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Maths Class 11 Chapter 5 Part

This document discusses key concepts related to quadratic equations, including: 1. The relationship between the signs of the coefficients a, b, and c and the nature of the roots. If a>0, b<0, c>0 the roots will be positive. 2. Relationships between the coefficients and sums and products of the roots. The sum of the roots is -b/a and the product is c/a. 3. Conditions for common roots between two quadratic equations. The equations can have one common root if a certain determinant is non-zero, or both roots are common if the coefficients are in the same ratio. 4. Properties of the graph of a quadratic expression y

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109 views9 pages

Maths Class 11 Chapter 5 Part

This document discusses key concepts related to quadratic equations, including: 1. The relationship between the signs of the coefficients a, b, and c and the nature of the roots. If a>0, b<0, c>0 the roots will be positive. 2. Relationships between the coefficients and sums and products of the roots. The sum of the roots is -b/a and the product is c/a. 3. Conditions for common roots between two quadratic equations. The equations can have one common root if a certain determinant is non-zero, or both roots are common if the coefficients are in the same ratio. 4. Properties of the graph of a quadratic expression y

Uploaded by

sagar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Maths Class 11 Chapter 5 Part -1 Quadratic equations

(vii) If a > 0, b < 0, c > 0, a < 0, b > 0, c < 0} =>


Both roots are positive, provided D0
(viii) If sign of a = sign of b sign of c => Greater root in magnitude is
negative.
(ix) If sign of b = sign of c . sign of a => Greater root in magnitude is
positive.
(x) If a + b + c = 0 => One root is 1 and second root is c/a.
Relation between Roots and Coefficients
1. Quadratic Equation: If roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) are
and , then
Sum of roost = S = + = -b/a = coefficient of x / coefficient of x2 Product of
roots = P =
* = c/a = constant term / coefficient of x2
2. Cubic Equation: If , and are the roots of cubic equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
= 0 Then,
g

3. Biquadratic Equation: If , , and are the roots of the biquadratic equation ax 4


+ bx3 +cx2 + dx + e = 0, then

Symmetric Roots: If roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) are and


, then

Formation of Polynomial Equation from Given Roots


If a1, a2 a3,, an are the roots of an nth degree equation, then the equation is x n
S1Xn 1 +S2Xn 2 S3Xn 3 ++( _l)n Sn = 0 where Sn denotes the sum of the products
of roots taken n at a time.
1.Quadratic Equation
If and are the roots of a quadratic equation, then the equation is x 2 S1X + S2 = 0
i.e., x2 ( + ) x + = 0
2. Cubic Equation
If , and are the roots of cubic equation, then the equation is

3. Biquadratic Equation
If , , and are the roots of a biquadratic equation, then the equation is

Equation In Terms of the Roots of another Equation


If , are roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then the equation whose roots
are.

The quadratic function f(x) = ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c is always resolvable
into linear
factor, iff
abc + 2fgh af2 bg2 ch2 = 0

Condition for Common Roots in a Quadratic Equation


1. Only One Root is Common
If be the common root of quadratic equations
a1x2 + b1x + C1 = 0,
and a2x2 + b2x + C2 = 0,
then a1a2 + b1 + C1 = 0,
and a2a2 + b2 + C2 = 0,
By Cramers Rule

Hence, the condition for only one root common is


(c1a2 c2a1)2 = (b1c2 b2c1)(a1b2 a2b1)
2. Both Roots are Common
The required condition is
a1 / a2 = b1 / b2 = c1 / c2
(i) To find the common root of two equations, make the coefficient of second degree
term in the two equations equal and subtract. The value of x obtained is the required
common root.
(ii) Two different quadratic equations with rational coefficient can not have single
common root which is complex or irrational as imaginary and surd roots always occur
in pair.
Properties of Quadratic Equation
(i) f(a) . f(b) < 0, then at least one or in general odd number of roots of the equation
f(x) = 0 lies between a and b.

(ii) f( a) . f( b) > 0, then in


general even number of
roots of the equation f(x) =
0 lies between a
and b or no root exist f(a) =
f(b), then there exists a
point c between a and b
such that f'(c) = 0,
a < c < b.
(iii) If the roots of the
quadratic equation a1x2 +
b1x + c1 = 0, a2x2 + b2x +
c2 = 0 are in the ratio
(i.e., &alpha1;/1 = &alpha2;/2), then
b12 / b22 = a1c1 / a2c2.
(iv) If one root is k times the other root of the quadratic equation ax 2
+ bx + c = 0 ,then
(k + 1)2 / k = b2 / ac
Quadratic Expression
An expression of the form ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c R and a 0
is called a quadratic
expression in x .
1. Graph of a Quadratic Expression
We have
y = ax2 + bx + c = f(x)

Let y + D/4a = Y and x + D / 2a = X


Y = a * X2 => X2 = Y / a
(i) The graph of the curve y = f(x) is parabolic.
(ii) The axis of parabola is X = 0 or x + b / 2a = 0 i.e., (parallel to Yaxis).
(iii) If a > 0, then the parabola opens upward.
If a < 0, then the parabola opens downward.

2. Position of y = ax2 +bx + c with Respect to Axes.


(i) For D > 0, parabola cuts X-axis in two real and distinct points
i.e, x = -b D / 2a

(ii) For D = 0, parabola touch X-axis in one point, x = b/2a.


(

(iii) For D < O,parabola does not cut X-axis (i.e., imaginary value of x)

Sign of Quadratic Expression


(i) a > 0 and D < 0, so f(x) > 0 for all x R i.e., f(x) is positive for all real
values of x.
(ii) a < 0 and D < 0, so f(x) < 0 for all x R i.e., f(x) is negative for all real
values of x.
(iii) a > 0 and D = 0, so f(x) 0 for all x R i.e., f(x) is positive for all real
values of x except
at vertex, where f(x) = 0.
(iv) a < 0 and D = 0, so f(x) 0 for all x R i.e., f(x) is negative for all real
values of x except
at vertex, where f(x) = 0.
(v) a > 0 and D > 0
Let f(x) = o have two real roots and ( < ), then f(x) > 0 for x (- , )
(,) and f (x)

< 0 for all x (, ).


(vi) a < 0 and D > 0
Let f(x) = 0 have two real roots and ( < ). Then, f(x) < 0 for all x (- ,
) (,) and
f(x) > 0 for all
x (, ). ,
Intervals of Roots
In some problems, we want the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 to lie in
a given interval.
For this we impose conditions on a, b and c.
Since, a 0, we can take f(x) = x2 + b/a x + c/a.
(i) Both the roots are positive i.e., they lie in (0,), if and only if roots are real,
the sum of the
roots as well as the product of the roots is positive.
+ = -b/a > 0 and = c/a > 0 with b2 4ac 0
Similarly, both the roots are negative i.e., they lie in (- ,0) ifF roots are real,
the sum of the
roots is negative and the product of the roots is positive.
i.e., + = -b/a < 0 and = c/a > 0 with b2 4ac 0
10 | P a g e
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(ii) Both the roots are greater than a given number k, iFf the following
conditions are satisfied
D 0, -b/2a > k and f(k) > 0

(iii) Both .the roots are less than a given number k, iff the following conditions
are satisfied
D 0, -b/2a > k and f(k) > 0
(iv) Both the roots lie in a given interval (k1, k2), iff the following conditions
are satisfied
D 0,k1 < -b/2a < k2 and f(k1) > 0, f(k2) > 0

(v) Exactly one of the roots lie in a given interval (k1, k2), iff

f(k1) f(k2) < 0

(vi) A given number k lies between the roots iff f(k) < O. In particular, the
roots of the equation
will be of opposite sign, iff 0 lies between the roots.
f(0) < 0

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