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org

International Journal of Remote Sensing Applications (IJRSA) Volume 5, 2015

doi: 10.14355/ijrsa.2015.05.009

Development of an Index for Assessment of

Urban Green Spacesat City Level
Duong ThiLoi*1, Pham Anh Tuan2, Kshama Gupta3
Faculty of Geography, Hanoi National University of Education, CauGiay district, Ha Noi, Viet Nam

Faculty of History and Geography, Tay Bac University, Son La city, Viet Nam

Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organization, 4, Kalidas Road, Dehradun, India

duongloi1710@gmail,com; 2phamtuantbu@gmail,com; [email protected]

*1

Abstract
Urban green spaces (UGS) are one of the indispensable elements for design and development of cities. UGS are considered as
lung of cities as well as one of the elements reflecting the quality of life. The aim of this research is to develop Weighted
Urban Green Space Index (WUGSI) for assessment of city wide UGS based on multi criteria analysis of Chandigarh city. The
percentage of green, type of green and proximity to green are selected as parameters to study weighted urban green space index.
All these parameters were derived from IRS P6 LISS IV data and IRS P6 LISS 4 + Cartosat-1 fused product. NDVI and Object
based classification method is used to obtain different layers and then is analyzed using multi criteria analysis to derive the
modified green index. The final result shows the distribution of green space in study area consisted of very high quality green,
high quality green, moderate quality green and low quality green. The assessment of UGS was carried out sector wise and it
was found that developed index is quite useful for assessment of UGS and can be used to identify the planning
recommendations.
Keywords
Urban Green Space; Weighted Urban Green Space Index; Chandigarh

Introduction
The world is progressively more urbanized and with this accelerating process comes a host of challenges. Urban
areas now contain nearly 50 percent of the worlds population, and consume up to 75 percent of natural resources,
however, they are concentrated only in 2.8 percent of the worlds land area. This dense concentration of people in a
tiny proportion of land area creates environmental problems (McGranahanet al., 2005). Therefore, quantity and
quality of Urban Green Spaces (UGS) are of prime concern for planners and city administrators (Gupta et al., 2012).
Importance of UGS is well known for maintaining the environmental quality and sustainability as they constitute
the lungs of cities. They keep an important role in physical, social and mental development. UGS provide
numerous benefits to urban residents by acting as urban lungs-absorbing pollutants and releasing oxygen (Hough,
1984 and Haughton, 1994) and by providing clean air, water and soil and balances citys natural urban
environment (Nijkamp and Leventa, 2004). These areas function as a visual screen and act as noise barriers and
avoid too much spatial uniformity (Dole, 1989). UGS constitute parks, gardens and recreation venue, informal
green spaces such as rivers or sea fronts, green spaces surrounding historical sites, railway corridors and
indigenous vegetation types. Urban habitats such as derelict industrial sites and overgrown gardens have also been
considered as UGS (Venn and Niemel, 2004). Recently, researchers have objectively measured UGS using remote
Sensing data by estimating percentage of green (Echpferet al., 2004). However, it cannot reflect comprehensively
the role of green spaces in the cities. The distribution of UGS is equally important, hence, study about proximity to
green is very much required (Shah Md and AtiqulHaq, 2011). Proximity to green space affects the purpose and
frequency of visiting the place as well as it effects the microclimate, environmental quality and property prices in
surrounding areas (Jim and Chen 2009, Troy and Grove 2008). The social role of green spaces is affected by its
optimal distribution (Chiari and Seeland, 2004). In addition, type or quality of green also affects the use of UGS
(Ogden et al., 2008, Diez Roux et al., 2007, Timperio et al., 2005). Many studies have reported that the users of UGS
feel more peace and happiness in wooded area as compared to grass area (Panduro and Kathrine, 2013).
Urban Neighborhood Green Index (UNGI) developed by Gupta et al., 2012 considers four parameters (percentage

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of green, built up density, proximity to green and height of structures) to assess the quality of UGS. The proximity
to green was defined by applying single buffer of 20 m and type of green was used for defining the proximity to
green. However, as the environmental benefits of green extends beyond 20 m distance, variable buffers with
diminishing weights can be applied to study the proximity to green. Besides, type of green is also an important
parameter, hence should also be included directly for deriving the index. Similarly, Building Proximity to Green
Spaces (BPGI) by Li et al., 2014 estimated the green spaces at building level. However, it only considers proximity
to green as a parameter to assess the greenness and other parameters are not included. Remote sensing data offers
potential tool for the objective assessment of UGS. The values such as percentage of green, type of green and
proximity to green can be identified and analysed by using remote sensing images and Geographical Information
System (GIS) techniques (Qing et al., 2014). Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) calculated from
remote sensing images has been used in various studies to distinguish between vegetated and non-vegetated areas
(Huret al., 2010, Saied et al., 2005). Furthermore, the classification about type of green is derived using remote
sensing images (Brinkyte 2008, Jakovlevas-Mateckis and Brinkyte, 2006). Therefore, in the present study a multi
parametric green index has been proposed to assess the UGS at city level to assist planners for greening strategies.
Study Area
Chandigarh is located near the foothills of the Sivalik range of the Himalayas in northwest India. It covers an area
of approximately 115 km2. It shares its borders with the states of Haryana and Punjab. The exact cartographic coordinates of Chandigarh are 30.74N and 76.79E. It has an average elevation of 321 metres (1053 ft) (Figure 1).
Chandigarh has a humid subtropical climate characterized by a seasonal rhythm: very hot summers, mild winters,
unreliable rainfall and great variation in temperature(1C to 46C). The average annual rainfall is 1,110 mm. Most
of Chandigarh is covered by dense banyan and eucalyptus plantation. The city has forests surrounding with total
area is 3245.30 hectares. They have high ecological values with many animal and plant species. Parks keep an
important role in planning and protecting environment.Leisure Valley, Rajendra Park, Bougainvillea Park, Zakir
Rose Garden, Shanti Kunj, Hibiscus Garden, Garden of Fragrance, Botanical Garden, SmritiUpavan, Topiary
garden and Terraced Garden are some of the famous parks in Chandigarh. According to Forests Survey of India,
total green cover (forest cover and tree cover) of Chandigarh is 54 sq. kms which form 38.8% of total geographical
area.

FIG 1. LOCATION MAP OF STUDY AREA (CHANDIGARH)

Methodology
The methodology adopted for the computation of Weighted Urban Green Space Index (WUGSI) (Figure 2) involves
binary classification of IRS-P6 LISS-IV image and object based classification of IRS-P6 LISS-4 and Cartosat-1
merged data. The outputs were further analysed in GIS to derive the desired parameters. Further, weights were
calculated for each parameter to derive the WUGSI values.

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Data Use
Various parameters in this project were computed by using Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite IRS-P6 LISS-IV
(23 Oct 2014) and Cartosat-1 (3 May 2014 and 22 July 2014) data. IRS-P6 LISS-IV is a high resolution multi-spectral
camera operating in three spectral bands (Green, Red, NIR). Cartosat-1 satellite carries two PAN sensors with 2.5m
resolution and fore-aft stereo capability. As the study area is large, three Cartosat-1 images have been used to cover
the entire study area (Table 1). The detailed methodology has been illustrated as flowchart (Figure 2). The merged
product of Cartosat-1 and IRS-P6 LISS-4 has been used for object based classification.
TABLE 1. SPECIFICATIONS OF VARIOUS SENSORS AND DATA USED

Sr. No

Data

Year

Resolution (m)

IRS P6- LISS - IV

23 Oct 2014

5.8

Cartosat-1

3 Feb 2014
3 May 2014
22July 2014

2.5

Administrative map

IRS P6
LISS IV

Cartosat

Geo-referencing
& Data fusion

Ground
/Ancillary
Information

Administrative

IRS P6 L4+
Cartosat-1
Merged
product

Object based
image
classification

map

Rectified
IRS P6
LISS IV

Binary
classification
image
NDVI-Green and
Non-green

Type of
green map
Buffer map
around green
OVERLAY

Proximity to
green map

Results
&
Analysis

Weighted
Urban
Green
Index Map

Weighted
type of
green map

Percentage
of green

Arithmetic
weighted overlay

FIG 2. METHOLOGICAL FLOW CHART

Derivation of Percentage of Green Map

Percentage of green in each cell is computed based on binary classification (green and non-green classes) of NDVI
measurements. The NDVI image was generated using IRS-P6 LISS-IV data of study area. The 100m 100m grid was
overlaid over the binary image and percentage of green in each cell was calculated. Based on the percentage, each
cell has been classified into four green qualify classes: low, moderate, high and very high green quality (Table 2) on
a scale of 0.25 1 where less than 25% of green in a cell has been categorized as low quality green hence, given a
value of 0.25. In the same manner, 0.5 (moderate green quality), 0.75 (high green quality) and 1 (very high green
quality) value have been given to cells where percentage of green is 2550%, 5075% and more than 75%,
respectively.
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TABLE 2. PARAMETER PERCENTAGE OF GREEN

Parameter

Percentage

Value

Qualify classes

Percentage of green in each

cell

0-25
25-50
50-75
75-100

0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00

Low green quality

Moderate green quality
High green quality
Very high green quality

Derivation of Weighted Type of Green Map

1) Classification System
The basic type of urban green classes (forest, trees/high urban vegetation, park and garden, grass or low
vegetation, open spaces without vegetation, water and built-up areas) were identified as target classes.
Object based classification was applied to derive the type of green map. Object-based classification takes into
account the context, texture etc., apart from the spectral values to provide better classification results. Similar
pixels are grouped together to form many different small image objects. Object-based classification is the
process of assigning objects to classes. Usually each object is treated as an individual unit. By comparing objects
to one another, it is possible to classify similar objects into classes that are associated with informational areas of
interest to users of remotely sensed data. These classes form regions on a map or an image so that after
classification the digital image can be identified by a colour or symbol. Most traditional pixel-based
classification approaches are based exclusively on the digital number of the pixel itself. Thereby only the
spectral information is used for the classification. The situation comes into worse when extracting certain
interested features only. As a result, it produces the salt-and-pepper-effect pseudocolor layer. An objectoriented classification is suggested in order to overcome the limitations stated above.
Object based classification is considered as a useful method to classify land use/land cover. In this research,
eCognition 9.01 software was used with input values: Scale Parameter: 20, shape: 01, compactness: 0.5 and
multi-resolution segmentation algorithm was applied. For generating the type of green map, based on the
image characteristics, the training data sets have been identified. The IRS P6 LISS IV merged Cartosat1 image
was classified with the help of identified training data sets in eight basic types of urban green class. Hence, the
final type of green map shows all the eight classes classified: forest, trees/high urban vegetation, park and
garden, road side green, open space and sport complex, vacant, water and built-up. Further the map was
overlaid with 100m x 100m fishnet for deriving the weighted type of green map.
2) Weighted Type of Green
To calculate the value of type of green in each cell of 100 m x100 m, each green type class was weighted based
on the equation 1 and their respective weights (Table 3). These weights were derived based on the weightage
described by QingYan Meng, Yu-Qin Liu and Xiao-Jiang Li in 2014. The weighted green map has been
generated after weighting the extent of each class for each grid cell.
WTGi = WC *A Ci /Ai (1)
Where: WTGi: Weighted type of green
Ai: Area of the ith cell
WC: Weight of C class
A Ci: Area of the C class in ith cell
TABLE 3. VALUE FOR TYPE OF GREEN

Type of class

Weight

Type of class

Weight

Forest

1.0

Open space/sport complex

0.6

Trees/high urban vegetation

0.9

Water

0.3

Park/garden

0.8

Vacant

0.2

Road side green

0.6

Built-up

0.0

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Derivation Of Proximity To Green Map

Base on the type of green map, ring buffers were created with buffer distance as 100m, 200m, 300m, 400m and
500m for each type of green. A grid of 100 m 100 m size was overlaid on buffers for each type of green and
proximity to green map generated. Table 4 gives weights for each buffer zone and class for deriving proximity to
green map.
TABLE 4. WEIGHT FOR EACH BUFFER DISTANCE TO PROXIMITY TO GREEN

Distance from the green space

Forest
Trees/high urban vegetation
Park/garden
Road side green
Open space
Water
Vacant

100m
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2

200m
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1

300m
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05

400m
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.02

500m
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.01

Derivation of Weights
Saatys pairwise comparison has been used for determining the weights of individual parameters. The Saatys
method dealt with consistency of the pairwise comparison matrix. Saatys method describes the level of
importance of parameters and their relationship on a scale of 1 to 9. After the computation of weights using Saatys
pair wise comparison method, the Consistency Ratio (CR) (should be <0.10 for consistent weights) was computed
to test the consistency of weights.
Generation of Weighted Urban Green Space Index Map (WUGSI)
Weighted Urban Green Space Index (WUGSI) map is generated based on the parameters from weighted
percentage of green, weighted type of green and weighted proximity to green. The WUGSI value for each cell was
computed as given (2):
i=1 to n

WUGSIi=

j=1 to 3

Wj x Pij

(2)

Where, WUGSIi is the Weighted Urban Green Space Index of the ith cell ( i = 1 to n)
Wj is the relative weight of jth parameter (j = 1 to 4), Pijis the value of jth parameter in the ith cell
Result
Percentage of Green
The binary classification (vegetated and non-vegetated area) and percentage of green index map are illustrated in
Figures 3, 4. From the percentage of green index map, it can be seen clearly that most of area in Chandigarh has
high percentage of green. 43% of whole area has percentage of green above 75% while only 8% of the study area is
having percentage of green under 25% (Figure 5).

FIG 3. BINARY CLASSIFCATION

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FIG 4. PERCENTAGE OF GREEN INDEX MAP IN CHANDIGARH, 2014

8%
20%

43%

Under 25%
From 25 to 50%
From 50 to 75 %
Above 75%

29%

FIG 5. PERCENTAGE OF GREEN IN CHANDIGARH, 2014

Type of Green and Weighted Type of Green

The object based classification was carried out to classify the type of green map and values of the Table 4 were used
to create weighted type of green map (Figure 6). The overall accuracy for the classified image was found at 87.5%
which is acceptable as it is more than the accuracy limit of 85%. Chandigarh is a well-planned city with good
quantity and quality of green. However, the parks and gardens are the dominant class of green having significant
percentage of 35.2% (Table 5) almost equal to built-up category (33.2%).
TABLE 5. AREA AND PERCENTAGE OF TYPE OF GREEN IN CHANDIGARH, 2014

Class name

Area (ha)

Percentage (%)

Built-up

3825.3

33.2

Trees/high urban vegetation

979.1

8.5

Forest

616.9

5.4

Open space/sport complex

808.3

7.0

Park/garden

4050.8

35.2

Road side green

865.8

7.5

Vacant

219.6

1.9

Water

150.6

1.3

Grand Total

11516.4

100.0

Source: Calculated from map

To calculate the weighted type of green, map was set with the corresponding values based on the green density.
Value range is from 0 to 1. The result shows the distribution about weighted type of green in Chandigarh. Sectors 1,
2, 3, 4 or sectors along the central green (sectors 10, 16, 23) have the highest values while sectors 45, 51, 52, 56, 61
have low weighted type of green.
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International Journal of Remote Sensing Applications (IJRSA) Volume 5, 2015

FIG 6. TYPE OF GREEN MAP

FIG 6.WEIGHTED TYPE OF GREEN MAP IN CHANDIGARH, 2014

Proximity to Green
The type of green map was used for generating proximity to green map. The final proximity to green map is
collected from all layers (proximity to forest, proximity to park etc). The result showed that most of the areas in
Chandigarh have convenient environment with high green percentage. Most of the habitat is surrounded by green
space (Figure 7). In general, living space in all sectors is quite good. Weighted proximity to green is almost over 0.7
for all sectors.

FIG 7. PROXIMITY TO GREEN MAP IN CHANDIGARH, 2014

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Weighted Urban Green Space Index (WUGSI)

WUGSI value was calculated for each cell by using arithmetic weighted overlay approach. The calculated values
were further classified into four green quality classes for the ease of visualization and comparative evaluation. The
result from WUGSI map (Figure 8) illustrates that quality of green space in Chandigarh is very good. High quality
green occupies the largest area with 4609 ha (40.02%). The very high quality green area also quite high with 3689.5 ha
(32.04%). The area in low quality green only occupied small proportion with 66 ha (0.57%) in sector 45, which is
mainly an old settlement. From sector 1 to sector 6 it has very good quality of green. Besides, sectors 10, 16, 23 and
42 also have high quality of green.

FIG 8. WEIGHTED URBAN GREEN SPACE INDEX MAP IN CHANDIGARH, 2014

The mean and standard deviation of weighted percentage of green, weighted type of green, proximity to green and
WUGSI were compared to bring out role and relationship among the parameters. For example, when compared
between sector 64 and sector 53, the percentage of green in sector 64 is higher than 53 with mean as 0.33 and 0.30,
respectively. However, WUGSI in these sectors do not follow the similar trend with mean as 0.6 and 0.4,
respectively (Figure 8). Further, the sector 43 and sector 64 have about equal percentage of green (mean 0.33).
However, WUGSI of sector 43 is much higher than that of sector 64 with value 0.62 and 0.4, respectively. The
standard deviation (SD) values reflect the distribution of the UGS. Majority of sectors have good distribution of SD
such as sector 45 and sector 0.41 have SD as 0.12; sectors 21, 24 and 33 have SD as 0.08. Some sectors have unequal
distribution, such as sector 64 (SD = 0.28), sector 54 (SD = 0.2) and sector 62 (SD = 0.27) (Figure 9).

FIG 9. MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF SOME SPECIAL SECTORS

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Discussion
Around the world, sustainable development has become a top policy discussion as countries struggle to maintain
or enhance economic growth without compromising the future. One of the very important factors to ensure for this
problem is improving the urban quality environment, of which green space plays a major role. Green space
systems require improvement of the spatial pattern of urban green space. Green spaces need to be uniformly
distributed throughout the city area, and the total area occupied by green spaces in the city should be large enough
to accommodate the city population needs (Haq, 2011). Chandigarh is planned city of modern India where urban
green system is well arranged. It is considered as model in urban planning. The developed index provides a
decision support tool to evaluate, quantify and compare various sectors in distribution of green structure. Rather
than merely measuring the overall percentage of green, i.e., GI, the WUGSI reflects the importance of distribution
of green areas in specific area and environments. Result also shows the contribution of the identified parameters in
improving the quality of green.
Conclusions and Scope
Chandigarh is the first planned city in post-independence India and is well managed till date. The city has good
quality green, 43 out of 59 sectors have quality of green from high to very high (more than 50%). Only 3 sectors
have low quality of green under 25%. This has significant meaning for protection of environment and maintains a
fine space for its population. The assessment of UGS is an important research direction in present scenario. To
assess UGS accurately, the assessment need to be based on various parameters. In this study, due to the limitation
of time and data, only three parameters were considered, namely weighted percentage of green, weighted type of
green, weighted proximity to green. However, some other parameters can be identified to analyze UGS such as
density of built-up, density of high built-up, building sparsityetc (Qing-yanet al., 2014). Assessing the UGS index
based on proximity to surrounding built-up, usability, population to be served and the combination of several
other parameters will yield better results. In the present study, the grid cell size of 100m x 100m was considered.
However, lower grid cell size may be applied in future to see the effect of grid cell size for the assessment of green
spaces. An automation of the calculation process can be done to handle the larger number of grid cells.
Using GIS and Remote sensing data with high resolution, the UGS analysis can be done effectively. GIS can be an
effective tool in preserving and monitoring green and open spaces in an urban area (Ruangrit and Sokhi, 2004). GIS
is widely accepted in urban landscape planning as it can provide better understanding on the spatial pattern and
changes of land use in an area. In future, spatial arrangement of green spaces can be captured in more refined
manner with the help of 3D model using stereo pair/ LiDAR data, which will provide additional height
information to more realistically model the influence of neighboring buildings.
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