Intro Cosmo Ryden 1
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Jrosario VegaIntro Cosmo Ryden 1
Uploaded by
Jrosario Vega6/6/16
Introduction to Cosmology
Professor Barbara Ryden
Department of Astronomy
The Ohio State University
ICTP Summer School on Cosmology
2016 June 6
Today: Observational evidence for
the standard model of cosmology
morning: the Hot Big Bang model
afternoon: the CDM model
Hot Big Bang
CDM
Tuesday: Special epochs of the universe
(recombination, nucleosynthesis, inflation)
Wednesday: Structure formation
6/6/16
Danger: Astronomers at work!
Time: 1 Gyr = 109 yr 3.2 1016 s ~ 1060 tplanck
age of the Sun = 4.57 Gyr
time since Big Bang = 13.7 Gyr
Distance: 1 Mpc = 106 parsecs 3.1 1022 m ~ 1057 dplanck
distance to Andromeda Galaxy 0.75 Mpc
distance to Coma Cluster of galaxies 100 Mpc
Mass: 1 M 2.0 1030 kg ~ 1038 mplanck
mass of Milky Way Galaxy 1012 M
mass of Coma Cluster 1015 M
Olbers Paradox: The night sky is dark.
sky 5 10-17 watts m-2 arcsec-2
5 10-3 watts m-2 arcsec-2
Cunningham,
The Cosmological
Glass, 1559
Digges, A Perfect
Description of the
Celestial Orbs, 1576
Stars attached to celestial
sphere: no paradox.
Infinite universe filled
with stars: PARADOX!
6/6/16
Stars are opaque spheres, with typical radius
R* ~ R ~ 7 108 m ~ 2 10-14 Mpc.
The number density of stars is
n* ~ 109 Mpc-3.
How far can you see, on average,
before your line of sight intercepts a star?
1
1
~
~ 1018 Mpc
9
3
27
2
2
n* ( R* ) (10 Mpc )(10 Mpc )
In an infinite universe (or one reaching to r > 1018 Mpc),
the sky is paved with stars, with surface brightness
~ ~ 5 10-3 W m-2 arcsec-2.
The night sky in our universe has
a surface brightness smaller by
14 orders of magnitude.
Which of my assumptions was wrong?
6/6/16
Possible resolutions of Olbers Paradox:
1) Distant stars are hidden by opaque material.
(This doesnt work in the long run.)
2) The universe has finite size: r << 1018 Mpc.
(Or stars occupy only a finite volume.)
Mostly
this
3) The universe has finite age: ct << 1018 Mpc.
(Or stars have existed for a finite time.)
A little
of this
4) Distant stars have low surface brightness.
Hubbles Law: Galaxies show a
redshift proportional to their distance.
An emission (or absorption) line has wavelength e
in the light sources frame of reference, and
wavelength 0 in the observers frame of reference.
z=
0 e
e
z > 0 redshift
z < 0 blueshift
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1923: Arthur Eddington compiles a list of 41 galaxy
wavelength shifts (mostly measured by Vesto Slipher).
36 redshifts, 5 blueshifts.
Assuming classical Doppler shift,
the mean radial velocity is
vr = c z = +540 km s-1
Eddington: The great preponderance of
positive (receding) velocities is very striking.
1923: Edwin Hubble estimates galaxy
distances using Cepheid variable stars.
Hubble: The corresponding distance [to the
Andromeda Galaxy] is about 285,000 parsecs.
actually 0.75 Mpc
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1929: Hubble shows that galaxies have a measured
redshift proportional to estimated distance.
Hubble 1929
Freedman et al. 2001
Hubbles Law:
cz = H 0 r
H0 = Hubble constant = 68 2 km s-1 Mpc-1
1/H0 = Hubble time = 14.4 0.4 Gyr
c/H0 = Hubble distance = 4400 100 Mpc
6/6/16
Hubbles Law: result of homogeneous, isotropic expansion.
2
r12 (t) = a(t)r12 (t 0 )
r23 (t) = a(t)r23 (t 0 )
r31 (t) = a(t)r31 (t 0 )
r23
r12
3
r31
a(t) = scale factor
homogeneous: a is function of t, but not of r
isotropic: a is scalar, not tensor
normalization: a(t) = 1 at t = t0 = now.
Hubbles Law: result of homogeneous, isotropic expansion.
2
r23
r12
v12 (t) =
dr12 da
da 1
=
r12 (t 0 ) =
r12 (t)
dt
dt
dt a(t)
r31
1
H(t) = `Hubble parameter,
H0=H(t0) = Hubble constant
v12 (t) = H (t)r12 (t)
a!
where H (t)
a
6/6/16
Hubbles law is consistent with a Big Bang
model, but does not require it.
Hot Big Bang
Steady State
(Bondi, Gold, & Hoyle 1948)
Cosmological principle:
universe is spatially
homogeneous & isotropic
(on large scales), but changes
with time, becoming cooler &
less dense.
Perfect cosmological principle:
universe is spatially
homogeneous & isotropic
(on large scales), and its global
properties are constant with
time.
Steady state model:
Hubble constant H0 is constant with time.
dr
= H 0 r r e H 0t
dt
exponential growth
r 0 as t
Mean density 0 is constant with time.
V r 3 e3H 0t M! = 0V! = 0 3H 0V
M!
= 0 3H 0 6 10 28 kg m 3Gyr 1
V
6/6/16
1963: There are only 2 facts in cosmology.
1) The sky is dark at night.
2) The galaxies are receding from each other
as expected in a uniform expansion.
2) The contents of the universe have probably
changed as the universe grows older.
Radio galaxy 3C295:
z = 0.464, z/H0 = 6.7 Gyr
Fact 3: The universe contains a cosmic microwave
background (CMB), discovered by Penzias & Wilson in 1965.
CMB is very well fitted by
a blackbody spectrum
(Planck function = Bose-Einstein
distribution for massless bosons).
8
2 d
n( )d = 3
c exp(h / kT ) 1
T0 = 2.7255 0.0006 K
6/6/16
Blackbody spectra are produced by opaque objects:
CMB tells us that the early universe was opaque.
baryons
leptons
Baryonic matter (protons, neutrons, & electrons) was ionized.
Rate at which photons scattered from free electrons was
greater than the expansion rate of the universe ( > H).
Equivalently: mean free path for photons was
shorter than the Hubble distance (c/ < c/H).
Then: opaque
Now: transparent
Violation of the perfect
cosmological principle
+3.5 mK
-3.5 mK
CMB temperature dipole
(red = foreground synchrotron emission in our galaxy) [NASA/WMAP]
10
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CMB dipole anisotropy: due mainly to a Doppler shift
from our motion through space.
subtract WMAPs orbital motion about the Sun (~30 km s-1)
Suns orbital motion about the center of our galaxy (~220 km s-1)
our galaxys motion relative to Andromeda (~80 km s-1)
Local Group of galaxies is moving toward Hydra,
with v 630 km s-1 ~ 0.002c
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6/6/16
-0.5 mK
+0.5 mK
CMB temperature anisotropy after dipole subtraction [Planck/ESA]
CMB small-scale anisotropy: due to inhomogeneity
at the time when photons last scattered.
T
5
10
T rms
5! < < 180!
At the time of last scattering, density and potential
fluctuations were low in amplitude (/ ~ 10-5).
Then: smooth
Now: lumpy
Violation of the perfect
cosmological principle
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6/6/16
Olbers paradox+Hubbles law+CMB
A universe described by a Hot Big Bang model
(began in a hot, dense state a finite time ago).
The cosmological principle (homogeneous & isotropic)
applies only on large scales today (>100 Mpc). In the past,
the universe was more nearly homogeneous & isotropic.
Expansion of a homogeneous & isotropic universe
is described by the Robertson-Walker metric
and the Friedmann equation.
Expansion of the universe is regulated by gravity.
Newtonian gravity
2 = 4 G
potential
mass density
!
!
d 2r
=
2
dt
Non-zero acceleration
in regions where =0.
General Relativity
8 G
G = 4 T
c
Einstein tensor
stress-energy tensor
(spacetime
curvature)
(energy density ,
pressure P, etc...)
Non-zero curvature
in regions where =P=0.
Propagating wave solutions.
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We describe the local curvature of spacetime with a metric.
Metric = relation that gives the shortest distance
between two neighboring points.
Example: 2-dimensional Euclidean (flat) space
ds2 = dx2 + dy2
(x+dx,y+dy)
dx2 = (dx)2
d(x2)
or, in polar coordinates,
(x,y)
ds2 = dr2 + r2 d2
Example: 3-d Euclidean (flat) space
ds2 = dx2 + dy2 + dz2
(x+dx,y+dy,z+dz)
or, in spherical coordinates,
(x,y,z)
ds2 = dr2 + r2 (d2 + sin2 d2)
= dr2 + r2 d2
Example: 4-d Minkowski spacetime [metric of special relativity]
(t+dt,x+dx,y+dy,z+dz)
(t,x,y,z)
ds2 = c2dt2 + dx2 + dy2 + dz2
or, with spherical coordinates,
ds2 = c2dt2 + dr2 + r2 d2
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Spacetime curvature
can be complicated.
However, if the curvature of 3-d space is
homogeneous & isotropic, there are only 3 possibilities.
Flat (Euclidean)
Positive curvature
Negative curvature
ds2 = dr2 + r2 d2
ds2 = dr2 + R2 sin2(r/R) d2
ds2 = dr2 + R2 sinh2(r/R) d2
Combine homogeneous & isotropic expansion (or contraction)
with homogeneous & isotropic curvature of space.
The result is the Robertson-Walker metric:
ds 2 = c 2 dt 2 + a(t)2 [dr 2 + S (r)2 d 2 ]
R0 sin(r / R0 ) [ = +1]
S =
r
[ = 0]
R sinh(r / R ) [ = 1]
0
0
Also known as the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric
or the Friedmann-Lematre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric.
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6/6/16
The assumption of homogeneity & isotropy
is extremely powerful!
With this assumption, all you need to know
about spacetime curvature is:
curvature constant = +1, 0, or -1
radius of curvature R0 (if 0)
scale factor a(t)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Robertson-Walker metric:
ds = c dt + a(t) [dr + S (r) d ]
Time coordinate t = cosmological proper time [or cosmic time]
(measured by an observer who sees isotropic expansion).
Radial coordinate r = proper distance at time t0.
(length of a spatial geodesic when a(t0)=1).
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Proper distance increases as
dp(t) = a(t) dp(t0) = a(t) r
Radius of curvature increases as
R(t) = a(t) R0
r,, are
comoving
coordinates
Wavelength of light moving freely
through space increases as
(t) = a(t) 0
Light was emitted with wavelength e at time te, and
observed with wavelength 0 at time t0. The redshift is...
z=
0 e 0 a(t e )0
1
=
=
1
e
a(t e )0
a(t e )
z = 0.464; a(te) = 1/(1+z) = 0.68
z = 8.68; a(te) = 1/(1+z) = 0.103
Monotonically expanding Big Bang model:
larger z smaller a(te) earlier te greater r = dp(t0)
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The curvature of spacetime is related to its
energy content by Einsteins field equation:
G =
8 G
T
c4
If space is homogeneous & isotropic,
this reduces to the Friedmann equation:
8 G
c2 1
a!
(t) 2
=
a
3c 2
R0 a(t)2
2
8 G
c2 1
H (t) =
(t) 2
2
3c
R0 a(t)2
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