The Modelling Components Dual-Lead Worm Gear in 3-D System: Krzysztof Netter, Wojciech Ptaszynski

The Modelling Components Dual-Lead Worm Gear
in 3-D System
Krzysztof Netter, Wojciech Ptaszynski
Abstract
Theoretical basic and new design of dual-lead worms have been presented in this paper. The dependence between the
difference lead and the contact ratio was stated for that kind of worm. New type of dual-lead worm characterized by conical
shape of the bottom land and cylindrical shape of the outer surface has been described. There are two kinds of the dual-lead
worms of that shape: with the tooth space axis perpendicular to the worm axis and with the tooth space axis perpendicular to
the generator of the cone. On the basis of geometric models the formulas for calculating the pitches and the cone generator
angle were developed.
Keywords: dual-lead worm, dual-lead worm gear, wormwheel, backlash
1 Introduction
The competition on the market and the development of
new production technology force the steady progress of the
construction of the tooling machines and robots drives. For
today the drive should be characterized by both quick
starting and braking, high accuracy of positioning, stability
of movement and higher life time. The electric, hydraulic
and pneumatic drives and their combination are used in
heavy robots (e.g. welding robots and assembly positions)
and tooling machines. The servo-drives, which are composed of high-speed motor and a kind of gear: worm, planetary, bevel and other are currently used. The worm gear
with a dual-lead worm is one of them. Axial movement of
the worm can adjust the backlash and because of that this
gear can be included into non-backlash gears. New type of
worm gear with a dual-lead worm is used in applications,
which require non-backlash transmission. New type of duallead worm characterized by conical shape of the bottom
land and cylindrical shape of the outer surface has been
described. There are two kinds of the dual-lead worms of
that shape: with the tooth space axis perpendicular to the
worm axis and with the tooth space axis perpendicular to
the generator of the cone.
that follows axial move of the worm, simply speaking

"screwing in" the worm into worm-wheel. One rotation of
the worm cause axial move at the value of one pitch. The
same, one rotation of the worm (when worm-wheel is fixed)
cause change of the gear backlash at the value of difference
of pitches p = p2 p1.
Different pitches in axial cross-section for every side of
the coil and the same profile-angle cause that the wormwheel has pitch circles with different radiuses (fig. 2). In the
same case coils of worm-wheel are not symmetrical in axial
cross-section - bended in the direction of flank which is in
cooperation to side of pitch of the "greater pitch worm". It
follows, that two different base circles will get in the case of
two different generating circle or two different profile
angles.
A show is a purpose of the article new type of dual-lead
worm gear and them of geometrical model.
Fig. 2 The axial pitchs and base pitchs in axial cut section
coil dual-lead worm
2 The dual-Lead Cone Worm With

Outside Surface Cylindrical
Fig. 1 The dual-lead wormwheel gear
Cylindrical worm gears can have worm with constant
thickness of coil or variable thickness along the axis of
worm. The worm with variable thickness of coil is called
the double-lead worm, and the gear - the double-lead worm
gear. In double-lead worm the variable thickness of coil is
caused by different pitches of helical surface both sides of
the worm. Thanks to variable thickness of coil may set up
gear clearance by axial move of the worm. Gear clearance is
set up by rotating the worm (when worm-wheel is fixed)
56
Author in his doctoral dissertation [1] has elaborated the

new solutions of double-lead worms, taking as independent
variable, the axial pitch (axial cross-section). In the solution
is got two types of worms: with unmodified profile angle space width axis is perpendicular to worm axis (fig. 3a)
(profile of worm-wheel coils in the axial cross-section is
unsymmetrical) and with modified profile angle space
width axis is perpendicular forming line of cone (fig. 3b)
(profile of worm-wheel coils in the axial cross-section is
symmetrical).
Evaluating smaller pitch p1 receive:

p1 = p
cos( 0 + )
cos 0 cos
.
(4)
For case of in figure 4 base pith pb is identical for right
and left flank of coil worm. For case of in figure 5 base piths
both flanks of coil worm are different. That is to say that
worm with axis cut coil perpendicular to generator of a cone
correctly he will be cooperating with wormwheel, with have
symmetrical tooth profile in axial section. The worm with
axis cut coil perpendicular to worm shaft correctly he will be
cooperating with wormwheel with have asymmetrical tooth
profile in axial section.
Fig. 3 The duallead cone worm with outside surface
cylindrical:
a) axis cut coil perpendicular to worm shaft,
b) axis cut coil perpendicular to generator of a cone
In figure 4 show geometrical model duallead cone worm
with axis cut coil perpendicular to generator of a cone for
which evaluate axial pitch in function p, 0 and .
Fig. 5 Duallead cone worm with axis cut coil perpendicular

to worm shaft: a) geometrical model, b) bigger lead,
c) smaller lead
3 Angle of Inclination Element of Cone
Fig. 4 Duallead cone worm with axis cut coil perpendicular

to generator of a cone: a) geometrical model, b) bigger lead,
c) smaller lead
Evaluating bigger pitch p2 receive:
p2 =
pb
cos( 0 + )
.
Evaluating smaller pitch p1 receive:
p1 =
(1)
Angle of inclination element of cone isnt any. In

order to appoint him one should know length coil worm.
The length coil worm must provide with the contact
toothing wormwheel along the entire length best appointed
in the graphic way through projection area contact in pitch
surface worm. It is possible also to use the relation:
p
b1 = 2 2 z 2
,
(5)
where: b1 length coil worm.
In figure 6 and 7 dark field marked working depth tooth
profile. This field may walk around on the straight profile
with the value x.
pb
cos( 0 )
(2)
where: pb base pitch:

p worm axial pitch,
pb = p
cos 0
cos ,
0 transverse pressure angle saids coil worm, which is equal

pressure angle,
angle of inclination element of cone.

In figure 5 show geometrical model duallead cone worm
with axis cut coil perpendicular to worm shaft for which
evaluate axial pitch in function p, 0 and .
Evaluating bigger pitch p2 receive:
p2 = p
cos( 0 )
cos 0 cos
(3)
Fig. 6 The auxiliary scheme for appointing the scope

working piece symmetrical tooth profile worm
The scope working piece x symmetrical tooth profile
worm is manifesting itself with relation:
1
1
1

sin
x = p
4
tg
sin
(6)
where: corner radius carbide blank corner.
57
cutting tool profile (fig. 10). Cutting tool profile creating

worm tooth space.
Fig. 7 The auxiliary scheme for appointing the scope

working piece asymmetrical tooth profile worm
The scope working piece x asymmetrical tooth profile
worm is manifesting itself with relation:
cos
1
cos

sin ( )
x = p
4
tg
sin
(7)
Fig. 8 The model solid cylinder
where: angle of inclination element of cone.

From trigonometrical relations it is obvious, that:
x = b1 tg .
(8)
Comparing the side of an equations (6) and (8) receive:
1
1
1
b1 tg = p

sin
sin
,
4 tg
(9)
where from after the appointment we receive the relation to
the angle for the case symmetrical tooth profile worm:
p 1
1 1
arctg

sin
b1 4 tg b1 sin
.
(10)
For the case asymmetrical tooth profile worm
comparing the side of an equations (7) and (8) receive:
1 cos
1
cos

sin ( )
tg p
b1 4 tg
sin
. (11)
In case equation (11) angle it isn't possible to appoint in
the simple method. This equation is parametrical equation
shown in the form F() = 0. This equation may simply
solution for of specific numerical values with method of
successive approximations.
Fig. 9 Helical curie for to do tooth Spice worm
4 Modeling Components Dual-Lead

Worm Gear
Fig. 10 Fragment cutting tool profile

In figure 11 showed effect cutting tool profile creating
worm tooth space. This is duallead worm.
Above theoretical dissertations allow on designing and

modeling worm gear components. Duallead worm gear
components modeling in Autodesk Inventor Professional
2010 system, which is a dynamically developing system.
Worm gear have pressure angle = 17.5, carbide blank
nose angle 2 = 35.
Dual-lead worm which modeling have geometrical
parameters: outside diameter da1 = 40 mm, length coil worm
b1 = 60 mm, angle of inclination element of cone = 2,
worm axial pitch p = 7.854 mm, coil number z1 = 1.
First modeling solid cylinder (fig. 8) with outside dimensions tooting piece of worm.
Next using around helical curve (fig. 9) which may
modeling in 3d sketch, created track for to do tooth space
worm. The helical curve have the following parameters:
diameter, pitch, number of revolutions and limiting gradient.
In the further step on plain attached to the beginning of
the spiral and perpendicular to her they sketched fragment
Fig. 11 The dual-lead worm

Wormwheel which modeling have geometrical parameters: outside diameter da2 = 235 mm, tooth facewidth
b2 = 24 mm, lead angle = 4.01, pitch p = 7.854 mm, tooth
number z2 = 90.
First modeling solid wormwheel without toothing. In
next step on plane, with is turn through an lead angle to
58
median plane toothed ring wormwheel making toot spice. In

figure 12 showing modeling tooth spice.
In next step (fig. 13) form solid wormwheel subtraction
tooth spice shape receiving correct single tooth spice.
Fig. 15 The worm gear with duallead worm
5 Summary
Fig. 12 Modeling tooth Spice wormwheel
Presented solutions two types of worms: with unmodified profile angle - space width axis is perpendicular to
worm axis (profile of worm-wheel coils in the axial crosssection is unsymmetrical) and with modified profile angle
space width axis is perpendicular forming line of cone
profile of worm-wheel coils in the axial cross-section is
symmetrical) are technological simpler to do. The worm
shaping one pitch p receiving two pitch in axis section
which are different for both flank coil.
Thanks model ling 3D of the cooperation of elements of
the transmission gear was possible.
This paper is showing only geometrical models new
dual-lead worm and worm modeling in 3-D system. No showing analysis mating worm with wormwheel. No modeling
dual-lead worm gear in other 3-D systems, too.
Fig. 13 Correct single tooth spice

Netter Krzysztof, M.Sc., PhD.,
Ptaszynski Wojciech, M.Sc., PhD.,
Poznan University of Technology,
Institute of Mechanical Technology,
3 Piotrowo street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland,
tel. +48 61 665-22-58, +48 61 665-20-39,
fax +48 61 665-22-00,
e-mail: [email protected]
e-mail: [email protected]
References
Fig. 14 Toothing wormwheel
Tooth spice was copied so many times how many is
tooths in wormwheel receiving complete toothing wormwheel (fig. 14).
Generating both basic parts lets the transmission gear
for getting folding worm gear with duallead worm (fig.
15). In the described picture they omitted basic face worm
which they aren't correlating with modeling toothing worm
gear.
[1] Netter K., The shaping components dual-lead worm

gear by using of numerically controlled machine tool
with single point cutting tool, Doctoral dissertation,
Poznan University of Technology, 2006
[2] Dudas I., The Theory & Practice of Worm Gear
Drives, London: Kogan Page Science, Paperback,
2004.
[3] Sabiniak H.G., Markings and basic geometrical
relations in worm gears according to the ISO norm.
Warszawa: Mechanical Review, 2/1997.
59

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The Modelling Components Dual-Lead Worm Gear in 3-D System: Krzysztof Netter, Wojciech Ptaszynski

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What are dual-lead worms?

What are dual-lead worms?

What are the two types of dual-lead worms described?

What are the two types of dual-lead worms described?

The Modelling Components Dual-Lead Worm Gear

that follows axial move of the worm, simply speaking

2 The dual-Lead Cone Worm With

Author in his doctoral dissertation [1] has elaborated the

Evaluating smaller pitch p1 receive:

Fig. 5 Duallead cone worm with axis cut coil perpendicular

3 Angle of Inclination Element of Cone

Fig. 4 Duallead cone worm with axis cut coil perpendicular

Angle of inclination element of cone isnt any. In

where: pb base pitch:

0 transverse pressure angle saids coil worm, which is equal

angle of inclination element of cone.

Fig. 6 The auxiliary scheme for appointing the scope

where: corner radius carbide blank corner.

cutting tool profile (fig. 10). Cutting tool profile creating

Fig. 7 The auxiliary scheme for appointing the scope

Fig. 8 The model solid cylinder

where: angle of inclination element of cone.

Fig. 9 Helical curie for to do tooth Spice worm

4 Modeling Components Dual-Lead

Fig. 10 Fragment cutting tool profile

Above theoretical dissertations allow on designing and

Fig. 11 The dual-lead worm

median plane toothed ring wormwheel making toot spice. In

Fig. 15 The worm gear with duallead worm

Fig. 13 Correct single tooth spice

[1] Netter K., The shaping components dual-lead worm

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