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    Equivalencing The Collector System of A Large Wind Power Plant

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    Aaron Vergara
    This document discusses methods to equivalently represent the collector system of large wind power plants for modeling and analysis purposes. It presents both an analytical and deductive approach. The analytical approach derives equivalent circuits and impedance formulas based on assumptions about uniform turbine outputs. The deductive approach computes impedances based on measured losses. Comparisons show the deductive approach provides impedances closer to a complete representation. Dividing large plants into subgroups of turbines with similar attributes improves accuracy of equivalent representations.

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    Equivalencing The Collector System of A Large Wind Power Plant

    Uploaded by

    Aaron Vergara
    83 views16 pages
    This document discusses methods to equivalently represent the collector system of large wind power plants for modeling and analysis purposes. It presents both an analytical and deductive approach. The analytical approach derives equivalent circuits and impedance formulas based on assumptions about uniform turbine outputs. The deductive approach computes impedances based on measured losses. Comparisons show the deductive approach provides impedances closer to a complete representation. Dividing large plants into subgroups of turbines with similar attributes improves accuracy of equivalent representations.

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    This document discusses methods to equivalently represent the collector system of large wind power plants for modeling and analysis purposes. It presents both an analytical and deductive approach. The analytical approach derives equivalent circuits and impedance formulas based on assumptions about uniform turbine outputs. The deductive approach computes impedances based on measured losses. Comparisons show the deductive approach provides impedances closer to a complete representation. Dividing large plants into subgroups of turbines with similar attributes improves accuracy of equivalent representations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    83 views16 pages

    Equivalencing The Collector System of A Large Wind Power Plant

    Uploaded by

    Aaron Vergara
    This document discusses methods to equivalently represent the collector system of large wind power plants for modeling and analysis purposes. It presents both an analytical and deductive approach. The analytical approach derives equivalent circuits and impedance formulas based on assumptions about uniform turbine outputs. The deductive approach computes impedances based on measured losses. Comparisons show the deductive approach provides impedances closer to a complete representation. Dividing large plants into subgroups of turbines with similar attributes improves accuracy of equivalent representations.

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    of 16

    Equivalencing the Collector System

    of a Large Wind Power Plant

    Presenter: Ed Muljadi
    National Wind Technology Center
    National Renewable Energy Laboratory
    Golden, Colorado USA
    IEEE Power Engineering Society
    Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    June 1822, 2006

    Disclaimer and Government License


    This work has been authored by Midwest Research Institute (MRI) under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337 with the U.S.
    Department of Energy (the DOE). The United States Government (the Government) retains and the publisher, by accepting
    the work for publication, acknowledges that the Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to
    publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for Government purposes.
    Neither MRI, the DOE, the Government, nor any other agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express
    or implied, or assumes any liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus,
    product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe any privately owned rights. Reference herein to any
    specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or
    imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of the
    authors and/or presenters expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of MRI, the DOE, the Government, or any
    agency thereof.

    Co-authors
    E. Muljadi
    C.P. Butterfield

    A. Ellis
    J. Mechenbier

    J. Hochheimer
    R. Young

    National Renewable Energy Laboratory


    1617 Cole Blvd
    Golden, CO 80401

    Public Service Company of New Mexico


    Alvarado Square, MS 0604
    Albuquerque NM 87158

    FPL Energy LLC


    700 Universe Blvd.
    Juno Beach, FL 33408

    N. Miller
    R. Delmerico

    R. Zavadil
    J.C. Smith

    General Electric International, Inc.


    1 River Road, Bldg. 2-605
    Schenectady, New York 12345

    Utility Wind Integration Group


    2004 Lakebreeze Way
    Reston, VA 20191

    Acknowledgement
    We acknowledge the support of the following:
    U.S. Department of Energy
    Public Service Company of New Mexico
    FPL Energy
    General Electric
    Utility Wind Interest Group (UWIG)
    William Price, from General Electric International Inc., for help
    and discussions during the development of this project

    Issues
    A large wind power plant covers a very large area
    (>100 square miles) and consists of many wind
    turbines (>100).
    The power system network within a power plant is
    intricate, with long line feeders.
    The wind plant representation must be accurate
    enough to maintain the validity of the wind plant
    behavior.
    The wind plant representation must be simple
    enough to be simulated and analyzed.

    Objectives
    Derive an equivalent circuit of a wind power plant.
    The equivalence must be valid for large or small
    wind plant.
    The equivalence must be sufficient to represent the
    behavior of a wind plant under steady-state and
    dynamic conditions.

    136 turbines representation

    Equivalence

    Wind Farm
    (R + jX)

    10998

    10995

    34.5 kV

    345 kV

    jB

    Values to be determined
    10997
    0.570 kV

    10996

    10999

    (0.002+j0.002)
    (0.0014+j0.0828)

    34.5 kV

    Taiban Mesa
    Infinite Bus

    (RXFMR + jXXFMR)
    values to be determined.

    Equivalence to be derived

    Approach
    Analytical approach
    Assumptions made:
    All turbines generate rated currents.
    All currents are identical in magnitude and phase angle.
    Equivalence is based on real and reactive losses.

    Define circuit configurations found in the wind plant.


    Derive the equation representing each circuit configuration.
    Identify the sub-circuits found in the wind plant represented by
    each circuit configuration.
    Combine the sub-circuits found in the entire wind plant, and find
    the equivalence of the wind plant up to the main substation.

    Deduction approach

    Analytical Approach
    Circuit configurations found in the wind plant
    Z1S

    IS
    I1
    Z1
    I1

    Z2
    I2

    Z3

    IS

    I4

    I3

    I1

    Z4

    Z1

    I2

    IS

    (b)

    Figure 3 a) single series daisy-chain


    b) equivalent representation of circuit (a)

    n1

    IP

    IT

    Z 2P

    n2

    IT

    ZP

    Figure 4. Parallel connection of three groups of


    turbines through series impedances Z1, Z2, and Z3

    Corresponding equivalent impedance

    ZS =

    I3
    Z3P

    n3

    ZS

    Z3S

    Z3
    n3

    n2

    I2
    Z1P

    I3

    (a)

    n1
    1

    Z2

    Z 2S

    n
    m=1

    m Zm

    2
    n
    m=1 m Zm

    ZP =

    n m
    m =1

    ns
    2
    ni ZiP + nj ZiS

    i=1
    i=1 j =1

    ZT =
    2
    np

    ni
    i=1
    np

    ZT

    Figure 5. Parallel series connection of three


    groups of turbines

    ns

    Analytical Approach
    The voltage drop across each impedance, can
    be easily derived as follows.
    The voltage drop across Z1 = VZ1 = I1 Z1 = I Z1
    .
    The voltage drop across Z4 =
    VZ4 = (I1 + I2 + I3+ I4) Z4 = 4 I Z4
    The power loss at each impedance, can be
    computed as:
    SLoss_Z1 = VZ1 I1* = I1 I1* Z1 = I I* Z1 = I2 Z1
    SLoss_Z4 = VZ4 (I1 + I2 + I3 +
    = 42 I2 Z4
    2

    STot_loss = I

    m=1

    m Zm

    I1

    Z2
    I2

    Z3

    IS

    IS

    I4

    I3

    Z4

    (b)

    ZS

    Figure 3 a) single series daisy-chain


    b) equivalent representation of circuit (a)

    2
    m
    m=1 Zm
    n

    (a)

    STot_loss = IS2 ZS

    I4)*
    2

    STot_loss = I (Z1 + 2 Z2 + 3 Z3 + 4 Z4 )
    n

    Z1

    ZS =

    n2

    Analytical Approach
    Wind turbine transformer
    Turbine
    #1 0.570 kV

    Shunt representation

    34.5 kV

    R+jX
    (0.3572+j3.3370)

    B/2

    Turbine
    #136

    0.570 kV

    Btot = Bi

    34.5 kV

    (0.3572+j3.3370)

    i =1

    10997

    10996

    0.570 kV

    34.5 kV

    Wind Farm

    (136 turbines)

    B/2

    (0.3572+j3.3370)/136 =
    (0.0026+j0.02454)

    ZPMXFMR_WF = ZPMXFMR_WTG /nturbine

    Analytical Approach
    Equivalence of complete circuit
    (EOCC)
    Taiban Mesa
    Infinite Bus

    Equivalence of major lines


    (EOML)
    Taiban Mesa
    Infinite Bus

    10999
    345 kV

    10999
    345 kV

    10995
    345 kV

    10995
    345 kV

    10998
    34.5 kV
    D22

    10998
    34.5 kV

    N8

    D23
    m8
    N3

    D11

    N8

    m3
    D1

    N1

    D12
    N4

    N2

    D2

    D13

    D17

    D3

    D14

    D18

    D15

    D19

    D16

    D20

    N3
    D6
    m1

    N6

    N1

    N2

    D7
    m4

    D4

    N5

    D8
    N7

    D21

    N6

    D9
    N5

    D5

    m6

    N4

    D10

    m5

    m7

    N7

    m2

    Deduction Approach
    Deduction approach
    Assumption made:
    The voltages, currents, and real and reactive losses used are
    computed by power flow.
    The voltages and currents have unique phase angles and
    magnitudes.
    The current outputs of each turbine may not be identical with respect
    to its neighbor.

    Identify the groups of turbine and the corresponding line feeder to


    be equivalenced.
    Tabulate the real and reactive losses within the group.
    Tabulate the current for each group identified.
    Compute the equivalent model to represent each group identified.

    Deduction Approach
    Impedance computed from losses

    PLoss
    R pu = 2
    3I Z base

    Z base =
    X pu =

    VLL _ base 2
    Sbase

    Qtot _ Loss V pu2 B pu Sbase


    3I 2 Z base

    Comparisons
    deduction

    analytical

    Collector System Losses

    Losses Complete (136WTG)


    Ploss
    4.13 MW
    2.02%
    Qloss 5.33 MVAR 2.61%

    EOCC
    2.69%
    4.99%

    EOML
    1.81%
    4.15%

    Line Impedance Z (p.u.), B, X/R and B/R

    Conclusions

    The equivalence of a collector system using EOCC produces the highest


    impedance due to conservative assumptions that all turbines produce rated
    current at the same magnitude and phase angle. Using EOML, the result is closer
    to the Complete representation.

    The ratio X/R is very consistent for the EOCC, EOML, and Complete
    representations.

    The ratio B/R for the complete equivalent circuit is over-predicted.

    Very large and diverse wind power plants can be represented by dividing the
    large wind power plant into smaller groups of wind turbines with similar
    attributes.

    This approach for calculating X, R, and B using EOCC was tested and validated
    by the authors and has been adopted by the wind developer for estimating
    equivalent impedance of proposed wind power plants for interconnection study
    purposes. Recommendations were provided to PNM to adjust the equivalentcircuit representation for this project.

    Rather than estimating the impedance by visual inspection as initially done, a


    much more accurate result can be obtained by taking into account the number of
    wind turbine generators that are injecting currents into each branch.

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