Advanced Topics
(iv) Hyperspectral Remote
Sensing
Remote Sensing: M9L4
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Objectives
2
Introduction
Importance of Hyperspectral Remote
Sensing
Multispectral Vs Hyperspectral Images
Applications
Remote Sensing: M9L4
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Introduction
3
Imaging spectrometry, imaging spectroscopy
hyperspectral (too many, excessive): 100s of bands
Ultraspectral: 1000s of bands
The reflected or emitted radiation is measured at a
fine enough
materials
Remote Sensing: M9L4
spectral
resolution
to
identify
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Introduction
4
Hyperspectral remote sensing allows a sensor on a moving
platform to gather emitted radiation from the Earths surface.
This special detector system records hundreds of spectral
bands
of
relatively
narrow
bandwidths
(5-10
nm)
simultaneously. With such detail, the ability to detect and
identify unique trends in land and atmospheric data sets is
greatly improved
Remote Sensing: M9L4
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Importance of a Hyperspectral
Imaging Satellite
5
Hyperspectral Sensor
Allows for far more specific analysis of land cover
The emissivity levels of each band can be combined to form a
spectral reflectance curve
Additionally, this sensor would also cover all of the useful
spectral bands
Visible imagery, vegetation, chlorophyll, sediments
Near Infrared - atmospheric properties, cloud cover, vegetation
land cover transformation
Thermal Infrared Sea surface temperature, forest fires,
volcanoes, cloud height, total ozone
Remote Sensing: M9L4
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
6
Remote Sensing: M9L4
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
7
Remote Sensing: M9L4
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Multispectral vs. hyperspectral
Remote sensing (RS)
8
MultiSpectral RS
HyperSpectral RS
Separated spectral bands
Does not have any
Wider bandwidths
Coarse representation of
the spectral signature
Unable to discern small
differences between
reflectance spectra
Smaller data volumes
Fewer problems with
calibration
Remote Sensing: M9L4
spectral gaps
Narrow bandwidths
(10nm)
Complete representation
of the spectral signature
Capable to detect subtle
spectral features
Largeer data volumes
Radiometric and spectral
calibration are timeconsuming
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Multispectral Vs Hyperspectral
9
Remote Sensing: M9L4
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Visualization of Hyperspectral
Data
10
Remote Sensing: M9L4
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Concept of Imaging
Spectrometer
11
Spectra of two materials
With very different
Reflectance and
Absorption properties,
When sensed with a wide
Band will have the same
Response and cannot
Be identified
The continuous spectrum
Of each spatial element
Is analyzed using
Hyperspectral sensor or
Imaging spectrometer
Remote Sensing: M9L4
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Hyperspectral Image Analysis
12
Hyperspectral image analysis techniques are derived using the field of
spectroscopy which relate the molecular composition of a particular
material with respect to the corresponding absorption and reflection
pattern of light at individual wavelengths.
Spectral information of known material can be collected in laboratory
settings and stored as libraries. Different methods can be employed to
compare the reference spectra with the obtained spectral reflectance.
Another approach is spectrum ratioing which is dividing every
reflectance value in the reference spectrum by the respective value of
the image spectrum.
Remote Sensing: M9L4
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Applications of Hyperspectral
Imagery
13
Remote Sensing: M9L4
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Currently operational
Hyperspectral Sensors
14
AVIRIS
224 bands 0.4-2.5m, flies on ER-2 or low-altitude Twin
Otter
EO-1
Technology demonstration mission, includes Hyperion
instrument
220 bands 0.4-2.5m, 7.5x100km swath
Remote Sensing: M9L4
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Hyperion: Imaging Spectrometer
15
On-board NASA EO-1 satellite (demonstrating new
sensor technologies)
Pushbroom sensor at 705 km altitude (7.6 km swath
width)
Near-polar orbit (98o inclination)
Flying in formation w/Landsat 7 (1 minute apart)
spectral range 0.43 - 2.4 m, 10 nm bandwidths
220 spectral bands
30m spatial resolution
12-bit quantization
Remote Sensing: M9L4
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Hyperion
16
Remote Sensing: M9L4
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Bibliography
17
1. Chandrasekhar, S (1950), Radiative Transfer. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 393 pp.
2. John R. Jensen, 1996, Introductory Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall
3. Lillesand T. M. & Kiefer R. W., 2000. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, 4th ed. Wiley & Sons.
4. Paul. MK. Mather, 2004, Computer Processing of Remotely- Sensed Images, Wiley & Sons.
5. Volchok, B. A. and M. M. Chernyak (1969), Transfer of microwave radiation in clouds and precipitation.
Transfer of Microwave Radiation in the Atmosphere, NASA TT F-590, 90-97.
6. Wilheit, T. T., Chang, A. T. C., Rao, M. S. V., Rodgers, E. B. and Theon, J. S (1977), A satellite technique
for quantitatively mapping rainfall rates over the oceans., J. Appl. Meteorol., 16, 551-560.
Remote Sensing: M9L4
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
Thank You
Remote Sensing: M9L4
18
D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc
