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    4 - Specifying Algorithms: Flow of Control: COL 100 - Introduction To Computer Science and Programming

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    abhinav
    The document discusses specifying algorithms through flow of control, data, and functions. It covers sequencing, conditionals like if-else statements, nested conditionals, and multi-way branching using switch-case statements. Conditionals in C++ can evaluate logical and integer expressions. The ternary operator provides a short-hand for if-else. Switch statements require a break to exit each case block, and the condition expression must be an integer while case expressions are constant.

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    4 - Specifying Algorithms: Flow of Control: COL 100 - Introduction To Computer Science and Programming

    Uploaded by

    abhinav
    34 views11 pages
    The document discusses specifying algorithms through flow of control, data, and functions. It covers sequencing, conditionals like if-else statements, nested conditionals, and multi-way branching using switch-case statements. Conditionals in C++ can evaluate logical and integer expressions. The ternary operator provides a short-hand for if-else. Switch statements require a break to exit each case block, and the condition expression must be an integer while case expressions are constant.

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    flow

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    4-ControlFlow

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    The document discusses specifying algorithms through flow of control, data, and functions. It covers sequencing, conditionals like if-else statements, nested conditionals, and multi-way branching using switch-case statements. Conditionals in C++ can evaluate logical and integer expressions. The ternary operator provides a short-hand for if-else. Switch statements require a break to exit each case block, and the condition expression must be an integer while case expressions are constant.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    34 views11 pages

    4 - Specifying Algorithms: Flow of Control: COL 100 - Introduction To Computer Science and Programming

    Uploaded by

    abhinav
    The document discusses specifying algorithms through flow of control, data, and functions. It covers sequencing, conditionals like if-else statements, nested conditionals, and multi-way branching using switch-case statements. Conditionals in C++ can evaluate logical and integer expressions. The ternary operator provides a short-hand for if-else. Switch statements require a break to exit each case block, and the condition expression must be an integer while case expressions are constant.

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    of 11

    4 Specifying Algorithms:

    Flow of Control
    COL 100 - Introduction to Computer Science and
    Programming
    II Semester 2015-2016
    Department of Computer Science and Engineering
    Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

    Programming Tasks
    Specification
    data
    algorithms

    Analysis
    Design and Implementation
    Verification/Testing

    Jan 2016

    P. R. Panda, I.I.T Delhi

    Detailed Course Contents


    Topic
    Sub-topics
    The Compu*ng Computer Components: Hardware
    Environment Memory: addressing and hierarchy
    Program Execu*on: compiler and opera*ng system
    Instruc*ons: format and execu*on
    Specica*on: Number Representa*on: binary, two's complement, oa*ng point
    Data
    Data types: integer, oa*ng point, character, string
    Aggregates: arrays and structures
    Dynamic data: linked list
    Specica*on: Control ow: condi*onals and loops
    Algorithm
    Sub-programs - func*ons and procedures
    Divide and conquer: recursion
    Dynamic programming (opt), Concurrency: thread (opt)
    Analysis
    Complexity
    Recurrence Rela*ons
    Design and
    Modularity - separate compila*on, interfaces, and classes
    Implementa*on Abstrac*on Mechanisms: templates, overloading (opt), class hierarchy (opt)
    Library and reuse
    SoPware Engineering: Make
    Verica*on
    Asser*ons and Invariants
    Jan 2016
    P. R. Panda, I.I.T Delhi
    3
    Tes*ng

    Specifying an Algorithm
    Algorithm
    Unambiguous specification of a method/
    procedure

    Jan 2016

    P. R. Panda, I.I.T Delhi

    Algorithm Structure and


    Sequencing
    START
    a=4

    main ( )
    {
    int a, b, c;

    b=5

    a = 4;
    b = 5;
    c = a + b;
    cout << c;

    c=a+b
    Print value of c

    }
    END
    Jan 2016

    P. R. Panda, I.I.T Delhi

    Conditionals
    START

    a divisible
    by 2?

    Print even

    main ( )
    {
    int a;

    F
    cin >> a; // Input from user
    if (a % 2 == 0)
    cout << even << endl;
    else
    cout << odd << endl;

    Print odd
    }

    END
    Jan 2016

    What does the instruction


    sequence look like?
    P. R. Panda, I.I.T Delhi

    Nested Conditionals
    Program to detect Leap year

    START
    T
    T

    100
    |Y?
    F

    400
    |Y?

    Leap

    4|
    Y?
    F
    Leap

    No

    Jan 2016

    END

    main()
    {
    if (year % 4 == 0) {
    F
    if (year % 100 == 0) {
    if (year % 400 == 0) {
    cout << Leap;
    } else {
    cout << No;
    No
    }
    } else {
    cout << Leap;
    }
    } else {
    cout << No << endl;
    }
    }
    P. R. Panda, I.I.T Delhi

    Different Ways of Composing


    Conditionals
    main()
    {
    if (year % 4 == 0)
    if (year % 100 == 0)
    cout << No;
    else
    cout << Yes;
    else
    cout << No;
    }

    OR

    main()
    {
    if (year % 100 == 0)
    cout << No;
    else
    if (year % 4 == 0)
    cout << Yes;
    else
    cout << No;
    }

    Which
    is
    better?

    More specific case in inner conditional


    Jan 2016

    P. R. Panda, I.I.T Delhi

    Multi-way Branch:
    SWITCH/CASE Statement
    START

    month
    apr,jun,...

    30

    feb
    28

    END
    Jan 2016

    others
    31

    main()
    {
    int month, days, year; ...
    switch (month) {
    case 4:
    case 5:
    case 9:
    case 11: days = 30; break;
    case 2: days = (year % 4) ? 28 : 29; break;
    default: days = 31;
    }
    cout << Days in month << month << =
    << days;
    }
    P. R. Panda, I.I.T Delhi

    Conditionals in C++

    Evaluating Conditionals in C/C++


    LOGICAL expression
    if (a > b)
    if (a == b) // if a equals b
    if (a != b) // if a doesnt equal b
    INTEGER expression
    if (year % 4 == 0) // if y is
    divisible by 4
    if (year % 4 != 0) // if y is NOT
    divisible by 4
    if (y) // if (y is non-zero)
    if (!y) // if (y == 0)
    Ternary Operator ?
    a = b ? c : d;
    if (b) a = c; else a = d;
    Jan 2016

    main()
    {
    int month, days, year; ...
    switch (month) {
    case 4:
    case 5:
    case 9:
    case 11: days = 30; break;
    case 2: days = (year % 4)?28:29; break;
    default: days = 31;
    }
    cout << Days in month << month << =
    << days;
    }

    P. R. Panda, I.I.T Delhi

    10

    The C++ SWITCH


    default case executed
    when none of the cases
    match
    break necessary to exit
    from switch
    if no break, then control
    flows to next case

    Condition expression must


    be integer
    why?

    Case expressions must be


    constant
    why?
    Jan 2016

    main()
    {
    int month, days, year; ...
    switch (month) {
    case 4:
    case 5:
    case 9:
    case 11: days = 30; break;
    case 2: days = (year % 4) ? 28 : 29; break;
    default: days = 31;
    }
    cout << Days in month << month << =
    << days;
    }

    P. R. Panda, I.I.T Delhi

    11

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