1.

Problem: Suppose that for each

basis

the topology on

is given by a

. The collection of all sets of the form

Such that

is a basis for

this collection by

. Also, the collection

Where

with the box topology, denote

for finitely many

the product topology on

of all sets of the form

and

otherwise is a basis for

Proof: To prove the first part we let

be open. Then, by construction

of the box topology for each

we may find some

such that

. So, then for each

is open in

and

may find some

such that

Noticing that

and thus

and every element of

is open finishes the

argument.
Next, we let
again for each
in

for each

them
some

Where

be open with respect to the product topology. Once

we may find some
and

for all but finitely many

. So, for each

such that

such that

is open
, call

we may find
and so

we

Noting that

and

is a collection of open subsets of

finishes the argument.

2.
Problem: Let

be a collection of topological spaces such that

a subspace of
of

for each

. Then,

is

is a subspace

if both are given the product or box topology.

Proof: Let

denote the topologies

inherits as a subspace of

as a product space respectively. Note that

bases

(where

and

are generated by the

is the basis on

with the product

topology), and

So, let

where

Where

is open in

then

, and thus

for all but finitely many

many

. And so

Where
set

it follows that
. Similarly, if

is open in
in

is open in

. Also, since
for all but finitely

then

, but this means that

for some open

and so

From where it follows that

and thus

are equal.

The case for the box topology is completely analgous.

3.
Problem: Let
then

be a collection of Hausdorff spaces,

is Hausdorff with either the box or product topologies

Proof: It suffices to prove this for the product topology since the box
topology is finer.

So, let
since

be distinct. Then,

for some

. Now,

is Hausdorff there exists disjoint open neighborhoods

respectively. So,
of

of

are disjoint open neighborhoods

respectively. The conclusion follows.

4.
Problem: Prove that .
Proof: Define

Clearly this is continuous since

5.
Problem: One of the implications holds for theorem 19.6 even in the box
topology, which is it?

Proof: If

where the latter is given the box topology then

we have that each

is continuous and thus so is each

#
6.
Problem: Let
space

be a sequence of points in the product

. Prove that

sequences

converges to

coverge to

for each

if and only if the

. Is this fact true if

one uses the box topology?

Proof: Suppose that

is a neighborhood of

is infinite. Notice then that if

follows that

that

is a neighborhood of

finitely many values of

such that

from where it

which does not contain all but

contradicting the fact that

in

Conversely, suppose that

be a basic open neighborhood of
many indices such that

for each
. Then, letting
. Since each

and let
be the finitely
there exists

some

such that

let

. So,
. Now, note that if

for some

. But, since clearly

that

we must have

and thus

every
of

then

we have that

. It follows that for

. Then, since every neighborhood

contains a basic open neighborhood and the above basic open

neighborhood was arbitrary the conclusion follows.

Clearly the first part holds in the box topology since there was no explicit
mention of the product topology or its defining characteristics. That said,
the second does not hold. Consider
converges to zero, but

. Clearly each coordinate

is a neighborhood of

product topology. But, if one claimed that for every

that

in the

(for some

theyd be wrong. To see this merely

note

and so

and thus

7.
Problem: Let

be the subset of

sequences. What is

consisting of all eventually zero

in the box and product topology?

Proof: We claim that in the product topology

let

be a basic non-empty open set in

. To see this
with the product topology.

Since we are working with the product topology we know there are finitely
many indices
some

and consider

Clearly then
in

such that

intersects

. So, for each

where

and thus every non-empty open set

and the conclusion follows.

Now, we claim that with the box topology that

let

select

. Then, there exists some subsequence

. To see this
of the

sequence

which is non-zero. For each

that

form an interval

. Then, consider

Clearly then

is a neighborhood of

and since each clearly has

an infinite subsequence of non-zero values it is disjoint from

that in

such

with the box topology that

. It follows

is closed and thus

as

desired.
8.
Problem: Given sequences
with

define

Show that if

and

of real numbers

by the equation

is given the product topology that

What happens if

is a homeomorphism.

is given the box topology?

Proof: Let us first prove that

is a bijection. To do this we prove

something more general

Lemma: Let
and

we have that

and

be two classes of untopologized sets

a collection of bijections

. Then, if

is a bijection.

Proof: To prove injectivity we note that if

Then,

And by definition of an

-tuple this implies that

for each

. But, since each

For each

. Thus,

is injective it follows that

as desired.

To prove surjectivity we let

for each fixed

be arbitrary. We then note that

we have there is some

. So, if

is the corresponding

such that
-tuple of these values we

have that

from where surjectivity follows. Combining these two shows that

is

indeed a bijection.
Lemma: Let

and

be two classes of non-empty

topological spaces and

a corresponding class of continuous

functions such that

. Then, if

and

are given the

product topologies the mapping

is continuous.
Proof: Since the codomain is a product space it suffices to show that

is continuous for each

. We claim though that the diagram

commutes where

denote the canonical projections from

and

and

to

and
and

respectively. To see this we merely note that

which confirms the commutativity of the diagram. But, the conclusion

follows since

is the composition of two continuous maps (the

projection being continuous since

is a product space).

The lemma follows by previous comment.

We come to our last lemma before the actual conclusion of the problem.
Lemma: Let

and

be two classes of non-empty

topological spaces and

with

a set of homeomorphisms

. Then,

is a homeomorphism if

and

are given the product topology.

Proof: Our last two lemmas show that

is bijective and continuous. To

prove that its inverse is continuous we note that

And similarly for the other side. Thus,

Which is continuous since each

to our last lemma again. Thus,

is continuous and appealing

is a bi-continuous bijection, or in other

words a homeomorphism. The conclusion follows.

Thus, getting back to the actual problem we note that if we
denote

that each

is a homeomorphism. Thus,

since it is easy to see that

we may conclude by our last lemma (since we are assuming that we are
giving

in both the domain and codomain the product topology) that

a homeomorphism.
This is also continuous if we give

the box topology. To see this we

merely need to note that and thus if all of the

are open then so are

is

(since each

is continuous) is each

and thus the inverse image of

a basic open set is the unrestricted product of open sets and thus basic
open. A similar argument works for the inverse function.

9.
Problem: Show that the axiom of choice (AOC) is equivalent to the
statement that for any indexed family
with

of non-empty sets,

, the product

Proof: This is pretty immediate when one writes down the actual definition
of the product, namely:

So, if one assumes the AOC then one must assume the existence of a
choice function

So, then if we consider

as just a class of sets, the fact that

we have indexed them implies there exists a surjective indexing function$

where clearly since we have already indexed out set we have

that

. So, consider

This is clearly a well-defined mapping and

and thus

from where it follows that

Conversely, let

be a class of sets and let

function. We may then index

by

be an indexing
. Then, by assumption

Thus there exists some

Such that

Thus, we have that

is a well-defined mapping with

For each

. It follows that we have produced a choice function for

and the conclusion follows.

Remark: We have assumed the existence of a bijective indexing
function

, but this is either A) a matter for descriptive set theory

or B) obvious since

satisfies the conditions. This depends on

your level of rigor.

10.
Problem: Let
let

be a set; let

be an indexed family of spaces; and

be an indexed family of functions

a) Prove there is a unique coarsest topology

of the functions

on

is continuous.

b) Let

and let

. Prove that

is a subbasis for

relative to whish each

c) Show that the map

is continuous relative to

each map

is continuous.

d) Let

Let

if and only if

be defined by the equation

denote the subspace of

the image under

of the product space

of each element of

is an open set in

. Prove taht
.

Proof:
a) We first prove a lemma
Lemma: Let

be a topology on

continuous if and only if

, then all the mappings

where

is defined in part b).

Proof:Suppose that all the mappings

given any open set

we have that

is open and thus

are continuous. Then,

is continuous and so

from where it follows that

Conversely, suppose that

fixed but arbitrary

are

. It suffices to prove that

. So, to do this let

then

and thus by assumption

says that

is open in

for a

be open in
; but this precisely

. By prior comment the conclusion follows.

So, let

and let

By previous problem

is in fact a topology on

also know that all the mappings

are continuous since

To see that its the coarsest such topology let

of the
we know that

, and by our lemma we

be a topology for which all

are continuous. Then, by the other part of our lemma

and thus

. So,

And thus

is coarser than

The uniqueness is immediate.

b) It follows from the previous problem that we must merely show that
a subbasis for the topology

is

. The conclusion will follow from the following

lemma (which was actually an earlier problem, but we reprove here for
referential reasons):
Lemma: Let

be a set and

topology generated by
contain

be a subbasis for a topology on

. Then, the

equals the intersection of all topologies which

Proof: Let

and

Also, let

be the topology generated by the subbasis

Clearly since
Conversely, let
show that

we have that

. Then, by definition to show that

for a fixed but arbitrary

it suffices to

. To do this we first note that

by definition that

where each

for some
that

. Now, if
and thus

we know (since

for each

. It follows that

is the union of sets in

follows from previous comment that

and thus

. It

The conclusion follows.

The actual problem follows immediately from this.
c) So, let

be some mapping and suppose that

continuous for each

is

. Then, given a subbasic open set

in

we

have that

for some

and for some open sets

respectively. Thus

may be written as

but since each

open sets in

in

we see that
and thus open in

Conversely, suppose that

is the finite union of

. It follows that

is continuous.

is continuous then

is

continuous since its the composition of continuous maps.

d) First note that

from where it follows that the initial topology under the class of maps
on

is the same as the initial topology given by the single map

general we note that if

by
that

. So, in

is given the initial topology determined

then given an open set

in

we have

which is open in the subspace

This is just a simple fixed point problem I did on mathhelpforum a while

ago. Its not particularly difficult.

Problem: Let
mapping. Then,

a compact metric space and

a contractive

has a unique fixed point.

Proof: Clearly the mapping

since

. Thus, by the compactness of

attains a minimum at some point

then
of

is continuous
we have that

. Now, suppose that

which contradicts the minimality

. It follows that

is in fact a fixed point. Now, clearly it is unique for if

we supposed that

The conclusion follows.

then wed have that