, the starter discharges and a sudden current flows in the tube
ionizing the gas and giving it the glow. And after this starter current becomes nil.
5. What is the life of fluorescent lamp?
Compared to incandescent bulbs, fluorescent lamps are long-lived. Many are rated
at 20,000 or even 30,000 hours of life (which is about 3 years).
EX.NO :
DATE :
STAIR CASE WIRING
AIM:
To control the status of the given lamp by using two way switches.
THEORY:
1. A two way switch is installed near the first step of the stairs. The other two way switch is
installed at the upper part where the stair ends.
2. The light point is provided between first and last stair at an adequate location and height if the
light is switched on by the lower switch. It can be switched off by the switch at the top or vice
versa.
3. The circuit can be used at the places like bed room where the person may not have to travel for
switching off the light to the place from where the light is switched on.
4. Two numbers of two-way switches are used for the purpose. The supply is given to the switch
at the short circuited terminals.
5. The connection to the light point is taken from the similar short circuited terminal of the
second switch. Order two independent terminals of each circuit are connected through
cables.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
COMPONENTS
Incandescent Lamp
Lamp Holder
SPDT Switch
Wires
P.V.C Pipe
TYPE
100W
Pendent Type
230V,5A
1/18
1/4"
QUANTITY
1
1
1
1
As Required
PROCEDURE:
1. Place the accessories on the wiring board as per the circuit diagram.
2. Place the P.V.C pipe and insert two wires into the P.V.C pipe.
3. Take one wire connect one end to the phase side and other end to the middle point of
SPDT switch 1
4. Upper point of SPDT switch 1 is connected to the lower point of SPDT switch2.
5. Lower point of SPDT 1 is connected to the upper point SPDT switch2.
6. Another wire taken through a P.V.C pipe and middle point of SPDT switch 2 is
connected to one end of the lamp holder.
7. Another end of lamp holder is connected to neutral line.
8. Screw the accessories on the board and switch on the supply.
9. Circuit is tested for all possible combination of switch position.
LAYOUT DIAGRAM
WIRING DIAGRAM
TABULATION:
SWITCH POSITION TABLE:
DIRECT CONNECTION
Position of the switch(S1)
Position of the switch(S2)
ON
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
ON
Condition of lamp (L)
INDIRECT CONNECTION
Position of the switch(S1)
Position of the switch(S2)
ON
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
ON
Condition of lamp (L)
RESULT:
Thus the staircase wiring for the bulb was prepared and tested.
VIVA - QUESTIONS
1. Why are parallel connections used in household wiring?
Parallel circuit connection is very common in use. Various lamps and electrical
appliances in our homes are connected in parallel so that each of the lamps or bobs and
appliances can be operated independently. For us to have control over the individual
lamps or loads, they have to be wired in parallel.
2. What is the power consumption of commonly called zero watt lamp?
It is called a zero watts bulb as it consumes relatively low power, around 15 W.
3. Mention the types of electrical switches commonly used.
SPST (Single Pole Single Through)
SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw)
DPST (Double Pole, Single Throw)
DPDT (Double Pole Double Throw)
4. What is the advantage of using two way switch?
One advantage of two-way switches is allowing the control of a single device like a
light from two locations; typically used in long hallways so you do not have to walk all
the way to the other end in total darkness.
5. Draw the symbol of two way switch.
EX.NO:
DATE:
MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES
VOLTAGE, CURRENT, POWER AND POWER
FACTOR IN RLC CIRCUIT
AIM:
To measure the electrical quantities voltage, current, power and to calculate power
factor for RLC circuit.
THEORY:
Power in an electric circuit can be measured using a wattmeter. A wattmeter consists of
two coils, namely current coil and pressure coil or potential coil. The current coil is marked as
ML and pressure coil is marked as CV. The current coil measures the quantity that is proportional
to the current in the circuit and the pressure measures quantity that is proportional to voltage in
the circuit. An ammeter is connected in series to the wattmeter to measure the current. A
voltmeter is connected in parallel to wattmeter to measure voltage. The power factor of the
circuit is calculated using the formula.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Components
Range/Type
Quantity
Voltmeter
(0-300)V, MI type
Ammeter
(0-10)A, MI type
Wattmeter
300V, 10A, UPF/LPF
Autotransformer
1KVA, 230/(0-270)V
Resistive, inductive & capacitive load
Connecting wire
As per required
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TABULATION:
Voltage (V)
S.No
Current(A)
Wattmeter Reading
Observed
Reading
FORMULA:
Actual power = Observed reading x multiplication factor in KW
Apparent power = VI in KVA
Power factor, Cos
= (Actual power) / (Apparent power)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram
Actual
Reading
Power Factor
2. Switch on the supply and vary the auto transformer to build the rated voltage.
3. Vary the load according to current values are increasing linearly for different ratings.
4. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings.
5. After taking all the reading, bring the voltage back to minimum in the auto transformer.
6. Switch off the power supply. Remove the connections.
7. Calculate the power factor using the formula.
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Thus the electrical quantities voltage, current and power are measured for RLC load
and corresponding power factor is calculated.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.
Define voltage, Current and Resistance.
Voltage is the difference in charge between two points.
Current is the rate at which charge is flowing.
Resistance is a materials tendency to resist the flow of charge (current).
2. Define power
Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted to another
form, such as motion, heat, or an electromagnetic field. The standard unit is the watt,
symbolized by W. In utility circuits, the kilowatt (kW) is often specified instead;
1 kW = 1000 W.
3. Define power factor.
The ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product of the
r.m.s. values of current and voltage. The difference between the two is caused by
reactance in the circuit and represents power that does no useful work.
4. Mention the types of power in AC circuit
Active power (P), (or) real power : watt (W)
Reactive power (Q) , volt-ampere reactive (var)
Apparent power (S|), volt-ampere (VA)
5. Draw power triangle
EX.NO :
DATE :
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING SINGLE
PHASE ENERGY METER
AIM:
To measure the energy using single phase energy meter at UPF load condition.
THEORY:
Energy meters are interesting instruments and are used for measurements of energy in a
circuit over a given period of time. Since the working principle of such instrument is based on
electromagnetic induction, these are known as induction type energy meters. There are two coils
in an induction type energy meter namely current coil (CC) and voltage coil (VC), the current
coil is connected in series with the load while the voltage coil is connected across the load. The
aluminum disc experiences deflecting torque due to eddy current induced in it and its rotation are
counted by a gear train mechanism.
The rating associated with the energy meter are:
1. Voltage rating 2. Current rating 3. Frequency rating 4. Meter constant
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Range
Type
Quantity
Name of the
Equipment
Voltmeter
(0 300) V
M.I
Ammeter
(0 10) A
M.I
Wattmeter
300V, 10A
UPF
1 Variable
resistive load
5 kW
Connecting wires
As Required
Stop watch
Digital
S.No
PRECAUTIONS:
1) There should be no load at the time of starting.
2) The connections must be made proper for UPF.
PROCEDURE:
1) The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2) The DPST switch is closed and no load is applied at the starting.
3) Increase the load in steps and note down the voltage, current, wattmeter reading. The time
taken for 10 revolutions of the aluminum disc in the energy meter is also noted using stop
watch.
4) Calculate the energy consumed at each loading by using the given formula.
5) Switch off the loads in steps and turn off the supply.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TABULATION:
Multiplication factor:
S.No
Voltmeter
reading
(V)
Ammeter
reading
(A)
Time for 10
revolutions
(Sec)
Wattmeter reading
(W)
In
In
Sec
Hour
Observed
value
Actual
value
Wattmeter
reading
(KW)
Energy
Consumed
(KWhr)
FORMULAE USED:
Actual value = Multiplication factor x Observed value
Energy Consumed in KWhr = Wattmeter reading in KW x Time for 10 revolutions in hours
MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Thus the energy consumed by the lamp load is measured using single phase energy meter.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define energy and its unit.
Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work. Energy exists in several
forms such as heat, kinetic or mechanical energy, light, potential energy, electrical, or other
forms. Unit of energy is KWhr.
2. What type of instrument is energy meter?
For measurement of energy in a.c. circuit, the meter used is based on electro-magnetic
induction principle. They are known as induction type instruments.
3. How much is 1 unit of energy consumed?
1 Unit = 1KWhr
4. What are the terminals S1, S2, L1 and L2 in an energy meter symbol refer to?
S1, S2 Supply
L1, L2 - Load
5. Refrigerator runs 24 hours a day. Let's assume you bought a model that uses only 300 watts.
Calculate the energy consumed in a month.
300 watts x 24 hours = 7,200 watt-hours per day
7,200 watt-hours per day / 1000 = 7.2 kWh per day
7.2 kWh per day x 30 days = 216 kWh per month
EX.NO :
DATE :
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH OF
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
AIM:
The aim is to measure the earth resistance by an earth tester.
THEORY:
Earthing means generally connected to the mass of the earth. It shall be in such a means
as to ensure at all times an immediate & safe discharge of electric current due to leakage, fault
etc. All metallic parts of every electrical insulation such as conduit, metallic sheathing, metallic
panels, motor, gear, Transformer regulator shall be earthed using continuous bus wire if one earth
bus for installation is found impracticable move than one earthing system shall be introduced the
earthing conductors when taken outdoors to the earthing point, shall be incased in pipe securely
supported and continued up to point not less than 0.3m below the ground. No joints are permitted
in earth bus whenever there is lighting conductors system installed in a building. Its earthing
shall not be bonded to the earthing of electric installation. Before the electric supply on apparatus
is energized all earthing system shall be tested for electrical resistance to ensure efficient
earthing. It shall not be more than 2ohms including the ohmic value of earth electrode.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. no
Name
Range
Quantity
Ball-pen Hammer
Kg
Galvanized Iron Rods
Earth Tester(Megger)
Connecting wires
MEGGER CONSTRUCTION DIAGRAM
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
1. CURRENT ELECTRODE
2. POTENTIAL ELECTRODE
3. EARTH
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No Distance Between Electrode(Feet)
Resistance(Ohms)
PROCEDURE:
1. Link the Current and pressure coil terminals C1, P1, C2 and P2 externally to the earth
electrode.
2. Manually rotate the hand driven generator at the normal speed.
3. Select a suitable resistance (10 or 100 or 1000 ohms).
4. Observe the meter readings from the earth tester and find the earth resistance.
RESULT:
Thus the earth resistance was measured in the given area.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the normal value of earth resistance?
For perfect earthing it should be zero ohms. Practically
at site it 1-5 ohms.
2. What is the resistance of human body?
Human body has different resistances, when dry, resistance is 100.000 ohms. When wet
because of sweat or water, resistance is only 1,000 ohms.
3. How much current or voltage can a normal human withstand?
In any case it's not voltage that kills, but current. 25 to 100 milliamps will do the job in
most circumstances.
4. What is the need for earthing?
The primary purpose of earthing is to avoid or minimize the danger of electrocution, fire
due to earth leakage of current through undesired path.
5. What are the factors affecting earth resistivity?
1. Soil resistivity 2. Soil Condition 3. Moisture
4. Area available
