SOLUTION (12.

21)
Known: A machine uses a pair of concentric helical compression springs to support a
known static load. Both springs are made of steel and have the same length when
loaded and when unloaded.
Find: Calculate the deflection and the maximum stress in each spring.
Schematic and Given Data:
F = 3.0 kN

do

di

Di
Do
Do = 45 mm
do = 8 mm
No = 5

Di = 25 mm
di = 5 mm
Ni = 10

Assumptions:
1. There are no unfavorable residual stresses.
2. Both end plates are in contact with nearly a full turn of wire.
3. The end plate loads coincide with the spring axis.
Analysis:
1.

d 4G
k
=
From Eq. (12.8),
8D 3N

where G = 79 109 Pa for steel. (Appendix C-1)

ko =

(8 mm)4(79, 000 N/mm2)

= 88. 77 N/mm
8(45 mm)3(5)

ki =

(5 mm)4(79, 000 N/mm2)

= 39. 50 N/mm
8(25 mm)3(10)

12-25

2.

From Eq. (12.8), k =

F or = F
k

3, 000
= 23. 39 mm
(39. 5 + 88. 77)
Using F = k, we can calculate the force on each spring.
Fo = ko = (88.77 N/mm)(23.39 mm) = 2076 N
Fi = ki = (39.50 N/mm)(23.39 mm) = 924 N
Using Fig. 12.4, we can find Ks values for each spring.
For outer spring, C = 45/8 = 5.63, Ks = 1.09
For inner spring, C = 25/5 = 5.00, Ks = 1.10
=

3.
4.

5.

From Eq. (12.6), ! = 8FD Ks

"d3
8(2076)(45)
o =
(1. 09) = 506 MPa
3
(8)

i =

8(924)(25)
(5)

(1. 10) = 518 MPa

SOLUTION (12.22)
Known: A machine uses a pair of concentric helical compression springs to support a
known static load. Both springs are made of steel and have the same length when
loaded and when unloaded.
Find: Calculate the deflection and the maximum stress in each spring.
Schematic and Given Data:
F = 3.0 kN

do

di

Di
Do
Do = 50 mm
do = 9 mm
No = 5

Di = 30 mm
di = 5 mm
Ni = 10

12-26

Assumptions:
1. There are no unfavorable residual stresses.
2. Both end plates are in contact with nearly a full turn of wire.
3. The end plate loads coincide with the spring axis.
Analysis:
1.

2.

4
d
G
From Eq. (12.8), k =
8D 3N
where G = 79 109 Pa for steel. (Appendix C-1)

ko =

(9 mm)4(79, 000 N/mm2)

= 103. 66 N/mm
8(50 mm)3(5)

ki =

(5 mm)4(79, 000 N/mm2)

= 22. 86 N/mm
8(30 mm)3(10)

From Eq. (12.8), k =

F or = F
k

3, 000
= 23. 71 mm
(22. 86 + 103. 66)
Using F = k, we can calculate the force on each spring.
Fo = ko = (103.66 N/mm)(23.71 mm) = 2458.0 N
Fi = ki = (22.86 N/mm)(23.71 mm) = 542 N
!=

3.

4.

Using Fig. 12.4, we can find Ks values for each spring.

For outer spring, C = 50/9 = 5.56
Ks = 1.09
For inner spring, C = 30/5 = 6
Ks = 1.08

5.

From Eq. (12.6), ! = 8FD Ks

"d3
8(2458)(50)
!o =
(1. 09) = 467. 94 MPa
"(9)3

!i =

8(542)(30)
(1. 08) = 357. 75 MPa
"(5)3

SOLUTION (12.23)
Known: A helical coil spring with given D and d is wound with a known pitch value.
The material is ASTM B197 beryllium copper spring wire.
Find: If the spring is compressed solid, would you expect it to return to its original
free-length when the force is removed?
12-27

Schematic and Given Data:

ASTM B197
!!!!!!Beryllium copper
!!!!!!spring wire!!

p = 14 mm
d = 10 mm
D = 50 mm

Assumptions:
1. There are no unfavorable residual stresses.
2. Both end plates are in contact with nearly a full turn of wire.
3. The end plate loads coincide with the spring axis.
Analysis:
1. Force to compress spring solid can be calculated by using Eq. (12.7).
4
F = d G!
8D3N
where /N = p - d = 14 - 10 = 4 mm
G = 50 109 Pa (Appendix C-1)

F=
2.

(10 10 -3)4(50 10 9)(4 10 -3)

= 2000 N
8(50 10 -3)3
The corresponding stress can be calculated by using Eq. (12.6).

= 8FD
Ks
d 3
for C = D/d = 50/10 = 5
Ks = 1.1 (Fig. 12.4)
-3

3.
4.

= 8(2000)(50 10 ) (1.1) = 280. 1 MPa

(10 10 -3)3
For beryllium copper spring wire without presetting, s 0.35 Su.
Also, for beryllium copper spring wire without presetting, Su = 750 MPa
and 0.35 Su = 262.5 MPa
Since 280.1 MPa > 262.5 MPa, set should occur; therefore, spring would not
return to original length.

Comment: By considering the curvature (stress concentration) factor of the inner

surface by using Kw = 1.3, the inner surface stress is (1.3)(280.1) = 364.1 MPa which
is clearly even larger than 262.5 MPa.
12-28

SOLUTION (12.25)
Known: A helical compression spring is to be made with given wire diameter, outside
diameter, and number of active coils. The least expensive steel spring wire is to be
used, and presetting will not be used.
Find:
(a) Estimate the maximum static load that can be applied without encountering more
than 2% long-term set.
(b) What is the spring rate?
(c) What should be the free-length in order that the spring becomes solid when load
determined in (a) is applied?
(d) Would buckling problems be encountered if one end plate is free to tilt?
Schematic and Given Data:
d = 2 mm

N = 10

19 mm

Assumptions:
1. Both end plates are in contact with nearly a full turn of wire.
2. The end plate loads coincide with the spring axis.
Analysis:
1. For d = 2 mm and outside diameter = 19 mm, D = 17 mm, and C = D/d = 8.5.
2. From Table 12.1, the least costly steel spring wire is cold drawn ASTM A227.
3. From Eq. (12.9), max = 0.45 Su where Su = 1550 MPa (Fig. 12.7)
max = 0.45(1550) = 697.5 MPa
4.

d 2max
From Eq. (12.6), F max =
where Ks = 1.06 (Fig. 12.4)
8 CK s

!(2)2(697.5)
= 122 "
8(8. 5)(1. 06)
d 4G
k
=
From Eq. (12.8),
where G = 79 GPa (Appendix C-1)
8D 3N
Fmax =

5.

12-31

24(79, 000)
= 3. 22 N/mm
8(17)3(10)
The amount of deflection when Fmax = 122 N is applied to the spring is
!s = Fmax/k = 122 = 37. 89 mm
3. 22
From Fig. 12.8(d), Ls = Ntd
Ls = (N + 2)d = (10 + 2)2 = 24 mm
Therefore, Lf = Ls + s
Lf = 24 + 37.89 = 61.89 mm
Lf/D = 61.89/17 = 3.64
s/Lf = 37.89/61.89 = 0.612
From Fig. 12.10, for the case B, no buckling should occur.
k=

6.

7.

12-32

SOLUTION (12.27)
Known: A helical compression spring with squared and ground ends is to be designed
with given force and deflection requirement. Presetting is to be used. The loading is
static.
Find: Determine appropriate values for D, N, and Lf. Check for possible buckling.
Schematic and Given Data:
500 N
1000 N

Lf

Fs

60 mm

Music wire
with d = 5 mm

Clash allowance

Assumptions:
1. Both end plates are in contact with nearly a full turn of wire.
2. The end plate loads coincide with the spring axis.
3. The clash allowance is 10% of the maximum deflection.
Analysis:
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

From Eq. (12.8), k =

F
!

k = F = 1000 - 500 = 8. 33 N/mm

60

Since class allowance is 10% of maximum deflection,

Fs = 110% of 1000 N = 1100 N
From Eq.(12.9), s = 0.65 Su
From Fig. 12.7, Su 1650 MPa for music wire with d = 5 mm.
Thus, s = 0.65(1650) = 1073 MPa.
2
From Eq. (12.6), ! = 8F2 CKs or CKs = !"d
8F
"d

CKs =

(1073)(!)(5)2
= 9. 58
8(1100)

Therefore, C = 9.0 (Fig. 12.4) and D = Cd = 9.0(5) = 45.0 mm

7.

From Eq. (12.8), N =

dG
where G = 79 GPa (Appendix C-1)
8kC 3
12-35

N=
8.

9.

(5)(79, 000)
3

= 8. 13

8(8. 33)(9. 0)
For ends squared and ground,
Ls = Ntd = (N + 2)d [Fig. 12.8(d)]
Ls = (8.13 + 2)5 = 50.65 mm
Lf = Ls + Fs/k = 50.65 + 1100/8.33 = 182.7 mm

Lf/D = 182.7/45 = 4.1

!s/Lf = 1100 /182. 7 = 0. 72
8. 33
From Fig. 12.10, we see that the end plates must be constrained parallel (case A)
to avoid buckling.

12-36

SOLUTION (12.28)
Known: A helical compression spring with squared and ground ends is to be made of
steel, and presetting is to be used. The loading is static.
Find: Determine D, d, N, and Lf.
Schematic and Given Data:
40 lb
90 lb

Fs

1.5 in.
Lf

Su = 200 ksi
C=8

Clash allowance

Assumptions:
1. Both end plates are in contact with nearly a full turn of wire.
2. The end plate loads coincide with the spring axis.
3. The clash allowance is 10% of the maximum deflection.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (12.9), s = 0.65 Su = 0.65(200) = 130 ksi.
2. With 10% clash allowance, Fs = 1.10(90) = 99 lb.
3.

k = F = 50 = 33. 3 lb/in.
1. 5

4.

From Eq. (12.6), !s = 8F2 CKs where Ks = 1.06 (Fig. 12.4)

"d

d = 8Fs CKs
!"s
d=

1/2

8(99)
(8)(1. 06)
!(130,000)

1/2

= 0. 128 in.

5.

D = Cd = 8(0.128) = 1.02 in.

6.

4
From Eq. (12.8), N = d G where G = 11.5 106 psi (Appendix C-1)
8D3k

N=

(0. 128)4(11. 5 ! 106)

8(1. 02)3(33. 3)

= 10. 92

12-37

7.

From Fig. 12.8, for squared and ground ends,

L s = N td or Ls = (N + 2)d

Ls = (10.92 + 2)(0.128) = 1.65 in.

Lf = Ls + ! s = Ls +
Lf = 1.65 +

Fs
k

99
= 4.62 in.
33. 3

Comment:
Lf/D =

4. 62
= 4.53
1. 02

s/Lf =

( 33.993)/4.62 = 0.644

From Fig. 12.10, we can see that the end plates should be constrained parallel to avoid
buckling.

12-38

SOLUTION (12.29)
Known: A helical compression spring used for essentially static loading has known d,
D, and N and squared and ground ends. It is made of ASTM A227 cold drawn steel
wire.
Find:
(a) Compute the spring rate and the solid height.
(b) Estimate the greatest load that can be applied without causing long-term
permanent set in excess of 2%.
(c) What spring free-length will result in the load determined in (b) just causing the
spring to become solid?
Schematic and Given Data:
d = 0.100 in.

N=8

D = 0.625 in.

Assumptions:
1. Both end plates are in contact with nearly a full turn of wire.
2. The end plate loads coincide with the spring axis.
Analysis:
1.

d 4G
k
=
From Eq. (12.8),
where G = 11.5 106 psi (Appendix C-1)
3
8D N

k=
2.
3.

(0. 1)4(11. 5 ! 106)

= 73. 6 lb in.
8(0. 625)3(8)
To avoid set, use Eq. (12.9) = 0.45 Su where Su = 215 ksi (Fig. 12.7)
= 0.45(215) = 97 ksi
3
For static loads, ! = 8FD Ks [Eq. (12.6)] or F = !"d
8DKs
"d3
At C = 6.25, Ks = 1.08 (Fig. 12.4)

12-39

4.

(97,000)!(0. 1)3
Thus, F =
= 56. 4 lb
8(0. 625)(1. 08)
Ls = (N + 2)d = (10)(0.1) = 1.0 in.
Lf = Ls + Fs/k = 1.0 + 56.4/73.6 = 1.77 in.

SOLUTION (12.30)
Known: A particular machine requires a helical compression spring, having ends
squared and ground, to support a known essentially static load. The spring constant, the
stress at the design load, and D are known. The clash allowance is to be 0.10 in.
Find: Determine N, d, and Lf.
Schematic and Given Data:
F

D = 3 in.
F = 500 lb
! = 80 ksi
k = 200 lb/in.

Assumptions:
1. Both end plates are in contact with nearly a full turn of wire.
2. The end plate loads coincide with the spring axis.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (12.6), ! = 8FD Ks assume Ks = 1.06, check later
"d3

80, 000 =

8(500)(3)
(1. 06)
!d3

d3 = 0.0506
d = 0.370 in.
2.

C = D/d = 3/0.370 = 8.1

12-40

From Fig. 12.4, Ks = 1.06

Therefore, d = 0.370 in.

3.

4
4
From Eq. (12.8), k = d G or N = d G3
8D3N
8kD

where G = 11.5 106 psi (Appendix C-1)

6

N=
4.

(0. 370)4(11. 5 ! 10 )
8(200)(3)3

= 5. 0

Ls = (N + 2)d = (5.0 + 2)(0.370) = 2.59 in.

Expansion from solid = 0.1 + 500/200 = 2.6 in.

Lf = 2.59 + 2.6 = 5.19 in.

12-41

SOLUTION (12.39)
Known: A coil spring with squared and ground ends is to operate with a load which
fluctuates between 45 and 90 lb, during which the deflection is to vary by 1/2 in. Mean
coil diameter is 2 in. Steel wire corresponding to shot-peened wire in Fig. 12.16 is to be
used. The effect of presetting is not to be taken into account.
Find: Choose an appropriate clash allowance, and determine appropriate values for N,
d, and Lf.
Schematic and Given Data:
F

F = 45 to 90 lb
Deflection = 1/2 in.
D = 2 in.

Squared and
ground end

Assumptions:
1. Both end plates are in contact with nearly a full turn of wire.
2. The end plate loads coincide with the spring axis.
3. The clash allowance is 10% of the maximum deflection.
Analysis--Case A--with shot peening:
1. See Fig. 12.16:
For max/min = 2, max = 800 MPa = 116 ksi
2. k = F/ = 45/0.5 = 90 lb/in.
3.

4.
5.

8F D
From Eq. (12.5), !max = max3 Kw
"d
Assume Kw = 1.2
8(90)(2)
116, 000 =
(1. 2)
!d3
d = 0.168 in.
C = D/d = 2/0.168 = 11.9
Kw = 1.125 (Fig. 12.4)
Assume Kw = 1.125
8(90)(2)
116, 000 =
(1. 125)
!d3
12-53

6.

d = 0.164 in.
C = D/d = 12.19, Kw 1.12
From Eq. (12.5), d = 0.164 in.

7.

8.

dG
dG
From Eq. (12.8), k = 3 or N = 3
8D N
8D k
where G = 11.5 106 psi (Appendix C-1)
(0. 164)4(11. 5 ! 106)
N=
= 1. 44
8(2)3(90)
Clash allowance = 10%

solid = (1. 1) 90 lb = 1. 1 in.

90 lb/in.
Solid height = (N + 2)d = (1.44 + 2)(0.164) = 0.565 in.
Lf = 0.565+ 1.1 = 1.665 in.

Analysis--Case B--without shot peening:

1. See Fig. 12.16:
For max/min = 2, max = 640 MPa = 93 ksi
2. k = F/ = 45/0.5 = 90 lb/in.
3.

From Eq. (12.5), !max =

8FmaxD K
w
"d3

Assume Kw = 1.2
8(90)(2)
(1. 2)
!d3
d = 0.181 in.
D/d = 2/0.181 = 11.1
Kw = 1.13 (Fig. 12.4)
Assume Kw = 1.13
8(90)(2)
93, 000 =
(1. 13)
!d3
d = 0.177 in.
D/d = 11.3, Kw 1.13
Thus, d = 0.177 in.
93, 000 =

4.
5.

6.

7.

dG
dG
From Eq. (12.8), k = 3 or N = 3
8D N
8D k
where G = 11.5 106 psi (Appendix C-1)

(0. 177)4(11. 5 ! 106)

N=
= 1. 96
8(2)3(90)
8.

Clash allowance = 10 %
12-54

 solid = (1. 1) 90 lb = 1. 1 in.

90 lb/in.
Solid height = (N + 2)d = (1.96 + 2)(0.186) = 0.737 in.
Lf = 0.737 + 1.1 = 1.837 in.
SOLUTION (12.40)
Known: A helical compression spring is subjected to a load fluctuating between 100
and 250. Fatigue properties of the spring wire correspond to the curve for shot-peened
wire given in Fig. 12.16. The spring failed in service after about 105 cycles. A
replacement spring was found which was identical in all respect except that its freelength was slightly shorter. To correct for this, the spring was stretched slightly to
increase its free-length to exactly that of the original spring.
Find: Show by means of a max - min plot, whether you would expect the life of the
replacement spring to be the same as, less than, or greater than that of the original.
Schematic and Given Data:
F = 100 to 250 N

F = 100 to 250 N

Original spring
failed in service
after about 10 5
cycles

Replacement
spring stretched to
the same length as
the original spring

Analysis:

Design overload
points
Without residual
stress

! max

Residual stress
0

! min

12-55

In this problem, the residual stress causes the load stresses to begin closer to the
fatigue limit line. Thus, the life of the replacement spring will be shorter than the
original.

Comment: Stretching the spring in tension gives residual stresses beneficial for future
tensile load but harmful for future compressive load.
SOLUTION (12.41)
Known: When the clutch is engaged, the springs must provide a clamping force of
1020 lb (170 lb per spring). When the clutch is disengaged the springs are all 0.10 in.
shorter where a 25 lb increase of the force of each spring is considered satisfactory.
The clash allowance is to be 0.050 in. The wire size is 0.192 in. The material is to be
shot-peened wire having fatigue properties as indicated in Fig. 12.16. Use a safety
factor for eventual fatigue failure of 1.3. Presetting is to be used but not taken into
account in the calculations.
Find: Determine a suitable combination of D, N, Ls, and Lf.
Schematic and Given Data:
Clamping
force

Clamping force
+ "F
Clamping force = 170 lb/spring
! = 0.10 in.
"F = 25 lb/spring
Clash allowance = 0.050 in.
d = 0.192 in.
SF = 1.3

Engaged

Disengaged

Assumptions:
1. Both end plates are in contact with nearly a full turn of wire.
2. The end plate loads coincide with the spring axis.
3. The springs have squared and ground ends.
Analysis:
max F max 170 + 25
=
=
= 1. 15
1. For
170
min F min

12-56

2.

See Fig. 12.16

150
" life, shot peened

!max = 133

100
!max (ksi)

!max = 1.15
!min
50

50

100

150

! min (ksi)

3.

From above graph, max = 133 ksi

133 = 102 ksi

1. 3
8F
CKw
From Eq. (12.5), !max = max
"d2
8(195)
102, 000 =
CKw
!(0. 192)2
CKw = 7.57
From Fig. 12.4, C = 6.0
D = Cd = (6.0)(0.192) = 1.15 in.
For SF = 1.3, use !max =

4.

5.
6.

k = F = 25 lb = 250 lb/in.
0. 1 in.

7.

From Eq. (12.8), k =

dG
dG
3 or N =
3
8C N
8C k
where G = 11.5 106 ksi (Appendix C-1)
(0. 192)(11. 5 ! 106)
= 5. 1
8(6. 0)3(250)
Assuming squared and ground ends,
Ls = (N + 2)d = (7.1)(0.192) = 1.36 in.
N=

8.

Lf = Ls + clash allowance +

F max
= 1. 36 + 0. 05 + 195 = 2. 19 in.
k
250

12-57

SOLUTION (12.42D)
Known: A force of 4.45 kN is required to engage a clutch similar to the one shown in
Fig. 18.2. This force is to be provided by nine identical springs equally spaced around
the pressure plate of the clutch. The outside diameter of the coils can be no more than
40 mm, and the length of the springs when the clutch is engaged cannot exceed 52 mm.
The pressure plate must move 3 mm to disengage the friction surfaces, and the lowest
spring rate reasonably possible is desired.
Find: Design the springs, determining a satisfactory combination of D, d, N, wire
material, type of ends, Ls, and Lf.
Schematic and Given Data:
52 mm
4.45 kN
9

D0 ! 40 mm

Engaged
Position
Disengaged
Position

4.45 kN + (3)(k) mm
9
9

3 mm

See Fig. 18.2 where total clamping force = 4.45 kN

Decisions/Assumptions:
1. The clash allowance is 2 mm.
2. The safety factor is 1.3.
3. The ends are squared and ground.
4. Presetting is to be used but not taken into account in the calculations.
5. The spring is made of shot-peened steel wire having fatigue properties as indicated
in Fig. 12.16.
Analysis:
1. Design constraints are:
(a) Since the lowest spring rate reasonably possible is desired, from Eq. 12.8
4
k = d G the largest D, largest N, and smallest d is desired.
8D3N
(b) D + d 40 mm
(c) Ls Engaged length Working deflection Clash allowance
Assuming the clash allowance to be 2 mm,
Ls (52 3 2) = 47 mm

12-58

2.
3.
4.

First, choose C = 8.0, N = 9, and D = 35 mm. Then, d = 4.375 mm and D + d < 40

mm.
Ls = (N + 2)d = 48.1 mm which is too long. Thus, choose a smaller N.
Choose N = 7.5. Then, Ls = (7.5 + 2)4.375 = 41.6 mm which is satisfactory.
From Eq. 12.8, where G = 79 MPa for a steel wire.
k=

(4. 375)4(79, 000)

= 11. 25 N/mm
8(35)3(7. 5)
Fengaged
(4450/9)
+ 52 = 95. 95 mm
+ Lengaged =
k
11. 25

5.

Lf =

6.

Fengaged = 4450/9 = 494 N, Fdisengaged = (95.95 49)11.25 = 528 N

Thus, Fmax = !max = 528 = 1. 07 " 1
Fmin !min 494
From Fig. 12.16, for infinite-life with shot-peening, max = 965 MPa.
With a safety factor of 1.3,
max = 965/1.3 = 742 MPa.
Using Eq. 12.5,

7.
8.

!disengaged =
!diseng. =

8Fdisengaged
"d2
8(528)

CKw where Kw = 1.18 (Fig. 12.4)

10-3 2

(8)(1. 18) = 663 MPa

" 4. 375 #
Therefore, diseng. < max
9. Checking for buckling using Fig. 12.10, Lf/D = 95.95/35 = 2.74. Thus, the spring
will not buckle.
10. In summarizing the answers, the spring is made of shot-peened steel wire having
properties as indicated in Fig. 12.16, has squared and ground ends, and
d = 4.375 mm
D = 35 mm
N = 7.5
Ls = 41.6 mm
Lf = 95.95 mm

Comment: If a lower spring rate is desired, the above steps can be repeated with
different combinations of C, N, and D.
SOLUTION (12.43)
Known: A helical compression spring is to be designed for infinite life when subjected
to a known fluctuating load. Su, Sus, Sy, Sys, and a zero-to-maximum torsional
endurance limit are known for the steel spring wire. The value of C = 7 and safety
factor = 1.
Find: Determine the wire diameter theoretically required:
(a) if presetting is not used
(b) if presetting is used to maximum advantage.
12-59

Schematic and Given Data:

F

F = 55 ~ 100 lb
Su = 180 ksi
Sus = 144 ksi
Sy = 170 ksi
Sys = 99 ksi
Zero-to-maximum torsional
endurance limit = 80 ksi
C=7
SF = 1

Assumptions:
1. Both end plates are in contact with nearly a full turn of wire.
2. The end plate loads coincide with the spring axis.
Analysis:
1. For C = D/d = 7, from Fig. 12.4 Kw = 1.21
2.

8Fmax CK
w
"d2
8(110)
!max =
(7)(1. 21) = 2373
2
"d
d2
From Eq. (12.5), !max =

3.
(144, 144)

150

b a'

100

!max = 99
a

!max due
to load in
!part (b)
= 120 ksi

!max (ksi)

80
!max = Fmax = 2
!min Fmin

50

0
(-25, -25)

4.

50

100

150

! min (ksi)

From the above graph, max = 99,000 psi; therefore,

99, 000 = 2373

2 or d = 0.155 in.
d

12-60

(Note: This assumes no yielding is permitted. If slight yielding is okay, the

operating point moves from a to a on the graph, giving slightly higher a, which is
permitted; therefore, slightly smaller d.)
5.

The theoretical maximum residual = Sys/3. Assume practical limit is about

Sys/4 25 ksi. Then from graph, max due to load = 120 ksi.
Therefore, 120, 000 =

2373
2 or d = 0.141 in.
d

SOLUTION (12.44)
Known: The specifications for a coil spring are known. Infinite fatigue life is required,
using a safety factor of 1.3 applied to the maximum load only. The fatigue strength can
be represented by a line between max = 600, min = 0 and max = min = 900 MPa.
Find: Determine a suitable combination of d, D, and N.
Schematic and Given Data:
F

Static load per spring = 3500 N

Rate per spring = 40 N/mm
Jounce = 150 mm
Rebound = 58 mm

Assumptions:
1. Both end plates are in contact with nearly a full turn of wire.
2. The end plate loads coincide with the spring axis.
Analysis:
1. First, choose a reasonable value of C, say C = 8. Thus, from Fig. 12.4
Kw = 1.18.
2. At the "design overload":
Using Eq. (12.5),
8F
8[(3500 + (40)(150))1. 3]
! max = max
(8)(1. 18) = 296,879/d2
2 CK w =
2
"d
"d

! min =

8F min
"d

CK w =

8[(3500 # (40)(58)]
(8)(1. 18) = 28,366/d2
2
"d

max/min = 296,879/28,366 = 10.47

12-61

3.
1000
800
!max (MPa)

(900, 900)

!max = 10.47
!min

600
!max = 620
400
200

4.

200

400
600
!min (MPa)

800

1000

From graph, max = 620 MPa.

620 =

296, 879
2

or d = 21.88 mm*

5.

d
D = Cd = 8(21.88) = 175.0 mm

6.

From Eq. (12.8), k =

N=

(21. 88)(79, 000)

3

8(8) (40)

dG
3 where G = 79 GPa (Appendix C-1)
8NC
= 10. 55

Comment: *A slightly modified solution with d = 22 mm would probably be preferred.

SOLUTION (12.45)
Known: A valve spring is subjected to the accelerations shown. The critical point for
the spring is the valve lift of 0.201 in. A larger spring force is required at maximum
valve lift (0.384 in.) but this is easily satisfied because the spring is further compressed.
The specifications of the valve spring are known. High quality valve spring wire is to
be used, and full advantage taken of both shot-peening and presetting. The fatigue
failure will not occur if the calculated stress with spring solid is limited to 800 MPa.
Ends are to be closed and ground.
Find: Determine a suitable combination of d, D, N, and Lf.

12-62

Valve acceleration

Schematic and Given Data:

3600 engine rpm
1800 camshaft rpm

+
0
Cam angle
"Reversal point"
Valve lift is 0.201 in.

"Reversal point"
Valve lift is 0.384 in.
(maximum--on "nose of cam)

Ends closed and ground

Maximum stress with spring
solid = 800 MPa

Valve spring specifications:

1. Spring length when valve is closed: not over 1.50 in.
2. Spring force when valve is closed: at least 45 lb.
3. Spring force when valve lift is 0.201 in.: at least 70 lb.
4. Spring force at maximum valve lift of 0.384 in.: at least 86 lb
but not over 90 lb.
5. Spring outside diameter: not over 1.65 in.
6. Clash allowance: 0.094 in.
7. Natural frequency: at least as high as the 13th harmonic at 1800
camshaft rpm (i.e., at least 390 Hz).
Assumptions:
1. Both end plates are in contact with nearly a full turn of wire.
2. The end plate loads coincide with the spring axis.
Analysis:
1. For maximum fn, select highest allowable stiffness:

2.

F
90 70
k= =
= 109. 29 lb/in.
0. 384 0. 201

This gives a valve closed force of 70 (109.29)(0.201) = 48.03 lb which is

satisfactory.
Spring rate requirement:
4

From Eq. (12.8), k =

dG
3
8D N
12-63

where G = 11.5 106 psi (Appendix C-1)

4G
d4(11. 5 ! 106)
d
=
Thus, N =
8D3k
8(109. 29)D3

Since C = D/d, N =
3.

4.
5.

6.

13, 153d

(1)
3
C
Spring length requirement:
Valve open length = Ls + 0.384 + clash allowance < 1.50
(N + 2)d + 0.384 + 0.094 < 1.50
(N + 2)d < 1.022
(2)
Spring diameter requirement:
D + d 1.65
(3)
Spring stress requirement:
Fs = 90 + (0.094)(109.29) = 100.27 lb
8F
From Eq. (12.5), !s = s2 CKw
"d
800 MPa = 800(0.145) = 116 ksi
8(100. 27)
116, 000 =
CKw
!d2
CK w
(4)
d=
454. 74
Spring natural frequency requirement:
From Eq. (12.11), f n =

8.

ND

Hz where d and D are in inches.

13, 900
390 Hz
NDC

(5)
ND
For maximum nominal wire stress (for minimum wire mass and high fn), try to
satisfy Eq. (4) with smallest Kw.
From Fig. 12.4, choose C = 9 for first trial.
fn =

7.

13, 900d

13, 900d

10. 46 = 0. 152 in.

454. 74
D = Cd = (9)(0.152) = 1.365 in.
From (3), D + d = 1.52 in. < 1.65 in.; therefore, OK.

13, 153(0. 152)

= 2. 74
93
From (2), (2.74 + 2)(0.152) = 0.72 in. < 1.022 in.; therefore OK.

From (4), d =

From (1), N =

From (5), f n =

13, 900(0. 152)

(2. 74)(1. 365)

= 414 > 390 Hz; therefore OK.

12-64

9.

Lf = Ls + clash allowance + 90 lb/k

= (N + 2)d + 0.094 + 90/109.23
= (4.74)(0.152) + 0.094 + 0.824
= 1.638 in.
Lf/D = 1.20, Fig. 12.10 shows no buckling concern.
For comparison, try solution with C = 7.
8. 49 = 0. 137 in.
454. 74
D = Cd = (7)(0.137) = 0.956 in.
From (3), D + d = 1.093 in. < 1.65 in.; therefore, OK.
From (4), d =

From (1), N =

13, 153(0. 137)

= 5. 25
3
7
From (2), (5.25 + 2)(0.137) = 0.993 in. < 1.022 in.; therefore OK.

13, 900
From (5), f n = (5. 25)(0. 956)(7) = 396 > 380 Hz; therefore OK. (But not as good
as C = 9)
Lf = (7.25)(0.137) + 0.094 + 0.824
= 1.911 in.
Lf/D = 2.0, Fig. 12.10 shows no buckling concern.

SOLUTION (12.46)
Known: A cam and follower is to rotate at 10 Hz and impart a harmonic or sinusoidal
oscillation to the follower. Total follower lift and weight of the oscillating parts are
known. The spring diameter is limited by the available space.
Find: Determine a satisfactory combination of D, d, N, material, Ls, Lf. Determine the
natural frequency of the spring proposed.
Schematic and Given Data:

20 mm

Total follower lift = 20 mm

Weight of the oscillating parts = 90 N
Spring minimum inside diameter = 25 mm
Spring maximum outside diameter = 50 mm
Frequency of rotation = 10 Hz

Assumptions:
1. Both end plates are in contact with nearly a full turn of wire.
2. The end plate loads coincide with the spring axis.
12-65

Force (N)

400
300
200
100
0

2.
3.

4.
5.

Displacement, x (mm)

Analysis: [The following is only one of many possible solutions.]

1.
Spring force = 220 + 180 sin ! t
F1 = m x = -362 sin ! t
when ! = 10 Hz

20
10
0

!t
"

x = 10 + 10 sin ! t
Spring force required
(for ! = 10 Hz)

The above graph shows follower displacement, x, vs. cam angle, wt. The
equation with x in meters is: x = 0.01 + 0.01 sin t
At a rotating speed of = 10 Hz = 20 rad/s, the inertial force, Fi is:
Fi = mx = 90 N 2 !0. 01(20")2sin #t
9. 81 m/s
= 362 sin t (in newtons)
The spring is needed only to oppose the negative acceleration. Both Fi and spring
force are plotted above.
To compensate for small friction and gravity forces plus provide a small safety
factor, select minimum and maximum spring forces of 40 N and 400 N
F = 400 40 = 18 N/mm
20

And the expression for the spring force plotted is:

F = 40 + kx = 40 + 18(10 + 10sin t) = 220 + 180 sin t
Select spring wire having fatigue properties shown in Fig. 12.16, and specify
shot-peening.

respectively (as shown on graph). Thus, k =

6.

7.
8.

max F max 400

=
=
= 10
min F min 40
From Fig. 12.16, max = 710 MPa
Based on information on Fig. 12.4, tentatively select C = 8. Since a high fn is not
required and since space is ample, select a generous safety factor of 1.4. Hence,
design for max = 710/1.4 = 507 MPa.
12-66

9.

From Eq. (12.5), !max = 8Fmax

CKw
"d2
8(400)
507 =
(9. 47)
!d2
Therefore, d = 4.36 mm
D = Cd = 8(4.36) = 34.9 mm

10. From Eq. (12.8), k = dG 3 where G = 79 GPa (Appendix C-1)

8NC

N=

(4. 36)(79, 000)

= 4. 67
3
8(18)(8)
11. Choose a dash allowance of 10 % of deflection at 400 N load; therefore,
Fs = 400(1.1) = 440 N.
12. Ls = (N + 2)d = 6.67(4.36) = 29.08 mm
Lf = Ls + Fs/k = 29.08 + 440/18 = 53.52 mm
13. From Eq. (12.11a), fn =

fn =

353, 000d
Hz where d and D are in mm
ND2

353, 000d

2 = 271 Hz
4. 67(34. 9)
Lf/D = 53.52/34.9 = 1.53; therefore, no buckling problem.
14. For rotation at 10 Hz, only harmonics would be in resonance during starting and
stopping. Since this cam should give no harmonics, dynamics should be of no
concern.

Comment: Since fn and size limitations were easily met, one should consult the spring
supplier in search of a lowest cost solution, retaining high reliability.
SOLUTION (12.47D)
Known: The internet has various sites that contain calculators useful for designing
compression springs.
Find: Select a calculator that is (a) potentially useful, (b) easy to use, and (c) accurate.
Write a short description of the spring calculator.
Analysis: This exercise is left for the student.

12-67