3/12/2011
Lecture 10
LECTURE 10 TOPICS
I. General State of Stress at a Point
II. Principal Stresses and Principal Axes
Definition
Derivation of Governing Equation to Solve for the Principal
Stresses Cubic Equation
Invariants
Determination of the Principal Axes
III. Mohrs Circle for 3D State of Stress (Reading
Assignment)
IV. Equations of Equilibrium (Reading Assignment)
3/12/2011
Lecture 10-1
General State of Stress at a Point
Consider a body held in equilibrium by the forces as
shown,
General State of Stress of Point A
F3
F1
yy
y plane
A
xx
zx
zz
Resultant
internal
forces
Mr
zx = xz
xy
zy
F4
Fr
F2
yz = zy
yx
F2
F1
xy = yx
yz
xz
x
x plane
z plane
Double Subscript Notation for Shear Stress
1st subscript - plane where acts
2nd subscript - coordinate axis to which is parallel
3/12/2011
General State of Stress at a Point
Consider a body held in equilibrium by the forces as
shown,
General State of Stress of Point A
using x1x2x3 coordinate system
General State of Stress of Point A
using xyz coordinate system
y
x2
yy
22
23
21
yz
yx
xy
zy
zx
zz
12
32
xx
11
31
xz
33
13
x1
x3
General State of Stress at a Point
Consider a body held in equilibrium by the forces as
shown,
x2
x2
22
23
21
12
32
33
13
12
11
31
x1
33
A
x3
23
21
32
11
31
22
13
x1
x3
OBJECTIVE: Determine the stresses on an oblique plane (or
rotated plane with respect to x1x2x3 axes) as shown.
3/12/2011
General State of Stress at a Point
Consider an infinitesimal tetrahedron formed by three
surfaces parallel to the coordinate planes and one
normal to the unit vector n .
B
33 n
13
11
O
12
Tn
31
32
x2
x1
C
x3
23
21
22
Tn = traction (stress resultant) on plane ABC
n = normal to the plane ABC
General State of Stress at a Point
x2
Direction Cosines:
n2
cos(n , x1 ) = n1
n1
n3
x1
cos(n , x2 ) = n2
x3
cos(n , x3 ) = n3
x2
B
n1 + n2 + n3 = 1
Let AABC = dA
then, AAOB = AABC cos( n ,x1) = dA n1
ABOC
AAOB O
AAOC
n = n1e1 + n2 e2 + n3e3
C
x1
AAOC = AABC cos(n ,x2) = dA n2
ABOC = AABC cos( n ,x3) = dA n3
A
x3
3/12/2011
General State of Stress at a Point
Using Equilibrium Equations:
x2
T2
Tn
T3
x1
T1
x3
x2
33
13
n
Tn
32
C
x1
23
21
= 0:
T1 dA = 11 (dA n1 ) + 21 (dA n2 ) + 31 (dA n3 )
(1)
Similarly,
31
O
12
X1
T1 = 11n1 + 21n2 + 31n3
11
T2 = 12 n1 + 22 n2 + 32 n3
(2)
T3 = 13n1 + 23n2 + 33n3
(3)
22
x3
General State of Stress at a Point
In Matrix Form:
x2
T2
Tn
T3
x1
T1
x3
B
33
13
12
A
x3
Ti = ji n j
n
Tn
31
O
21
22
23
31 n1
32 n2
33 n3
Using Indicial Notation,
x2
11
T1 11
T =
2 12
T3 13
32
23
21
22
C
x1
Cauchy' s Formula
where, Ti stress components along xi
2
Tn = T1 + T2 + T3
ji stresses along three mutually
perpendicular planes
n j direction cos ines of n
3/12/2011
General State of Stress at a Point
n
nn
Tn
Normal component of Stress:
r
nn = T1 n1 + T2 n2 + T3 n3 = T n
nt
nn = Ti ni
x2
B
33
13
11
12
Tn
31
O
32
23
21
n
Tangential component of Stress:
2
x1
nt = Tn nn 2
22
x3
Change of Stress Components in
Transformation ofn Coordinates
x2
22
x2
22
x2
11
x1
O
x3
33
Given Stresses:
11
x1
x1
x3
n
33
x3
Transformed Stresses:
Drawn such that n of the planes are
parallel to the xk axes
3/12/2011
Change of Stress Components in
Transformation of Coordinates
Let the coordinates be
connected by the linear
relations:
x2
22
x2
where: lki = direction cosines of the xk
axes wrt the xi-axes.
11
x1
O
Ti = ji n j
Recall that:
where
Ti = components of the traction vector
on a surface along xi-axes
x1
x3
x'k = lki xi
nj = components of the normal vector
on the same surface along the xi-axes
33
ji = stress components on three
mutually perpendicular planes.
x3
n j = cos n, x j = n e j
Direction cosines bet.
n and xj axes
Change of Stress Components in
Transformation of Coordinates
(
n j = cos n, x j = n e j
n
x2
22
x2
n
11
x1
O
x1
x3
n
33
x3
Note that now we have 3 surfaces having
different normal vectors. Each normal vector is
parallel to one of the xk axes. Therefore,
n j = cos xk , x j = lkj
n1 = ek e1 = lk1
n2 = ek e2 = lk 2
n3 = ek e3 = lk 3
Direction cosine bet n
and xj, however since n
is parallel to the xk
axis then
n = ek
Note that these are the components of the unit
vector n which is now parallel to the xk axes.
Therefore, using these in Cauchys formula we
actually get Ti, i.e. the components of the stress
r
vector T along the unrotated xi-axes.
3/12/2011
Change of Stress Components in
Transformation of Coordinates
From Cauchys Formula,
T1 = 11n1 + 21n2 + 31n3
x2
22
x2
n
11
Ti ' = ji lkj
x1
O
x1
x3
33
Components of the stress vector T
acting on the surface w/ unit outward
normal vector parallel to the xk-axes,
directed along xi-axis.
The component of the vector T in the direction of the
axis xm is given by the product of Ti and lmi (direction
cosines bet. Ti and the xm axes).
Hence, the stress component:
r
'km = projection of T on the x'm axis
'km = T1lm1 + T2 lm 2 + T3 lm3
'km = ji lkj lmi
'km = j1lkj lm1 + j 2lkj lm 2 + j 3lkj lm 3
x3
therefore, T1 ' = 11lk1 + 21lk 2 + 31lk 3
Change of Stress Components in
Transformation of Coordinates
'km = jilkj lmi
x2
22
x2
n
11
x1
In Matrix form:
[ '] = [lij ] [ ] [lij ]T
x1
x3
n
33
x3
3/12/2011
Change of Stress Components in
Transformation of Coordinates
Example
Given: State of stress of a point
x2
5 1 0
= 1 2 4
0 4 3
22
23
21
12
32
11
31
33
13
x1
Determine: the stresses on three
mutually perpendicular planes when
x3 is rotated counter clockwise 30
degrees.
x3
Given: stresses
Change of Stress Components in
Transformation of Coordinates
Example
Solution:
Left figure: State of stress of a point
when x3 is rotated 30 degrees.
22
x2
21
Figure below: View from positive x3 axis
12
11
23
x2
32
x2
31 13
33
x1
30
30
x3
Required: stresses
x1
x1
x3 , x3
3/12/2011
Change of Stress Components in
Transformation of Coordinates
Example
Solution:
Compute Direction Cosines
Cosine of the angle
from xi axis to xj axis
lij
x2
x2
30
l11
lij = l12
l13
x1
30
x1
x3 , x3
l21
l22
l23
l31
l32
l33
3 2
cos(90 30 ) cos(90 )
cos(30 )
cos(30)
cos(90 ) = 1 2
lij = cos(90 + 30 )
0
cos(90 )
cos(90)
cos(0 )
1 2 0
3 2 0
0
1
Change of Stress Components in
Transformation of Coordinates
Example
Solution:
Compute Stresses
3 2
lij = 1 2
0
1 2 0
3 2 0
0
1
['] = [l ] [] [l ]
ij
3 2
['] = 1 2
0
5 1 0
= 1 2 4
0 4 3
[l ]
ij
3 2
= 12
0
1 2 0
3 2 0
0
1
ij
0 5 1 0 3 2
3 2 0 1 2 4 1 2
0
1 0 4 3 0
12
3 2 0 =
0
1
1 2
2
5.116 0.799
0.799 1.884 3.464
3.464
3
2
10
3/12/2011
Lecture 10-2
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
OBJECTIVE: Determine the principal stresses and the
location of unit normals (principal axes) to the principal
planes.
r
n
x2
22
x2
p2
23
21
32
r
n
11
31
33
p1
12
13
x3
p3
x1
x3
GIVEN STRESSES
x1
r
n
REQUIRED PRINCIPAL STRESSES
11
3/12/2011
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Recall the stresses on three mutually perpendicular planes
given by the stress tensor as shown below
11 12
ij = 21 22
31 32
13
23
33
Cauchys Formula:
Ti = ji n j
For principal stresses, the stress tensor is given by
p1
0
ij = 0 p 2
0
0
0
p 3
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Since there is no shear stress component on the principal
plane having a unit normal vector n , the stress vector on
the principal plane must be parallel to n , i.e.
Ti = p ni
Therefore,
Ti = ji n j = p ni = p ji n j
ji n j p ji n j = 0
ji p ji n j = 0
Or in matrix notation,
)
n ( p I ) = 0
Eq. 1
where I is the identity matrix
12
3/12/2011
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
The equation n ( p I ) = 0
has solutions which are not all zero if and only if the
determinant of the coefficients is equal to zero, i.e. if,
or
11 p
21
31
Solving for ps:
pI = 0
12
13
22 p
23 = 0
32
33 p
p 3 I1 p 2 + I 2 p I 3 = 0
3 principal stresses
This will yield 3 roots
p1 , p 2 , p 3
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
p 3 I1 p 2 + I 2 p I 3 = 0
Consider,
where
( )
I1 = 11 + 22 + 33 = tr ij
I2 =
11
12
21 22
22
32
23 11 13
+
33 31 33
= (11 22 + 2233 + 3311 )
23 2 + 312 + 12 2
1
ii jj ij ij
2
13
3/12/2011
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Consider,
where
p 3 I1 p 2 + I 2 p I 3 = 0
( )
I 3 = det ij
11
12
13
= 21 22
23
31 32
33
1
= ijk pqr ip jq kr
6
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
NOTE: The principal stresses are physical quantities,
whose values do not depend on the coordinate system in
which the components of stress were initially given. They
are therefore invariants of the stress state, invariant wrt
rotation of the coordinate axes to which the stresses are
referred.
Therefore, the coefficients of the cubic equation (I1, I2, &
I3) are also independent of the choice of axes, i.e. they are
scalar invariants wrt rotation of the Cartesian reference
axes.
14
3/12/2011
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
If the axes are chosen to coincide with the principal axes of
stress, then
I1 = p1 + p 2 + p 3
I 2 = p1 p 2 + p 2 p 3 + p3 p1
p1
I3 = 0
0
0
p2
0
0
0 = p1 p 2 p 3
p3
Where I1, I2, I3 are invariants of the stress tensor
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
To solve for n1, n2, n3; substitute the ps into equation 1.
These 3 equations will reduce to 2 independent equations.
The third equation is
n12 + n2 2 + n3 2 = 1
Note: The maximum shear stress
max =
1
p1 p 2
2
or
max =
1
p 2 p3
2
or
max =
1
p1 p 3
2
15
3/12/2011
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Given the state of stress at a point:
24 3 0
= 3 16 0
0 0 5
Determine the following:
A) The principal stresses
B) The components of the unit normals in the principal
directions.
C) The maximum shear stress
D) The stress vector at the plane x + 4y z + 6 = 0
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
pI = 0
A) Principal Stresses
24 p
3
3
16 p
0
=0
5 p
24 p
3
3
16 p
0
0
0
24 p 3
3 16 p = 0
0
0
5 p
0
0
(24 )(16 )(5 ) + 0 + 0 0 0 (5 )(3)(3) = 0
p
16
3/12/2011
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
pI = 0
A) Principal Stresses
Simplifying gives,
(24 )(16 )(5 ) + 0 + 0 0 0 (5 )(3)(3) = 0
[(24 )(16 ) 9](5 ) = 0
Equation A
(375 40 + )(5 ) = 0
p
Can be further simplified into cubic equation,
3
Cubic Equation to
Solve for the 3
Principal Stresses
p 45 p + 575 p 1875 = 0
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
A) Principal Stresses
pI = 0
Alternative Solution for the Cubic Equation:
3
p I 1 p + I 2 p I 3 = 0
Solving for the INVARIANTS I1 , I2 and I3
I1 = trace(ij ) = 11 + 22 + 33
I1 = 24 + 16 + 5 = 45
I 2 = (11 22 + 22 33 + 3311 ) 23 + 31 + 12
2
I 2 = (24 16 + 16 5 + 5 24 ) (0 + 0 + 3
I 2 = 575
2
17
3/12/2011
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
A) Principal Stresses
pI = 0
Solving for the INVARIANTS I1 , I2 and I3
11
I 3= 21
31
24
= 3
0
12
22
32
3
13
23
33
0
16 0
0
24 3
3 16 = (24 )(16 )(5) + 0 + 0
0 0 (5)(3)(3)
0 0
I 3= 1875
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
A) Principal Stresses
pI = 0
Alternative Solution for the Cubic Equation:
3
p I 1 p + I 2 p I 3 = 0
Solving for the INVARIANTS I1 , I2 and I3
I1 = 45
I 2 = 575
I 3 = 1875
3
p 45 p + 575 p 1875 = 0
Cubic Equation to solve for the
3 Principal Stresses. Same as
the derived equation earlier.
18
3/12/2011
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
A) Principal Stresses
pI = 0
Solving the cubic equation and from Equation A gives,
3
p 45 p + 575 p 1875 = 0
p1 = 25
p 2 = 15
PRINCIPAL STRESSES
p3 = 5
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
B) The Components of Unit Normals in the Principal Directions
The equation below is used to get the unit normals:
24 p
3
16 p
3
0
0
FOR p1 = 25
0 n1
0 n2 = 0
5 p n3
Substitute 25 to p in the above equation gives,
3
0 n1 1 3
0 n1
24 25
3
16 25
0 n2 = 3 9
0 n2 = 0
0
0
5 25 n3 0
0 20 n3
19
3/12/2011
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
B) The Components of Unit Normals in the Principal Directions
FOR p1 = 25
0 n1
1 3
3 9
0 n2 = 0
0
0 20 n3
n1 + 3n2 = 0
3n1 9n2 = 0
20n3 = 0
n1 + 3n2 = 0
Equation 1
3n1 9n2 = 0
Equation 2
20n3 = 0
Equation 3
Additional Equation:
Not
Independent
n1 + n2 + n3 = 1
The magnitude of
Unit Vector is 1
n3 = 0
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
B) The Components of Unit Normals in the Principal Directions
FOR p1 = 25
Consider Equation 1 (or Equation 2) and the Additional Equation
n1 + 3n2 = 0
2
n1 + n2 + n3 = 1
n1 + 3n2 = 0
2
n1 + n2 = 1
3
10
1
n2 =
10
n1 =
Therefore, the Unit Normal in the Direction of p1 = 25 is
r
3
1
n =
,
, 0
10
10
20
3/12/2011
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
B) The Components of Unit Normals in the Principal Directions
The equation below is used to get the unit normals:
24 p
3
16 p
3
0
0
FOR p2 = 15
0 n1
0 n2 = 0
5 p n3
Substitute 15 to p in the above equation gives,
3
0 n1 9 3 0 n1
24 15
3
16 15
0 n2 = 3 1 0 n2 = 0
0
0
5 15 n3 0 0 10 n3
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
B) The Components of Unit Normals in the Principal Directions
FOR p2 = 15
9 3 0 n1
3 1 0 n = 0
2
0 0 10 n3
9n1 + 3n2 = 0
3n1 + n2 = 0
10n3 = 0
Not
Independent
n3 = 0
9n1 + 3n2 = 0
Equation 1
3n1 + n2 = 0
Equation 2
10n3 = 0
Equation 3
Additional Equation:
2
n1 + n2 + n3 = 1
The magnitude of
Unit Vector is 1
21
3/12/2011
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
B) The Components of Unit Normals in the Principal Directions
FOR p2 = 15
Consider Equation 1 (or Equation 2) and the Additional Equation
9n1 + 3n2 = 0
2
n1 + n2 + n3 = 1
9n1 + 3n2 = 0
2
n1 + n2 = 1
1
10
3
n2 = m
10
n1 =
Therefore, the Unit Normal in the Direction of p2 = 15 is
r 1
3
n =
,m
, 0
10
10
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
B) The Components of Unit Normals in the Principal Directions
The equation below is used to get the unit normals:
24 p
3
16 p
3
0
0
FOR p3 = 5
0 n1
0 n2 = 0
5 p n3
Substitute 5 to p in the above equation gives,
3
0 n1 19 3 0 n1
24 5
3
16 5
0 n2 = 3 11 0 n2 = 0
0
0
5 5 n3 0 0 0 n3
22
3/12/2011
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
B) The Components of Unit Normals in the Principal Directions
FOR p3 = 5
19 3 0 n1
3 11 0 n = 0
2
0 0 0 n3
19n1 + 3n2 = 0
3n1 + 11n2 = 0
0 n3 = 0
19n1 + 3n2 = 0
Equation 1
3n1 + 11n2 = 0
Equation 2
0 n3 = 0
Equation 3
Independent
Equations
n3 is arbitrary!
Additional Equation:
2
n1 + n2 + n3 = 1
The magnitude of
Unit Vector is 1
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
B) The Components of Unit Normals in the Principal Directions
FOR p3 = 5
For this case when one component of unit normal is arbitrary, the
only way Equations 1 and 2 (independent equations) and the
additional quadratic equation can be satisfied is when n1 = n2 = 0,
making n32 = 1. Therefore n3 = 1.
Therefore, the Unit Normal in the Direction of p3 = 5 is
r
n = (0, 0, 1)
NOTE: Since n1 and n2 are both zeroes, p3 is acting on the x3 plane.
23
3/12/2011
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
B) The Components of Unit Normals in the Principal Directions
FOR p3 = 5
Also, by inspection of the given state of stress of the point,
24 3 0
= 3 16 0
0 0 5
The shear stresses are given
as zeroes on the x3-plane
Therefore, 5 is a principal
stress since there is no shear
stress on x3-plane.
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
C) Maximum Shear Stress
1
1
1
max = max ( p1 p 2 ) , ( p 2 p 3 ) , ( p1 p 3 )
2
2
2
1
1
1
= max (25 15) , (15 5) , (25 5)
2
2
2
= max[5 ,5 ,10]
max = 10
24
3/12/2011
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
D) Stress Vector at the plane x + 4y z + 6 = 0
First, determine the unit normal vector to the given plane
N (1, 4, 1)
N =
Coefficients of x, y, and z, respectively
(1) + (4) + ( 1)
2
= 18
Magnitude of N
4
1
1
,
,
n =
Unit Normal Vector
18 18 18
n = (0.2357, 0.9428, 0.2357 )
Second, get the stress vector by using Cauchys Formula
Ti = ji n j
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
D) Stress Vector at the plane x + 4y z + 6 = 0
Second, get the stress vector by using Cauchys Formula
T1 = 11n1 + 21n2 + 31n3
= (24 )(0.2357 ) + (3)(0.9428) + (0 )( 0.2357 ) = 8.4853
T2 = 12 n1 + 22 n2 + 32 n3
= (3)(0.2357 ) + (16)(0.9428) + (0 )( 0.2357 ) = 15.7921
T3 = 13 n1 + 23 n2 + 33 n3
= (0)(0.2357 ) + (0 )(0.9428) + (5)( 0.2357) = 1.1785
25
3/12/2011
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
D) Stress Vector at the plane x + 4y z + 6 = 0
Second, get the stress vector by using Cauchys Formula
T1 = 8.4853
T =
=
T2 = 15.7921
T3 = 1.1785
(T ) + (T ) + (T )
2
(8.4853) + (15.7921) + ( 1.1785)
2
T = 17.9661
Magnitude of Stress Vector
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes
Example:
Solution:
D) Stress Vector at the plane x + 4y z + 6 = 0
Normal and Tangential Stress Components of Stress Vector T
Normal component of Stress:
nn = Ti ni
r
= T1 n1 + T2 n2 + T3 n3 = T n
n
nn
T
= (8.4853)(0.2357 ) + (15.7921) (0.9428) + ( 1.1785) ( 0.2357 )
= 17.1665
nt
Tangential component of Stress:
2
nt = Tn nn 2 =
(17.9661) (17.1665)
2
= 5.3
26
3/12/2011
Lecture 10-3
Mohrs Circle for 3D State of Stress
To determine and given p1 , p2 , p3 , the following
procedure is applied:
1. Establish a Cartesian
coordinate system,
indicating + and +
axes. Lay off the
principal stresses (to
scale) along the axis
with p 1 > p2 > p3
algebraically.
A3
A2
p3
A1
p2
p1
27
3/12/2011
Mohrs Circle for 3D State of Stress
To determine and given p1 , p2 , p3 , the following
procedure is applied:
2. Draw three Mohr
semi-circles centered at
C1, C2, and C3 (referred
to as circles C1, C2, C3)
with diameters A1A2,
A2A3, and A1A3.
A3
p3
C2
A2
C3
A1
C1
p2
p1
Mohrs Circle for 3D State of Stress
To determine and given p1 , p2 , p3 , the following
procedure is applied:
3. At point C1, draw
line C1B1 at angle 2; at
C3, draw C3B3 at angle
2. These lines cut
circle C1 and C3 at
points B1 and B3,
respectively.
B3
B1
2
2
A3
p3
C2
C3
A2
C1
A1
p2
p1
28
3/12/2011
Mohrs Circle for 3D State of Stress
To determine and given p1 , p2 , p3 , the following
procedure is applied:
4. By trial and error,
draw arcs through
points A3 and B1 and
through A2 and B3,
with their centers on
the axis. The
intersection of these
arcs locates point G on
the , plane.
max
B3
B1
2
2
A3
p3
C2
A2
C3
A1
C1
p2
p1
Mohrs Circle for 3D State of Stress
To determine and given p1 , p2 , p3 , the following
procedure is applied:
NOTE: Mohrs circle of
3D state of stress is
only effective when one
of the given stresses is a
principal stress.
Otherwise, use
pI = 0
in determining the
principal stresses.
max
B3
B1
2
2
A3
p3
C2
C3
A2
C1
A1
p2
p1
29
3/12/2011
Mohrs Circle for 3D State of Stress
In connection with the foregoing construction, several points
are of particular interest:
a. Point G will be
located within the gray
area or along the
circumference of
circles C1, C2 or C3, for
all combinations of
and .
max
B3
B1
2
2
A3
p3
C2
C3
A2
C1
A1
p2
p1
Mohrs Circle for 3D State of Stress
In connection with the foregoing construction, several points
are of particular interest:
b. For the particular
case = = 0, G
coincides with A1.
==0
A3
p3
C2
C3
A2
C1
G
A1
p2
p1
30
3/12/2011
Mohrs Circle for 3D State of Stress
In connection with the foregoing construction, several points
are of particular interest:
c. For the case = 45 and
= 0, the shearing stress is
a maximum located at the
highest point on circle C3
(2 = 90). The value of
the maximum shearing
stress is therefore,
max =
1
p1 p 3
2
max
B3
2 =
90
A3
p3
C2
C3
A2
C1
A1
p2
p1
Mohrs Circle for 3D State of Stress
In connection with the foregoing construction, several points
are of particular interest:
c. (continuation)
max
acting on the planes
bisecting the planes of
maximum and
minimum principal
stresses.
B3
2 =
90
A3
p3
C2
C3
A2
C1
A1
p2
p1
31
3/12/2011
Mohrs Circle for 3D State of Stress
In connection with the foregoing construction, several points
are of particular interest:
d. For = = 45, line QG
will make equal angles
with the principal axes.
The oblique plane is, in
this case, an
octahedral plane, and
the stresses acting on
the plane, the
octahedral stresses.
max
B3
B1
2
2
A3
p3
C2
A2
C3
A1
C1
p2
p1
Mohrs Circle for 3D State of Stress
In connection with the foregoing construction, several points
are of particular interest:
p2
max
A2
B3
B1
A1
2
A3
B3
B1
p1
p3
C2
C3
A2
C1
A1
p2
A3
d
p3
p1
32
3/12/2011
Lecture 10-4
Equations of Equilibrium
Consider,
23 +
23
dx2
x2
x2
Xi = body forces
dx1
x2
x3
12
32
x3
21 +
21
dx2
x2
12 +
12
dx1
x1
11 +
11
dx1
x1
x1
31
21
33
x1
X1
X3
11
22
dx2
x2
X2
13
ij = stresses
22 +
dx2
23
22
dx3
13 +
13
dx1
x1
33
3/12/2011
Equations of Equilibrium
NOTE: Considering non-uniform stress fields, every
stress is a function of position. Thus, 11 is a function
of x1, x2, x3: 11 (x1, x2, x3). At a point slightly to the right
of the point (x1, x2, x3), namely, at (x1 + dx1, x2, x3), the
stress 11 is 11 (x1 + dx1, x2, x3). Using Taylors theorem,
11 (x1 + dx1 , x2 , x3 ) = 11 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) + dx1
+ (dx1 )2
Where 0 1
11
(x1 , x2 , x3 )
x1
1 2 11
(x1 + dx1 , x2 , x3 )
2 x12
Can be made negligible by making dx1 small
Equations of Equilibrium
11
Therefore, 11 (x1 + dx1 , x2 , x3 ) = 11 ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) + x ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) dx1
1
Using equilibrium equations,
Fx1 = 0
11 + 11 dx1 dx2 dx3 11dx2 dx3 + 21 + 21 dx2 dx1dx3
x1
x2
21dx1dx3 + 31 + 31 dx3 dx1dx2 31dx1dx2 + X 1dx1dx2 dx3 = 0
x3
Dividing by dx1, dx2, and dx3,
11 21 31
+
+
+ X1 = 0
x1
x2
x3
34
3/12/2011
Equations of Equilibrium
Similarly
12 22 32
+
+
+ X2 = 0
x1
x2
x3
13 23 33
+
+
+ X3 = 0
x1
x2
x3
In indicial notation,
ij
xi
+Xj =0
ji , j + X i = 0
or
ij ,i + X j = 0
35
