General

FDE

FDE-Example

QUALCOMM Presentation
Aditya K. Jagannatham
Electrical Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
[email protected]

February 4, 2016

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a

technology used for 4G wireless systems.

Previously, we have described an ISI channel. For example,

y (k) = h (0) x (k) + h (1) x (k 1) + v (k)

i.e. previous symbol x (k 1) interferes with current symbol

x (k).

This is termed as inter symbol interference - ISI

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM - IFFT

OFDM can be used to overcome ISI.

This can be explained as follows.

Consider a block of N = 4 transmission symbols,

X (0) , X (1) , X (2) , X (3)

These are the symbols loaded on the subcarriers

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM

Consider now, the transmitted samples

x (0) , x (1) , x (2) , x (3) given as,
X (0) , X (1) ,X (2) , X (3)
IFFT
x (0) , x (1) ,x (2) , x (3)

i.e. x (0) , x (1) , x (2) , x (3) is the N = 4 point IFFT of

X (0) , X (1) , X (2) , X (3).

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM - Cyclic Prefix

I

x (0) , x (1) , x (2) , x (3) are the actual transmitted samples

I

i.e. the signal transmitted over the ISI channel.

However, prior to transmission, consider one other

modification.

The symbol x (3) from the tail is prefixed at the head of the
block.

Hence, the transmitted block is,

x (3), x (0) , x (1) , x (2) , x (3)
|{z}
prefix

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

{z

Block with prefix

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM - Cyclic Prefix

x (3), x (0) , x (1) , x (2) , x (3)

|{z}
prefix

|
I

{z

Block with prefix

This is termed as the cyclic prefix (CP)

I

Since samples at the tail are being cycled to the head as a

prefix.

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM - Cyclic Prefix

x (3) , x (0) , x (1) , x (2) , x (3)
I

Consider now the transmission of the above block through the

ISI channel.
I

The corresponding received symbols are,

y (0) = h (0) x (0) + h (1) x (3) + v (0)

y (1) = h (0) x (1) + h (1) x (0) + v (1)
y (2) = h (0) x (2) + h (1) x (1) + v (2)
y (3) = h (0) x (3) + h (1) x (2) + v (3)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM - Circular Convolution

y (0) = h (0) x (0) + h (1) x (3) + v (0)

y (1) = h (0) x (1) + h (1) x (0) + v (1)
y (2) = h (0) x (2) + h (1) x (1) + v (2)
y (3) = h (0) x (3) + h (1) x (2) + v (3)

Figure: Circular Convolution

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM - Circular Convolution

Thus, output y is circular convolution of h, x in additive noise

v.
y =hx +v

Taking now the N = 4 point FFT of the received symbols

y (k),
FFT (y ) = FFT (h) FFT (x) + FFT (v )

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM - FFT
I

Let FFT of output symbols y (0) , y (1) , y (2) , y (3) be,

y (0) , y (1) ,y (2) , y (3)
FFT
Y (0) , Y (1) ,Y (2) , Y (3)

Let zero-padded FFT of channel coefficients h (0) , h (1) be,

h (0) , h (1) , 0, 0
FFT
H (0) , H (1) ,H (2) , H (3)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM - FFT

Further, since x (0) , x (1) , x (2) , x (3) is the IFFT of

X (0) , X (1) , X (2) , X (3), we have,
X (0) , X (1) ,X (2) , X (3)
IFFT
x (0) , x (1) ,x (2) , x (3)
FFT
X (0) , X (1) ,X (2) , X (3)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM - FFT

Finally, let FFT of noise samples v (0) , v (1) , v (2) , v (3) be,
v (0) , v (1) ,v (2) , v (3)
FFT
V (0) , V (1) ,V (2) , V (3)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM - Parallel Subcarriers

FFT (y ) = FFT (h) FFT (x) + FFT (v )

Therefore, after FFT at the receiver, we have,

Y (0) = H (0) X (0) + V (0)
Y (1) = H (1) X (1) + V (1)
Y (2) = H (2) X (2) + V (2)
Y (3) = H (3) X (3) + V (3)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM - Parallel Subcarriers

Basically, across the k th subcarrier,

Y (k) = H (k) X (k) + V (k)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Output Noise Properties

Let us now examine the properties of the output noise

samples V (k).

Let v (k) be zero-mean, IID Gaussian noise of variance 2 .

n
o
E {v (l)} = 0, E |v (l)|2 = 2

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Output Noise Properties

Further since noise is Independent.

n
 o
E v (l) v l = 0, if l 6= l
 o
n


E v (l) v l = 2 l l

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Output Noise Properties

I

V (k) is the k th FFT point of noise samples v (l), and is given

as,

V (k) =

N1
X

kl

v (l) e j2 N

l=0

I
I

where N is the number of subcarriers.

Further, observe V (k) is a linear combination of
v (l) , 0 l N 1, which are Gaussian.
I

Therefore, V (k) is in turn Gaussian in nature.

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Output Noise Properties

I

Further, the expected value of V (k) is,

E {V (k)} = E

(N1
X

)
v (l) e

j2 kl
N

l=0

N1
X
l=0

n
o N1
X
kl
kl
E v (l) e j2 N =
E {v (l)} e j2 N
| {z }
l=0

=0

Therefore, V (k) is zero-mean noise.

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Output Noise Properties

I

The variance of V (k) can be calcuated as follows.

n
o
E |V (k)|2 = E {V (k) V (k)}

! N1

N1
X
X 
kl
k l
v (l) e j2 N
v l e j2 N
=E

l=0
l=0

! N1
N1

X
X 
kl
k l
=E
v (l) e j2 N
v l e j2 N

l=0
l=0

N1


X N1
X
k (ll)
=E
v (l) v l e j2 N

l=0 l=0

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Output Noise Properties

N1
N1

n
o

X
X
k (ll)
E |V (k)|2 = E
v (l) v l e j2 N

l=0 l=0

N1
X N1
X

l=0 l=0
N1
X N1
X

n
 o
k (ll)
E v (l) v l e j2 N


k (ll)
2 l l e j2 N

l=0 l=0
N1
X
2

= N 2

l=0

(1)
Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Output Noise Properties

Therefore, the noise at the output of the FFT V (k) is

Gaussian
I

with zero-mean and variance N 2

V (k) N 0, N 2 .

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Channel Coefficient Properties

I

Similarly, coefficient H (k) is zero-padded N point FFT of the

L channel taps h (0) , h (1) , . . . , h (L 1).
I

N = number of subcarriers and L = number of channel taps.

h (0) , h (1) , . . . , h (L 1) , 0, 0, . . . , 0
| {z }
(NL) zeros

FFT
H (0) , H (1) , . . . , H (N 1)

Therefore, H (k) =

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

PL1
l=0

kl

h (l) e j2 N .
IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Channel Coefficient Properties

I

Consider the channel taps h (l) to be IID Gaussian with

zero-mean and variance h2 .
n
o
E {h (l)} = 0, E |h (l)|2 = h2

Further since channel taps are Independent.

n
 o
E h (l) h l = 0, if l 6= l
n
 o


E h (l) h l = h2 l l

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Channel Coefficient Properties

Further, observe H (k) is a linear combination of

h (l) , 0 l N 1, which are Gaussian.
H (k) =

L1
X

kl

h (l) e j2 N

l=0
I

Therefore, H (k) is in turn Gaussian in nature.

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Channel Coefficient Properties

I

Further, the expected value of H (k) is,

E {H (k)} = E

(L1
X

)
h (l) e

j2 kl
N

l=0

L1
X
l=0

L1
n
o X
kl
kl
E h (l) e j2 N =
E {h (l)} e j2 N
| {z }
l=0

=0

Therefore, H (k) is zero-mean noise.

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Channel Coefficient Properties

I

The variance of H (k) can be calculated as follows.

n
o
E |H (k)|2 = E {H (k) H (k)}

! L1
L1

X
X 
k l
kl
h (l) e j2 N
h l e j2 N
=E

l=0
l=0

! L1
L1
X

X 
kl
k l
=E
h (l) e j2 N
h l e j2 N

l=0
l=0

L1 X
L1
X


k (ll)
=E
h (l) h l e j2 N

l=0 l=0

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Channel Coefficient Properties

L1 X
L1
X

n
o

k (ll)
E |H (k)|2 = E
h (l) h l e j2 N

l=0 l=0

L1 X
L1
X

l=0 l=0
L1 X
L1
X

n
 o
k (ll)
E h (l) h l e j2 N


k (ll)
h2 l l e j2 N

l=0 l=0
L1
X
h2 =
l=0

Lh2
(2)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Channel Coefficient Properties

Therefore, the noise at the output of the FFT H (k) is

Gaussian
I

with zero-mean and variance Lh2

H (k) N 0, Lh2 .

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE Estimation

Therefor consider now

Y (k) = H (k) X (k) + V (k)

I
I

Let X (k) be the transmitted pilot symbol.

We have already seen H (k) N 0, Lh2 ,
I

rH(k)H(k) = Lh2 .

Further the noise variance of V (k) has been derived as N 2 .

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE Estimation

Y (k) = H (k) X (k) + V (k)

From the model above, it can be seen that the MMSE

estimate of H (k) is,


(k) X (k) 1 X (k)
X
1
H (k) = rH(k)H(k) +
Y (k)
N 2
N 2
!1
|X (k)|2
1
X (k)
Y (k)
=
+
N 2
N 2
Lh2

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE Estimation
I

Further, at high SNR i.e.

H (k) =

|X (k)|2
N 2

1
Lh2

!1
1
|X (k)|2
X (k)
+
Y (k)
N 2
N 2
Lh2
!1
X (k)
|X (k)|2
Y (k)
N 2
N 2
X (k)
|X (k)|2

Y (k)

which basically boils down to the Least-Squares or ML

estimate.

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - OFDM Channel Estimation

Example - OFDM Channel Estimation

Let us explore OFDM channel estimation using a simple example.
I

Consider an N = 4 subcarrier OFDM system.

The the loaded symbols be,

X (0) = 1 + j, X (1) = 1 j, X (2) = 1 + 2j, X (3) = 2 j

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - OFDM Channel Estimation

Consider a L = 2 channel taps, h (0) , h (1),

I
I

h (0) , h (1)nare IID o

Gaussian
n with zero-mean.
o
2
2
Also, let E |h (0)| = E |h (1)| = h2 = 12 .

Also, let dB noise power 2 = 9 dB.

I

10 log10 2 = 9 2 = 100.9

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

1
8

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - OFDM Channel Estimation

I

Let the symbols received in time domain

y (0) , y (1) , y (2) , y (3) be,
1
1
y (0) = 1, y (1) = , y (2) = , y (3) = 1
2
2

The received symbols across the subcarriers

Y (0) , Y (1) , Y (2) , Y (3) are,
y (0) , y (1) ,y (2) , y (3)
FFT
Y (0) , Y (1) ,Y (2) , Y (3)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - OFDM Channel Estimation

I

Y (0) , Y (1) , Y (2) , Y (3) is N = 4 point FFT of

y (0) , y (1) , y (2) , y (3)

Y (k) =

N1
X
l=0
N1
X
l=0
N1
X

kl

y (l) e j2 N

kl

y (l) e j2 4
kl

y (l) e j 2

l=0

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - OFDM Channel Estimation

I

Y (0) , Y (1) , Y (2) , Y (3) are given as follows.

Y (0) = y (0) + y (1) + y (2) + y (3)
1 1
=1+ + +1
2 2
=3
1

Y (1) = y (0) + y (1) e j 2 + y (2) e j + y (3) e j 2

1
1
= 1 + (j) + (1) + 1 (j)
2
2
1 1
= + j
2 2
Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - OFDM Channel Estimation

Y (2) = y (0) + y (1) e j + y (2) e j2 + y (3) e j3

1
1
= 1 + (1) + (1) + 1 (1)
2
2
=0
3

Y (3) = y (0) + y (1) e j 2 + y (2) e j3 + y (3) e j 2

1
1
= 1 + (j) + (1) + 1 (j)
2
2
1 1
= j
2 2

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - OFDM Channel Estimation

Also, as shown previously,

H (k) =

Given h2 =

Also, since

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

1
|X (k)|2
+
N 2
Lh2

!1

1
1
2
2 Lh = 2 2 = 1
2 = 81 N 2 = 4 18

X (k)
Y (k)
N 2

1
2

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - OFDM Channel Estimation

H (0) =

!1
|X (0)|2
1
X (0)
+
Y (0)
N 2
N 2
Lh2
!1
1 |1 + j|2
1j
3
+
1
1
1
2
2

= (1 + 4)1 2 (1 j) 3
6
= (1 j)
5

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - OFDM Channel Estimation

H (1) =

!1
|X (1)|2
1
X (1)
+
Y (1)
2
N 2
N 2
Lh
!1


1 |1 j|2
(1 + j) 1 1
+
+ j
1
1
1
2 2
2
2

= (1 + 4)1 2
=

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

1
(1 + j) (1 + j)
2

1
2
2j = j
5
5

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - OFDM Channel Estimation

H (2) =

!1
|X (2)|2
1
X (2)
+
Y (2)
N 2
N 2
Lh2
!1
(1 2j)
1 |1 + 2j|2
+
0
1
1
1
2
2

=0

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - OFDM Channel Estimation

H (3) =

!1
|X (3)|2
1
X (3)
+
Y (3)
2
N 2
N 2
Lh
!1


(2 + j)
1 |2 j|2
1 1
+

j
1
1
1
2 2
2
2

1
(2 + j) (1 j)
2
1
3j
=
(3 j) =
11
11

= (1 + 10)1 2

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - OFDM Channel Estimation

Therefore, the estimates of the coefficients across the

subcarriers are given as,
6
H (0) = (1 j)
5
2
H (1) = j
5
H (2) = 0
3j
H (3) =
11

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM - Comb Type Pilot

Observe now that for an L = 2 tap channel i.e. h (0) , h (1),

we have,
h (0) , h (1) , 0, 0
FFT
H (0) , H (1) ,H (2) , H (3)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM - Comb Type Pilot

This basically implies that,

H (0) = h (0) + h(1)

H (1) = h (0) + h(1)e j 2

H (2) = h (0) + h(1)e j
H (3) = h (0) + h(1)e j

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

3
2

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

OFDM - Comb Type Pilot

Observe now that there are only L = 2 unknowns i.e.

h (0) , h (1).
I

Hence, only L subcarrier coefficients H (k) are needed to

determine them.
Rest of the subcarrier coefficients can be found from
h (0) , h (1).

Thus, pilots need to be loaded only on L = 2 subcarriers.

This known as a comb type pilot transmission.

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - Comb Type Pilot

Let us redo our OFDM example in this light.

Consider an N = 4 subcarrier OFDM system as before.

However, let only L = 2 subcarriers corresponding to k = 1, 3

be loaded with the pilots,
X (1) = 1 j, X (3) = 2 j

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - Comb Type Pilot

I

Similar to before, let the symbols received in time domain

y (0) , y (1) , y (2) , y (3) be,
1
1
y (0) = 1, y (1) = , y (2) = , y (3) = 1
2
2

The received symbols across the subcarriers

Y (0) , Y (1) , Y (2) , Y (3) are,
y (0) , y (1) ,y (2) , y (3)
FFT
Y (0) , Y (1) ,Y (2) , Y (3)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - Comb Type Pilot

Therefore, Y is once again,

Y
Y
Y=
Y
Y

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

(0)

(1)
=

(2)
(3)

1
2
1
2

3
+ 12 j

0
12 j

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - Comb Type Pilot

Extract now the outputs corresponding to the pilot subcarriers

i.e.,
=
Y

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

Y (1)
Y (3)


=

1
2
1
2

+ 21 j
21 j

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - Comb Type Pilot

I

Across the k th subcarrier we have,

Y (k) = H (k) X (k) + V (k)

Therefore, after FFT at the receiver, across the pilot

subcarriers k = 1, 3 we have,
Y (1) = H (1) X (1) + V (1)
Y (3) = H (3) X (3) + V (3)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - Comb Type Pilot

Also, as shown previously,

H (k) =

Given h2 =

Also, since

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

1
|X (k)|2
+
N 2
Lh2

!1

1
1
2
2 Lh = 2 2 = 1
2 = 81 N 2 = 4 18

X (k)
Y (k)
N 2

1
2

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - Comb Type Pilot

H (1) =

!1
|X (1)|2
1
X (1)
+
Y (1)
2
N 2
N 2
Lh
!1


1 |1 j|2
(1 + j) 1 1
+
+ j
1
1
1
2 2
2
2

= (1 + 4)1 2
=

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

1
(1 + j) (1 + j)
2

1
2
2j = j
5
5

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - Comb Type Pilot

H (3) =

!1
|X (3)|2
1
X (3)
+
Y (3)
2
N 2
N 2
Lh
!1


(2 + j)
1 |2 j|2
1 1
+

j
1
1
1
2 2
2
2

1
(2 + j) (1 j)
2
1
3j
=
(3 j) =
11
11

= (1 + 10)1 2

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - Comb Type Pilot

I

Observe now that,

H (1) = h (0) + h(1)e j 2 = h (0) jh(1)

H (3) = h (0) + h(1)e j

3
2

= h (0) + jh(1)

Therefore, writing this in matrix form,



Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

H (1)
H (3)


=

1 j
1
j



h (0)
h (1)

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - Comb Type Pilot

Therefore, h (0) , h (1) are given as,

 
1 

h (0)
1 j
H (1)
=
1
j
h (1)
H (3)





2
1
j j
j
h (0)
5
=
1
3
2j 1 1
h (1)
11 11 j


15
17
110 + 110 j
=
15
27
j
110 110


Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - Comb Type Pilot

From h (0) , h (1), the rest can be determined as,

H (0) = h (0) + h(1) H (0) = h (0) + h(1)


 

17
15
1
15
27
6

H (0) =
+
j +

j = + j
110 110
110 110
55 55
j

H (2) = h (0) + h(1)e

H (2) = h (0) h(1)

 

15
17
27
15
21 16
H (2) =
+
j

j =
+ j
110 110
110 110
55 55

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Example - Comb Type Pilot

I
I

Thus, one can estimate H (0) , H (2) from h (0) , h (1).

Essentially, this shows that pilots need to be loaded only on L
subcarriers,
I

where L is the number of channel taps

h (0) , h (1) , . . . , h (L 1).

Rest N L subcarriers can be loaded with data or information

symbols.

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Frequency Domain Equalization - LMMSE

Previously we have seen Time Domain Equalization (TDE) for

the wireless channel with ISI.
y (k) = h (0) x (k) + h (1) x (k 1) + v (k)

Let us now look at Frequency Domain Equalization (FDE) for

ISI removal.

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Frequency Domain Equalization - LMMSE

In OFDM described previously, we have seen, the transmitted

samples x (0) , x (1) , x (2) , x (3) are given as,
X (0) , X (1) ,X (2) , X (3)
IFFT
x (0) , x (1) ,x (2) , x (3)

where X (0) , X (1) , X (2) , X (3) are the symbols loaded

onto the subcarriers.

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Frequency Domain Equalization - LMMSE

In Frequency Doman Equalization (FDE), no IFFT performed

at transmitter.

The symbols are directly transmitted as samples i.e. symbols

are,
x (0) , x (1) , x (2) , x (3)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Frequency Domain Equalization - LMMSE

The transmitted block after the addition of cyclic prefix is,

x (3), x (0) , x (1) , x (2) , x (3)
|{z}
prefix

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

{z

Block with prefix

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Frequency Domain Equalization - LMMSE

They are transmitted across the channel,

y (k) = h (0) x (k) + h (1) x (k 1) + v (k)

As seen previously, output y is circular convolution of h, x in

additive noise v .
y =hx +v

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Frequency Domain Equalization - LMMSE

Therefore, after FFT at the receiver, across the k th subcarrier,

Y (k) = H (k) X (k) + V (k)

where X (k) is the k th FFT point of the symbols

x (0) , x (1) , x (2) , x (3).

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Frequency Domain Equalization - LMMSE

Let the symbols X (k) be zero-mean and average power Pt i.e.

n
o
E {X (k)} = 0, E |X (k)|2 = Pt .

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Frequency Domain Equalization - LMMSE

I

The quantity rY (k)Y (k) can be derived as,

o
n
2
E |Y (k)| = E {Y (k) Y (k)}


=E (H (k) X (k) + V (k)) (H (k) X (k) + V (k))
=E {(H (k) X (k) + V (k)) (H (k) X (k) + V (k))}
n
o
2
2
2
=E |H (k)| |X (k)| + H (k) X (k) V (k) + V (k) X (k) H (k) + |V (k)|
n
o
2
2
= |H (k)| E |X (k)| + H (k) E {X (k) V (k)}
n
o
2
+ E {V (k) X (k)} H (k) + E |V (k)|

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Frequency Domain Equalization - LMMSE

I

The quantity rY (k)Y (k) can be derived as,

n
o
2
E |Y (k)| =E {Y (k) Y (k)}
o
n
2
2
= |H (k)| E |X (k)| +H (k) E {X (k) V (k)}
|
{z
}
|
{z
}
0

Pt

n
o
2
+ E {V (k) X (k)} H (k) + E |V (k)|
|
{z
}
{z
}
|
0

=Pt |H (k)| + N

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

N 2

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Frequency Domain Equalization - LMMSE

I

The quantity rX (k)Y (k) can be derived as,

rX (k)Y (k) =E {X (k) Y (k)}
=E {X (k) (H (k) X (k) + V (k)) }
=E {X (k) (H (k) X (k) + V (k))}
n
o
=E |X (k)|2 + X (k) V (k)
n
o
=H (k) E |X (k)|2 + E {X (k) V (k)}
=Pt H (k)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Frequency Domain Equalization - LMMSE

Therefore, the LMMSE estimate X (k) of X (k) on subcarrier

k is,
X (k) = rX (k)Y (k) rY1(k)Y (k)
=

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

Pt H (k)
Pt |H (k)|2 + N 2

Y (k)

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Frequency Domain Equalization - LMMSE

The symbol estimates x (0) , x (1) , x (2) , x (3) are now

obtained by IFFT as,
X (0) , X (1) ,X (2) , X (3)
IFFT
x (0) , x (1) ,
x (2) , x (3)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Frequency Domain Equalization - LMMSE

Thus, equalization is conveniently done in the frequency

domain
I

without any matrix inversion.

Hence, has a low-complexity.

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE FDE-Example

Consider the ISI channel,

y (k) = x (k) + 0.5x (k 1) + v (k)

i.e. the channel coefficients are h (0) = 0, h (1) = 0.5.

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE FDE-Example

The transmitted block after the addition of cyclic prefix is,

x (3), x (0) , x (1) , x (2) , x (3)
|{z}
prefix

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

{z

Block with prefix

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE FDE-Example

Observe now that for an L = 2 tap channel i.e. h (0) , h (1),

we have,
h (0) , h (1) , 0, 0
FFT
H (0) , H (1) ,H (2) , H (3)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE FDE-Example

This basically implies that,

1
3
=
2
2

1
H (1) = h (0) + h(1)e j 2 = 1 j
2
1
1
j
H (2) = h (0) + h(1)e
=1 =
2
2
3
1
H (3) = h (0) + h(1)e j 2 = 1 + j
2
H (0) = h (0) + h(1) = 1 +

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE FDE-Example

Therefore, the matrix model is,

3
0
0
0
Y (0)
2
0 1 1j 0
Y (1)
0
2
=
1
Y (2) 0
0
0
2
Y (3)
0
0
0 1 + 12 j
{z } |
{z

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

X (0)
X (1)

X (2)
X (3)
} | {z
X

V (0)
V (1)
+
V (2)
V (3)
} | {z
V

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE FDE-Example

As derived above, the LMMSE estimate X (k) of X (k) on

subcarrier k is,
X (k) =

Pt H (k)
Pt |H (k)|2 + N 2

Y (k)

Let transmit symbol power in dB be Pt = 3 dB Pt = 2.

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE FDE-Example

Let the dB noise power 2 = 3 dB

10 log10 2 = 3
2 = 100.3 = 100.3

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

1

1
2

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE FDE-Example

Therefore, the LMMSE estimate X (k) of X (k) on subcarrier

k is,
X (k) =
=

Pt H (k)
Pt |H (k)|2 + N 2
2H (k)

Y (k)

Y (k)
2 |H (k)|2 + 4 12
2H (k)
H (k)
=
Y (k) =
Y (k)
2
2 |H (k)| + 2
|H (k)|2 + 1

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE FDE-Example
I

Therefore, the LMMSE estimate X (0) of X (0) on subcarrier

0 is,
X (0) =

H (0)
|H (0)|2 + 1

Y (0)

=  22
Y (0) =
3 + 1
=

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

2
3
2
Y
13
4

(0) =

3
2
9
4

+1

Y (0)

6
Y (0)
13

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE FDE-Example
I

Therefore, the LMMSE estimate X (1) of X (1) on subcarrier

1 is,
X (1) =

H (1)

Y (1)
|H (1)|2 + 1
1 + 21 j
1 + 12 j
=
Y
(1)
=
Y (1)

1 1 j 2 + 1
1 + 41 + 1
2


1 + 21 j
4 2
Y (1) =
+ j Y (1)
=
9
9 9
4

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE FDE-Example
I

Therefore, the LMMSE estimate X (2) of X (2) on subcarrier

2 is,
X (2) =

H (2)
|H (2)|2 + 1

Y (2)

=  22
Y (2) =
1 + 1
=

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

2
1
2
Y
5
4

1
2
1
4

+1

Y (2)

2
(2) = Y (2)
5

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE FDE-Example
I

Therefore, the LMMSE estimate X (3) of X (3) on subcarrier

3 is,
X (3) =

H (3)

Y (3)
|H (3)|2 + 1
1 21 j
1 12 j
=
Y
(3)
=
Y (3)

1 + 1 j 2 + 1
1 + 41 + 1
2


1 21 j
4 2
Y (3) =
j Y (3)
=
9
9 9
4

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE FDE-Example

The LMMSE estimates of the samples

X (0) , X (1) , X (2) , X (3) are,

=
X

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

X (0)
X (1)
X (2)
X (3)

4
9
4
9

6
13

Y

(0)
+ 92 j Y (1)

Y
(2)

5
2
9 j Y (3)

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

LMMSE FDE-Example

The symbol estimates x (0) , x (1) , x (2) , x (3) are now

obtained by IFFT as,
6
Y (0) ,
13




4 2
2
4 2
+ j Y (1) , Y (2) ,
j Y (3)
9 9
5
9 9
IFFT
x (0) , x (1) ,
x (2) , x (3)

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

blank

blank

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

blank

blank

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K

General

FDE

FDE-Example

Thank You

Aditya K. Jagannatham
QUALCOMM Presentation

IIT-K