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    EXP - NO.8 Inverse Square Law Propagation and Verification of Reciprocity Theorem Objective

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    Jose Dahlson
    This document describes an experiment to verify the inverse square law of electromagnetic wave propagation and the reciprocity theorem of antennas. It involves measuring the received signal strength from a transmitting Yagi antenna at various distances from a receiving Yagi antenna. The measurements show that received power reduces by 1/4 every time the distance doubles, confirming the inverse square law. It also involves rotating transmitting and receiving antennas and measuring their radiation patterns, which are found to be equal, confirming the reciprocity theorem.

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    EXP - NO.8 Inverse Square Law Propagation and Verification of Reciprocity Theorem Objective

    Uploaded by

    Jose Dahlson
    333 views7 pages
    This document describes an experiment to verify the inverse square law of electromagnetic wave propagation and the reciprocity theorem of antennas. It involves measuring the received signal strength from a transmitting Yagi antenna at various distances from a receiving Yagi antenna. The measurements show that received power reduces by 1/4 every time the distance doubles, confirming the inverse square law. It also involves rotating transmitting and receiving antennas and measuring their radiation patterns, which are found to be equal, confirming the reciprocity theorem.

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    This document describes an experiment to verify the inverse square law of electromagnetic wave propagation and the reciprocity theorem of antennas. It involves measuring the received signal strength from a transmitting Yagi antenna at various distances from a receiving Yagi antenna. The measurements show that received power reduces by 1/4 every time the distance doubles, confirming the inverse square law. It also involves rotating transmitting and receiving antennas and measuring their radiation patterns, which are found to be equal, confirming the reciprocity theorem.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    333 views7 pages

    EXP - NO.8 Inverse Square Law Propagation and Verification of Reciprocity Theorem Objective

    Uploaded by

    Jose Dahlson
    This document describes an experiment to verify the inverse square law of electromagnetic wave propagation and the reciprocity theorem of antennas. It involves measuring the received signal strength from a transmitting Yagi antenna at various distances from a receiving Yagi antenna. The measurements show that received power reduces by 1/4 every time the distance doubles, confirming the inverse square law. It also involves rotating transmitting and receiving antennas and measuring their radiation patterns, which are found to be equal, confirming the reciprocity theorem.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    Advanced Communication Laboratory

    EXP.NO.8
    INVERSE SQUARE LAW PROPAGATION AND VERIFICATION OF
    RECIPROCITY THEOREM
    Objective
    a) To study the variation of field,strength of radiated wave,with distance from
    transmitting antenna
    b) To demonstrate that the transmitting and receiving radiation patterns of an
    antenna are equal and hence confirm the reciprocity theorem of antennas
    Equipments Required

    Antenna transmitter,receiver and stepper motor controller


    Yagi(4el) &Yagi (3el) antenna
    Antenna Tripod and stepper tripod with connecting cables
    Measuring tape

    Inverse Law of Propagation


    Description
    The field strength reducing the distance between transmitting and receiving
    antennas is increased.The power intercepted by the receiving antenna from the transmitting
    antenna is inversely proportional, to the square of the distance between them.Hence every
    time the distance between the antennas is doubled,the field strength/receiver reading reduces
    by 64 dB or received power gets reduced by one fourth.
    In electromagnetic wave propagation, the irradiance, i.e., the power per unit area
    perpendicular to the direction of propagation, of a spherical wavefront varies inversely as the
    square of the distance from the source, assuming there are no losses caused by absorption or
    scattering. Note 1: For example, the power radiated from a point source, i.e., an
    omnidirectional isotropic antenna, or from any source at very large distances from the source
    compared to the size of the source, must spread itself over larger and larger spherical surfaces
    as the distance from the source increases. The inverse square law is also applicable to
    diffused and incoherent radiation. Note 2: The electromagnetic field strength, such as the
    electric field strength and the magnetic field strength, varies inversely as the distance.
    However, the irradiance, i.e., the power per unit area, is proportional to the square of the field
    strength.

    Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

    Advanced Communication Laboratory

    Block Diagram

    Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

    Advanced Communication Laboratory

    Gain(dB)

    Model Graph

    Distance between antenna(m)

    Procedure
    1.Keep Tripods at a minimal distance of 0.5 m from each other,center to center using
    measuring tape.
    2.This minimal distance ensures that we are testing the antennas in the far field region.
    3.Transmitted RF signal fom Yagi(4el) antenna is intercepted by Yagi (3el) and sent to
    receiver .Measure A, the level on receiver in dBV.
    4.Note down the reading at 0.5 m distance.
    5.Take the reading at 0.7 metre distance.Ensure that no scattering objects are in the vicinity
    of the antenna, which could reradiate and distort the field pattern and consequently the
    readings. Avoid any movement of persons while taking the readings.

    Tabulation
    Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

    Advanced Communication Laboratory

    Distance (m)

    Power (dB)

    Observations
    1.Take readings at 1 m, 1.4 m, 2 m , 2.8 m,4 m, 5.6 m, 8 m and 11.3 m.
    2. Readings can be distorted if the Yagi (3el) captures signal from its behind due to wall or
    from ceiling etc.
    3. Plot these readings on cartesian plane with distance between antennas on X axis and signal
    level in dB as Y axis.
    4.Repeat the measurements once again to confirm the readings.

    b) RECIPROCITY THEOREM
    Equipments required
    1.Antenna transmitter and receiver and stepper motor controller
    2.Dipole and Yagi antenna
    3.Antenna and tripod & stepper tripod with connecting cables.
    Theory
    Radiation pattern of an antenna gives the idea of the directivity and gain of the antenna
    we are using.The antenna will be set in that direction where directivity and gain are high.In
    its simplest form, the reciprocity theorem states that if an emf E in one branch of a reciprocal
    network produces a current I in another, then if the emf E is moved from the first to the
    second branch, it will cause the same current in the first branch, where the emf has been
    replaced by a short circuit.
    Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

    Advanced Communication Laboratory

    Block Diagram

    Model graph
    Transmitter rotating

    Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

    Advanced Communication Laboratory

    Receiver Radiating

    Note: The above graphs are plotted in Smith chart

    PROCEDURE
    1.Connect the Yagi antenna to receiver stepper tripod & then set the frequency to 600
    MHz.Keep the antenna in horizontal plane.
    2.Now, Connect a dipole antenna to the transmitter tripod and set the transmitter to 600
    MHz .Connect the alternator to avoid saturation.
    3. Point the Yagi antenna in the direction of the dipole of other elements parallel to each
    other.
    4. Set the distance between the antenna to be around 1m.Remove any stray object from
    around the antenna , especially the line of sight.Avoid any unnecessary movements while
    taking the reading.
    5.Now rotate the antenna around its axis in steps of 5,using stepper motor controller.
    6.Take the readings and tabulate them.
    7.Plot the graph.

    Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

    Advanced Communication Laboratory

    Tabulation

    Receiver moving

    Transmitter moving
    Angle

    Angle

    Gain (dB)

    Gain
    (dB)

    Result
    The variation of field strength of the radiated wave with distance from transmitting antenna
    is studied and reciprocity theorem is verified.

    Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

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