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    Chapter A9 - Controlling Natural and Hybrid Ventilation

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    Ali Aimran
    Natural and hybrid ventilation systems require control to maintain good indoor air quality, prevent unnecessary heat loss, and provide high air changes to cool buildings at night. Manual control is inexpensive but difficult to regulate ventilation rates. Automatic controls use sensors like CO2, temperature, and humidity connected to actuators that open vents and windows according to control rules. At night during summer, controls maximize ventilation to cool indoor thermal mass while restricting airflow when outside air is warmer or it is raining.

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    Chapter A9 - Controlling Natural and Hybrid Ventilation

    Uploaded by

    Ali Aimran
    50 views10 pages
    Natural and hybrid ventilation systems require control to maintain good indoor air quality, prevent unnecessary heat loss, and provide high air changes to cool buildings at night. Manual control is inexpensive but difficult to regulate ventilation rates. Automatic controls use sensors like CO2, temperature, and humidity connected to actuators that open vents and windows according to control rules. At night during summer, controls maximize ventilation to cool indoor thermal mass while restricting airflow when outside air is warmer or it is raining.

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    Natural and hybrid ventilation systems require control to maintain good indoor air quality, prevent unnecessary heat loss, and provide high air changes to cool buildings at night. Manual control is inexpensive but difficult to regulate ventilation rates. Automatic controls use sensors like CO2, temperature, and humidity connected to actuators that open vents and windows according to control rules. At night during summer, controls maximize ventilation to cool indoor thermal mass while restricting airflow when outside air is warmer or it is raining.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    50 views10 pages

    Chapter A9 - Controlling Natural and Hybrid Ventilation

    Uploaded by

    Ali Aimran
    Natural and hybrid ventilation systems require control to maintain good indoor air quality, prevent unnecessary heat loss, and provide high air changes to cool buildings at night. Manual control is inexpensive but difficult to regulate ventilation rates. Automatic controls use sensors like CO2, temperature, and humidity connected to actuators that open vents and windows according to control rules. At night during summer, controls maximize ventilation to cool indoor thermal mass while restricting airflow when outside air is warmer or it is raining.

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    of 10

    BLOCK A

    Natural and Hybrid Ventilation


    Chapter A9 Controlling
    Natural and Hybrid Ventilation

    Reasons for Control


    Maintain good indoor air quality;
    Prevent the unnecessary loss of heated (or mechanically cooled) air
    by excessive air change;
    Provide high rates of air change in summer to cool the structure at
    night (night cooling);
    Switch between natural and hybrid ventilation according to need.

    Manual control
    Advantages:
    Inexpensive low technology solution;
    Occupants often stress that a benefit of natural ventilation is access to
    openings;
    Could work if windows are vents are well designed and occupants are
    motivated to adjust openings.

    Disadvantages:
    Difficult to judge what the ventilation rate is, ideally the occupant should
    have a carbon dioxide concentration display to provide basic
    information. Now increasingly common in Scandinavia, relatively robust
    and inexpensive CO2 monitors are beginning to be used elsewhere.
    Ventilation adjustments may be used to control thermal comfort rather
    than controlling such comfort by adjusting the heating system.
    Often vents and window opening are of insufficient quality to provide
    good manual ventilation control.

    Manual control: example of results

    Figure A9.1 Variation of window opening


    with outdoor temperature.

    Figure A9.2 Impact on window


    opening of sunny and cloudy weather.

    Automatic Controls
    Sensor

    Controller

    Actuator:
    - openable area
    - dampers
    - fan operation
    - fan speed

    CO2
    Humidity
    Temperature
    Precipitation

    Basic ventilation control system based on the use of sensors.

    Control Sensors

    Carbon Dioxide

    Infra Red Sensors (PIR)

    Advantages: Very inexpensive; Over-ride easy; Easy to connect to control mechanism.


    Disadvantages: Not suitable for variable occupancy.

    Humidity Sensors

    Advantages: Very inexpensive; Easy to connect to control mechanism.


    Disadvantages: Usually need to detect constant change. Therefore the system could shut
    down in a sedentary (e.g. small office environment).

    Timer

    Advantages: Reliable control for basic occupant needs; Can easily be linked to a control
    mechanism;
    Disadvantages: Relatively expensive but prices are reducing; Not suitable to deal with
    cooling control.

    Advantages: Very inexpensive; Easy to connect to control mechanism.


    Disadvantages: Potential drift in accuracy.

    Thermal Sensors

    Advantages: Very inexpensive; Easy to connect to control mechanism.


    Disadvantages: None, no suitable alternative.

    Noise sensors

    Smoke/ Fire sensors

    Rain Sensors

    Sensor Location

    Choosing a sensor location is particularly difficult, especially since there may only be
    one sensor available to control the system.

    In mechanical systems, IAQ sensors are normally located at the air exhaust point but,
    in the case of natural systems this is not possible.

    For basic natural and hybrid systems it is necessary to assume that, on average,
    monitored pollutant will be fairly uniformly mixed in the space but certain places need
    to be avoided including:
    In the vicinity of open windows or vents where air is likely to enter the space;
    In the direct breathing zones of individual occupants (CO2 monitoring) where
    there may be direct contact between exhaled air and the occupant.

    A suitable solution could be a pendant sensor suspended in the centre of the room
    or, failing this, a wall mounted sensor either (in the case of single sided ventilation) on
    the wall furthest from the vent openings or (in the case of a cross flow system)
    midway between the vent openings.

    Sensor Location

    In the design process it may be necessary to consider various configurations to


    attempt to optimise the most suitable position. If there is poor ventilation efficiency
    (i.e. some areas in a space are poorly ventilated) then the control strategy can
    breakdown. However, this would be more associated with a design failure of the
    ventilation system.

    Humidity sensors must, obviously, be located in individual rooms subjected to high


    humidity (bathrooms, kitchens etc). They should not be located where they could,
    themselves, get wet.

    Temperature sensors, again, should accurately reflect air temperature in the


    occupied space. They should thus be located away from sunlight or artificially cooled
    areas (e.g. close to pre cooled air diffusers). Unfortunately common thermometers do
    not respond to infra red radiation from walls thus thermal discomfort can often be
    greater than that indicated by a thermometer. For this reason, radiant wall sensors
    might also need to be considered.

    Natural Ventilation Control Rules

    Control rules must take into account the following:

    Easy to understand by occupants and maintenance staff;


    Unobtrusive in operation;
    Provision for occupant interaction;
    Rapid feedback;
    Winter (indoor air quality) control;
    Summer (passive cooling reduced refrigerative cooling) control;
    Shoulder season (mixed heating and cooling) control;
    Maximise air quality and energy efficiency.

    IAQ Control Strategies


    Passive (Night) Cooling Control Strategies

    Night Cooling control strategy


    CONDITION
    At all times: Outside temperature >
    Internal temperature

    At night: Inside temperature greater than


    outside temperature AND inside
    temperature greater than ~ 20C

    At night: Internal temperature falls below


    ~20 C.
    At night: rainfall
    Daytime (Especially during the
    morning):
    Inside temperature greater than outside
    temperature AND inside temperature
    greater than 20C

    ACTION
    Ventilation restricted to the provision of
    air quality needs only. Limit window and
    vent opening, control by CO 2
    concentration.
    Maximise ventilation according to chosen
    approach (e.g. window and vent opening
    and/or mechanical assistance. The
    approach must be aimed at cooling inside
    thermal mass rather than just flushing the
    building of hot air. Therefore good
    thermal contact with the thermal mass is
    essential.
    Suspend night cooling
    Suspend night cooling ventilation if rain
    can penetrate through passive openings
    Continue night cooling approach.

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