Improvement of Voltage Profile Through The Optimal Placement of FACTS Using L-Index Method

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International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)

Vol. 4, No. 2, April 2014, pp. 207~211


ISSN: 2088-8708

207

Improvement of Voltage Profile through the Optimal Placement


of FACTS Using L-Index Method
1

K Venkata Ramana Reddy, 2M Padma Lalitha, 3PB Chennaiah


Department of EEE, Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences
Rajampet, Andhrapradesh (st), India

Article Info

ABSTRACT

Article history:

In this paper an IEEE standard test system is considered and it is tested using
Newton-Raphson method with the help of MATLAB. The voltage
magnitudes of each bus are examined and the corresponding weak bus is
incorporated with FACTS such as SVC and TCSC. The optimal placement of
FACTS can be identified using L-Index method. The value of L-index which
approach unity implies that it reaches to instability. From this instability
point the system stability is improved during steady state and Fault
conditions. The disturbance is created in the system by changing the Load
Reactive Power at a particular Bus.

Received Nov 13, 2013


Revised Feb 27, 2014
Accepted Mar 10, 2014
Keyword:
Fault condition
MATLAB
Steady State Condition
SVC
TCSC

Copyright 2014 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.


All rights reserved.

Corresponding Author:
M Padma Lalitha,
Professor and HOD, Departement of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Rajampet, Andhrapradesh (st), India
JNTU, Anantapur
Email: padmalalitha_mareddy@yahoo.co.in

1.

INTRODUCTION
As a result of ever-increasing demand of electric power, the electricity supply industry is
undergoing profound transformation worldwide. This makes the existing power transmission system highly
complex. To meet the increasing demand of electricity in a power system it is essential to increase the
transmitted power either by installing new transmission lines or by improving the existing transmission lines
by adding new devices. Installation of new transmission lines in a power system leads to the technological
complexities such as economic and environmental considerations that includes cost, delay in construction as
so on. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) technology gave up new ways for
controlling power flows and enhancing the usable capacity of transmission lines. FACTS are system
comprised of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance
controllability and increasing the power transfer capability of the power system network.
The concept of FACTS was first defined by N.G. Hingorani in 1988. It usually refers to the
application of high power semi conductor devices to control different parameters and electrical variables such
as voltage, impedance, and phase angle, current, active and reactive power.
This paper addresses the static modeling of Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled
Series Compensator (TCSC), and their capabilities to improve the voltage profile by using MATLAB code.

2.

L- INDEX
In order to prevent the occurrence of voltage collapse, it is essential to accurately predict the
operating condition of a power system. Kessel et al. developed a voltage stability index based on the solution
Journal homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJECE

208

ISSN: 2088-8708

of the power flow equation. The L-index is a quantitative measure for the estimation of the distance of actual
state of the system stability limit.
The L- index describes the stability of the complete system. A load flow result is obtained for a
given system operating condition which is otherwise available from the output of an on line estimator. The
load flow algorithm incorporates load characteristics and generator control characteristics.
For an n-bus power system, buses can be separated into two groups: Bring all load buses to the head
and denote them as L and put the PV buses the tail and term them as G i.e., L ={1,2,,n L} and G
={ nL+1, nL+2,n-1, n}
Where,
nL is the number of load buses.
The following hybrid system equation is then obtained:

L
G

LL

GL

LG
GG

L
G

(1)

Where,
ZLL, FLG, KGL, and YGG are sub-block of matrix H;
VG, IG, VL, IL are voltage and current vector of PV buses and load buses.
Voltage stability index Lj for any load bus can be defined as given below.

Lj 1

i1

Fji

Vi
Vj

(2)

3.

STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR


SVC can be defined as a shunt connected static var generator or absorber whose output is adjusted
to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical
power system (typically bus voltage).
SVCs are primarily used in power systems for voltage control or for improving system stability. The
advanced models depart from the conventional generator-type representation of the SVC and are based
instead on the variable shunt susceptance concept. In the latter case, the SVC state variables are combined
with the nodal voltage magnitudes and angles of the network in a single frame of reference for unified,
iterative solutions using the NewtonRaphson method.
In practice the SVC can be seen as an adjustable reactance with either firing-angle limits or
reactance limits.
The equivalent circuit is used to derive the SVC nonlinear power equations and the linearised
equations required by Newtons method.

Figure 1. Variable shunt susceptance model


The linearised equation is given by,
Pk 0
Q
k

0 k

Q k B SVC B SVC

At the end of iteration (i), the variable shunt susceptance BSVC is updated as follows,
IJECE Vol. 4, No. 2, April 2014 : 207 211

(3)

IJECE

ISSN: 2088-8708
i
i1
i1
BSVC
BSVC
BSVC BSVC BSVC
(i)

209
(4)

4.

THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES COMPENSATOR


A TCSC can be defined as a capacitive reactance compensator which consists of a series capacitor
bank shunted by a thyristor-controlled reactor in order to provide a smoothly variable series capacitive
reactance. The basic conceptual TCSC module comprises a series capacitor, C, in parallel with a thyristorcontrolled reactor, LS, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Thyristor-controlled series compensator


The TCSC power flow model presented in this section is based on the simple concept of a variable
series reactance, the value of which is adjusted automatically to constrain the power flow across the branch to
a specified value. The amount of reactance is determined efficiently using Newtons method. The changing
reactance XTCSC represents the equivalent reactance of all the series-connected modules making up the TCSC,
when operating in either the inductive or the capacitive regions.
The transfer admittance matrix of the variable series compensator is given by
Ik
jB
I jB
m

kk

jB

km

mk

jB

mm

V k
V
m

(5)

For the power equations at bus m, the subscripts k and m are exchanged and the active and reactive power
equations at bus k are
Pk V k V m B km sin( k m )
Q k V k2 B kk V k V m B km cos( k m )

5.

(6)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 3. IEEE 5 bus test system


Improvement of Voltage Profile through the Optimal Placement of FACTS (M Padma Lalitha)

210

ISSN: 2088-8708

A MATLAB code for both techniques was developed for the validation of the proposed FACTS,
and it is tested on IEEE 5-Bus test system and the following observations were made by using NewtonRaphson method under normal and transient conditions.
5.1. Steady State Condition
After running the power flow by using Newton- Raphson method on an IEEE standard test system
(5 -bus), a weak bus is identified. Under normal condition with SVC it is found that the voltage profile at bus
5 where SVC is connected is improved. Initially under normal condition without SVC the voltage magnitude
in per unit (pu) at bus 5 is 0.9776, and the L-index of corresponding bus5 is 0.0328, but after placing SVC,
voltage magnitude improved to 1.000 pu and the L-index of corresponding bus 5 is 0.0099. Similarly after
placing TCSC, the voltage profile at bus 5 is also improved to 0.9789 pu as shown in table-1. The L- index
value of each load bus is performed as shown in table 2.
Table 1. Steady State Condition
Bus
no

Voltage
magnitude
without
SVC (OR)
TCSC
1.0600
1.0000
0.9925
0.9894
0.9776

1
2
3
4
5
6

Voltage
magnitude
with SVC

Voltage
magnitude
with TCSC

1.0600
1.0000
0.9956
0.9934
1.0000

1.0600
1.0000
0.9966
0.9924
0.9789
0.9784

Table 2. L-Indices
Bus
no

3
4
5
6

L-index
Without
SVC (or)
TCSC
0.0299
0.0304
0.0328
------

L-index
With
SVC

L-index
With
TCSC

0.0262
0.0267
0.0099
-------

0.0296
0.0324
0.0234
0.0536

5.2. Fault Condition


Table 3. Under Fault condition
Bus
no
1
2
3
4
5
6

Voltage
magnitude
without SVC (OR)
TCSC

Voltage
magnitude
with SVC

Voltage
magnitude with
TCSC

1.0600
1.0000
0.9899
0.9860
0.9639
-----------

1.0600
1.0000
0.9967
0.9948
1.0000
-----------

1.0600
1.0000
0.9900
0.9856
0.9641
0.9631

Then by changing reactive power at bus 5, i.e. from Q= 0.05 to Q =0.2 MVAR, a weak bus is
identified as bus 5 and it is incorporated by SVC and TCSC in order to improve the voltage profile as shown
in table 3.
The L-index of each load bus was performed with and without SVC as well as TCSC under transient
condition as shown in table 4.

IJECE Vol. 4, No. 2, April 2014 : 207 211

IJECE

ISSN: 2088-8708

211

Table 4. L-Indices
Bus
no

3
4
5
6

L-index
Without
SVC (or)
TCSC
0.0326
0.0338
0.0475
---------

L-index
With
SVC

L-index
With
TCSC

0.0255
0.0247
0.0099

0.0365
0.0396
0.0391
0.0702

6.

CONCLUSION
This paper depicts that the improved voltage profile of the power system under Normal and
Transient conditions with the incorporation of Static VAR compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled
Series Compensator (TCSC). SVC and TCSC were able to regulate the bus voltage magnitude at which it is
connected over its full range of operation when there is a need. The optimal location is identified by using Lindex method. This can also be performed by using Fast decoupled method to analyse the Transient stability
due to change in real power.

REFERENCES
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Proceedings of the IEEE. 1988; 76(4): 481-482.
GW Stagg, and AH El-Abiad. Computer Methods in Power System Analysis. McGraw-Hill. 1968
I Kumarswamy and P Ramanareddy. Analysis of Voltage Stability Using L-Index Method. 2011. ECO Services
International.
Enrique Acha. FACTS modeling and simulation in power networks. University of Glasgow, UK.
SB Bhaladhare, P.P. Bedekar. International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering.
Enhancement of Voltage Stability through Optimal Location of SVC. 2277-1956: ISSN-2277-1956/V2N2-671-677.
SB Bhaladhare, PP Bedekar, B. Bhaladhare et al. Enhancement of Voltage Stability through Optimal Location of
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Improvement of Voltage Profile through the Optimal Placement of FACTS (M Padma Lalitha)

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