8/28/16
5
Ways
to
Subset
Logical
logical
vector
where
TRUEs
denote
the
elements
in
the
subset
Posi+on
integer
vector
with
the
posiDons
of
the
elements
in
the
subset
Exclusion
vector
of
negaDve
integers
for
posiDons
to
exclude
from
subset
Name
character
vector
of
names
of
elements
in
the
subset
(object
must
have
named
elements)
All
all
elements
are
in
the
subset!
Subse,ng
Subset
by
logical
logical
T
F
T
F
F
F
T
T
F
F
F
F
F
F
Subset
by
posiDon
age
73
33
79
47
27
33
67
52
59
27
55
24
46
48
age
subset
position
1
73
79
67
52
73
33
79
47
27
33
67
52
59
27
55
24
46
48
subset
73
79
67
52
8/28/16
Subset
by
posiDon
Subset
by
exclusion
age
position
age
subset
73
33
79
47
27
33
67
52
59
27
55
24
46
48
1
8
7
3
73
52
67
79
"a"
"c"
"g"
"h"
name
"a"
"b"
"c"
"d"
"e"
"f"
"g"
"h"
"i"
"j"
"k"
"l"
"m"
"n"
age
73
33
79
47
27
33
67
52
59
27
55
24
46
48
-2
-4
-5
-6
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
-14
Subset
by
name
name
exclusion
subset
73
79
67
52
73
33
79
47
27
33
67
52
59
27
55
24
46
48
subset
73
79
67
52
Examples
of
Subsets
1. Ages
of
those
who
are
not
overweight
2. Weights
of
women
in
the
family
3. Genders
of
those
over
50
years
old
and
under
70
inches
tall
4. BMI
of
the
tallest
member
of
the
family
5. Height
elements
a,
c,
f
6. BMI
of
every
other
person
in
the
family
7. New
vector
of
last
names
all
Smith
8/28/16
1.
Ages
of
overweight
family
members
Ages
of
the
overweight
family
members
> fage[foverWt]
[1] 77 33 67 59 27 55
2.
Weights
of
women
in
the
family
Create
a
logical
expression
that
idenDes
the
women
in
the
family
> fsex == "f"
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE
[8] TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
Ages
of
those
who
are
not
over
weight
> fage[!foverWt]
This
is
[1] 33 79 47 27 52 24 46 48 Boolean
Algebra
Use
this
logical
expression
to
subset
the
vector
fweight
This
is
a
> fweight[fsex == "f"]
RelaDonal
[1] 124 98 190 124 166 125
OperaDon
Logical/RelaDonal
Operators
Logical/RelaDonal
OperaDons
In
addiDon
to
operators
such
as
+,
-,
*,
and
/,
R
also
has
logical
operators
These
are
relaDonal
operators
>,
<,
>=,
<=,
!=,
and
==
These
return
logical
values
(TRUE
or
FALSE)
They
are
also
vectorized
operaDons
8/28/16
Examples
> 4 < 3
[1] FALSE
> "a" == "A"
[1] FALSE
> 4
[1]
> 6
[1]
!= 3
TRUE
>= 6
TRUE
> fweight > 150
[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE
[9] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
TRUE FALSE
> fsex !="m"
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE
[9] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
TRUE
> fbmi
[1] 25.16239 21.50106 24.45884 24.48414 18.51492
[6] 28.94981 28.18797 20.67783 26.66430 30.04911
[11] 26.05364 22.64384 24.26126 22.91060
> fbmi == 25.16239
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
What
is
printed
at
the
console
need
not
be
idenDcal
to
the
numeric
value
stored
3.
Genders
of
those
over
50
and
shorter
than
70
Genders
of
the
family
members
who
are
over
50
fsex[fage > 50]
[1] m m m f m f
Levels: f m
Genders
of
those
over
50
years
old
and
under
70
inches
tall
> fsex[fage > 50 & fheight < 70]
[1] m f m f
Levels: f m
Boolean
Algebra
Boolean
algebra
is
a
mathemaDcal
formalizaDon
of
the
truth
or
falsity
of
statements.
It
has
three
operaDons,
not, or,
and
and.
Boolean
algebra
tells
us
how
to
evaluate
the
truth
or
falsity
of
compound
statements
that
are
built
using
these
operaDons.
For
example,
if
A
and
B
are
statements,
some
compound
statements
are
A
and
B
(not
A)
or
B
8/28/16
Two
other
funcDons
The
not
operaDon
just
causes
the
statement
following
it
to
switch
its
truth
value.
So
not
TRUE
is
FALSE
and
not
FALSE
is
TRUE.
The
compound
statement
A
and
B
is
TRUE
only
if
both
A
and
B
are
TRUE.
The
compound
statement
A
or
B
is
TRUE
if
either
or
both
A
or
B
is
TRUE.
In
R,
we
write
!
for
not,
&
for
and, and
|
for
or.
Note:
all
of
these
are
vectorized!
Two
other
useful
funcDons
that
operate
on
logical
vectors
are
all
and
any.
Can
you
guess
what
they
do?
> all(fage > 18)
[1] TRUE
> any(fage < 18)
[1] FALSE
> any(fweight < 150)
[1] TRUE
> all(fweight < 150)
[1] FALSE
4.
BMI
of
the
tallest
family
member
Greatest
height
> max(fheight)
[1] 73
CreaDng
vectors
Element
in
eeight
that
matches
the
tallest
> fbmi[fheight == max(fheight)]
c
24.45884
8/28/16
concatenate
> c(3, 2, 1)
[1] 3 2 1
> c(bob =3, alice = 2,
john = 1)
bob alice john
3 2 1
A
vector
of
three
numbers,
3,
2,
1,
in
that
order
Elements
in
a
vector
this
Dme
with
names
5.
Height
elements
a,
c,
f
> fheight[c(a, c, f)]
a c f
70 73 68
> fheight[c(a, f, f, c)]
a f c f
Note:
Order
of
names
70 68 73 68
determines
order
in
subset
If
we
repeat
a
name
we
get
the
element
mulDple
Dmes
1:3
returns
a
numeric
vector
of
1-apart
values
> 1:3
[1] 1 2 3
> 10:6
[1] 10 9 8 7 6
> 1.1:5.7
[1] 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1
> 5.7:-1.1
[1] 5.7 4.7 3.7 2.7 1.7 0.7 -0.3
seq()
a
richer
version
of
:
>
seq(1,
6,
by
=
2)
[1]
1
3
5
>
seq(1,
6,
length
=
3)
[1]
1.0
3.5
6.0
>
seq(to
=
6,
length
=
3,
by
=
2)
[1]
2
4
6
>
seq(from
=
1,
length
=
3,
by
=
2)
[1]
1
3
5
seq()
has
several
arguments
from
to
by
length
There
are
many
ways
to
call
this
funcDon
8/28/16
6.
BMI
of
every
other
person
> fbmi[seq(from = 1, to = length(fbmi),
by = 2)]
a
c
e
g
i
k
m
25.1 24.4 18.5 28.1 26.6 26.0 24.2
rep()
> rep(3,2)
[1] 3 3
Vector
of
two
threes
> x = c(7,1,3)
> rep(x, 2)
[1] 7 1 3 7 1 3
Repeat
the
vector
2
Dmes
> rep(x, each = 2)
[1] 7 7 1 1 3 3
The
each
argument
repeats
each
element
2
Dmes
> rep(x, c(3, 2, 1)) Vector
of
reps
for
each
element
[1] 7 7 7 1 1 3
7.
Vector
of
last
names
> flastnames = rep(Smith,
times = length(fbmi))
> flastnames =
character(length = length(fbmi))
> flastnames[ ] = Smith
