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Triple Substitution

The document summarizes key concepts relating to cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems used in calculus for evaluating triple integrals. It defines the cylindrical coordinate system (r, θ, z) where x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ, z = z. The Jacobian of this transformation is r. It also defines the spherical coordinate system (r, θ, φ) where x = rcosθsinφ, y = rsinθsinφ, z = rcosφ. The Jacobian of this transformation is r2sinφ. Several practice problems evaluating triple integrals in cylindrical and spherical coordinates are also included.

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225 views4 pages

Triple Substitution

The document summarizes key concepts relating to cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems used in calculus for evaluating triple integrals. It defines the cylindrical coordinate system (r, θ, z) where x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ, z = z. The Jacobian of this transformation is r. It also defines the spherical coordinate system (r, θ, φ) where x = rcosθsinφ, y = rsinθsinφ, z = rcosφ. The Jacobian of this transformation is r2sinφ. Several practice problems evaluating triple integrals in cylindrical and spherical coordinates are also included.

Uploaded by

Tina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Calculus 3

Lia Vas

Change in Variables; Cylindrical, Spherical Coordinates


Cylindrical coordinates. Let f (x, y, z) be a function of three variables defined on a solid
region E above the surface z = g(x, y) and below the surface z = h(x, y) with the projection D on
the xy-plane. If the projection D has a representation in the polar coordinates D = { (r, ) |
, r1 () r r2 () }, then the triple integral
Z Z Z

f (x, y, z) dx dy dz =

Z r2 ()

Z h(r,)

r1 ()

g(r,)

f (r cos , r sin , z) dz

r dr

The new coordinates (r, , z) used here are called cylindrical coordinates. The conversion
equations are x = r cos , y = r sin , z = z.

Figure 1: Cylindrical coordinates


General substitution for triple integrals. If Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) are to be changed
to new coordinates (u, v, w) given by
x = g(u, v, w) y = h(u, v, w) z = k(u, v, w),
dx dy dz = |J| du dv dw

then

J=

x
u
y
u
z
u

where J is the Jacobian determinant given by


x
v
y
v
z
v

x
w
y
w
z
w

xu xv xw
= y u yv yw
zu zv zw

Thus,
Z Z Z
E

f (x, y, z) dx dy dz =

Z Z Z

f (x(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w)) |J|du dv dw

For cylindrical coordinates, you can calculate the Jacobian to be r. This explains the presence of
r in the relevant formula above.

General substitution for double integrals. For double integrals, if Cartesian coordinates
(x, y) are to be changed to new coordinates (u, v) given by x = g(u, v) y = h(u, v), then dxdy =
|J|dudv where the Jacobian determinant J is given by
J=


x
u
y

u

Then

Z Z

f (x, y) dx dy =
D

x
v
y
v

Z Z

xu xv
.
=
yu yv

f (x(u, v), y(u, v)) |J|du dv


D

Check that the polar coordinates x = r cos and y = r sin have the Jacobian determinant J = r.
This is the reason why the substitution with polar coordinates yields
Z Z

f (x, y)dxdy =

Z Z

f (r cos , r sin ) r dr d.

Spherical coordinates. Besides cylindrical coordinates, another frequently used coordinates for
triple integrals are spherical coordinates. Spherical coordinates are mostly used for the integrals
over a solid whose definition involves spheres.
If P = (x, y, z) is a point in space and O denotes the origin, let

r denote the length of the vector OP = hx, y, zi, i.e. the distance of the point P = (x, y, z)
from the origin O. Thus,
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 ;

be the angle between the projection of vector OP = hx, y, zi on the xy-plane and the vector

i (positive x axis); and

be the angle between the vector OP and the vector k (positive z-axis).
With this notation, spherical coordinates are (r, , ). The conversion equations are
x = r cos sin y = r sin sin z = r cos
The Jacobian determinant for the spherical coordinates is r2 sin . Thus,
dx dy dz = r2 sin dr d d.

Figure 2: Spherical coordinates


Practice problems.

1. Evaluate the triple integral


RRR
a)
x2 + y 2 dx dy dz where E is the region that lies inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 16
E
and between the planes z = 5 and z = 4.
b)

2 dx dy dz where E is the solid that lies between the cylinders x2 +y 2 = 1 x2 +y 2 = 4


and between the xy-plane and the plane z = x + 2.

c)

RRR

d)

RRR

RRR

E (x

+ y 2 + z 2 ) dx dy dz where E is the unit ball x2 + y 2 + z 2 1.

z dx dy dz where E is the region between the spheres x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and


x + y 2 + z 2 = 4 in the first octant.
E

2. Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the paraboloids z = x2 + y 2 and z = 36 3x2 3y 2 .
3. Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the paraboloids z = x2 + y 2 and z = 18 x2 y 2 .
4. Use the given transformation to evaluate the integral.
a)

D (3x + 4y) dx dy where D is the region bounded by the lines y = x, y = x 2, y = 2x,


and y = 3 2x. The substitution x = 1/3(u + v), y = 1/3(v 2u) transforms the region
to a rectangle 0 u 2 and 0 v 3.

b)

RR

c)

RR

RR

D xy dx dy where D is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves y = x,


y = 3x, y = 1/x, and y = 3/x. The substitution
x
= u/v, y = v transforms the region

into a region with bounds 1 u 3 and u v 3u.

xy dx dy where D is the region in the first quadrant


bounded by the curves y = x,
q

u
y = 3x, y = 1/x, and y = 3/x. The substitution x = v , y = uv transforms the region
into a square 1 u 3 and 1 v 3.
D

5. Find the volume of the ellipsoid x2 /4 + y 2 /9 + z 2 /25 = 1 by using the transformation x = 2u,
y = 3v z = 5w.
Solutions.
1. a) Use cylindrical coordinates. The interior of the circle x2 +y 2 = 16 can
be described by 0
RRR
2 and 0 r 4. The bounds
for Rz are given
by z = 5 and z = 4.
x2 + y 2 dx dy dz =
E
R 2
R4
R 2 R 4 R 4
4 2
64
2
r r dr d dz = 0 d 0 r dr 5 dz = 2 3 (4 + 5) = 384.
0
0 5
b) The region between the circles x2 + y 2 = 1 x2 + y 2 = 4 has 0 2 and 1 r 2.
The bounds for z are xy-plane z = 0 and the plane z = x + 2 which inR Rpolar
coordinates
R
has
the
equation
z
=
r
cos

+
2.
Thus,
using
the
cylindrical
coordinates,
2
dx
dy dz =
E
R 2 R 2 R r cos +2
R 2
R2
R 2
r3
2r dr d dz = 0 d 1 2r dr (r cos + 2) = 0 d (2 3 cos + 2r2 )|21 =
R02 1 014
0 d ( 3 cos + 6) = 12.
2
2
c) Using spherical
coordinates,
0 2,R0 R , and R0 r 1.
E x + 5y +
R
R
R
z 2 dx dy dz = 02 0 01 r2 r2 sin dr d d = 02 d 0 sin d 01 r4 dr = 2( cos )|0 r5 |10 =
2(2) 51 = 4
.
5

RRR

d) Use spherical coordinates. Since the region is in the first octant, 0 R 2R Rand 0 2 .
The bounds for r are determined by the radii of the spheres, so 1 r 2.
E z dx dy dz =
R /2 R /2 R 2
R /2
R /2
R2 3
1 r4 2
2
d 0 cos sin d 1 r dr = 2 2 4 |1 = 15
0
0
1 r cos r sin dr d d = 0
16

2. Use cylindrical coordinates. The paraboloids have the equations z = x2 + y 2 = r2 and z =


36 3x2 3y 2 = 36 3r2 . The first is the lower z-bound and the second is the upper. The
bounds for are 0 2. The paraboloids intersect in a circle. The projection of the circle
in xy-plane determines the r-bounds. The intersection is when 36 3r2 = r2 36 = 4r2
9 = r2 r = 3 (negative solution is not relevant). Thus, the r-bounds are 0 r 3.
R
R
RRR
R R R
2
r dr d dz = 02 d 03 r dr(36 3r2 r2 ) =
The volume is V =
dxdydz = 02 03 r363r
2
2(18r2 r4 )|30 = 2(162 81) = 162.
3. Very similar to the previous problem. The z-bounds are x2 +y 2 = r2 z 18x2 y 2 = 18r2 .
The bounds for are 0 2. The intersection of paraboloids is when 18 r2 = r2
18 = 2r2 9 = r2 r = 3 (negative solution is not relevant). Thus, the r-bounds are
R
R
RRR
R R R
2
r dr d dz = 02 d 03 r dr(18
0 r 3. The volume is V =
dxdydz = 02 03 r18r
2
4
r2 r2 ) = 2(9r2 r2 )|30 = 2(81 81
) = 81.
2

RR
xu xv 1/3 1/3 1 2
= 9 + 9 = 31 .
=
4. a) Calculate the Jacobian J =
D (3x + 4y) dx dy =



2/3 1/3
yu yv
R2R3
1
1 R2
v2
4v 2
8uv 3
1 R2
9
4
0 0 (u + v + 3 (v 2u)) 3 du dv = 3 0 (uv + 2 + 6 3 )|0 du = 3 0 (3u + 2 + 6 8u) du =
1
11
(6 + 9 + 12 16) = 3
3





x

= u
yu
R3R3 u

xv
yv

R 3 R 3u u 1
xu xv 1/v u/v 2 1 R R

= v.
b) The Jacobian is J =
=
xy
dx
dy
=
D
1
u v v v du dv =

1
yu yv 0

u2 3
R3
R
3u = 3 udu ln 3 = ln
|
=
4
ln
udu
ln
v|
3
3 = 2 ln 3 = 2.197
1
1
u
2 1

c) The Jacobian is J
R 3 R 3 qu
1

uv

1
2v

du dv =

1 2v

du dv =


u

2 v 3 = 1 + 1

u
4v
4v


2 v
u2 3
| ln v|31 = 2 ln 3 = 2.197
4 1


1
2 uv

v
2 u

1
.
2v

RR
D

xy dx dy =

5. The substitution x = 2u, y = 3v and z = 5w


converts the ellipsoid into a sphere of radius
2 0 0


1. The Jacobian of the substitution is J = 0 3 0 = 30. Thus, the volume is equal to


0 0 5
RRR
RRR
V =
dx dy dz =
30 du dv dw. Use the spherical coordinates now. The bounds are
0 R 2,
0 , and 0 r
1 and
the Jacobian
is r2 sin . Thus, the volume
RR
R
R
R
3
2

1
is V =
30 r2 sin dr d d = 30 0 d 0 sin d 0 r2 dr = 30 2 ( cos )|0 r3 |10 =
120 13 = 40.

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