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HTML and XHTML

The document discusses the differences between HTML and XHTML. XHTML is a stricter version of HTML that is defined as an XML application. It has requirements like elements being properly nested, lowercase tags and attributes, closing all elements, and more. The document provides examples to illustrate these differences.

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Sambashiva Sharma
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
146 views

HTML and XHTML

The document discusses the differences between HTML and XHTML. XHTML is a stricter version of HTML that is defined as an XML application. It has requirements like elements being properly nested, lowercase tags and attributes, closing all elements, and more. The document provides examples to illustrate these differences.

Uploaded by

Sambashiva Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

HTML and XHTML

Page 1 of 11

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HTML and XHTML


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XHTML is HTML written as XML.

What Is XHTML?

XHTML
XHTML
XHTML
XHTML
XHTML

stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language


is almost identical to HTML
is stricter than HTML
is HTML defined as an XML application
is supported by all major browsers

Why XHTML?

Many pages on the internet contain "bad" HTML.


This HTML code works fine in most browsers (even if it does not follow the HTML
rules):

<html>
<head>
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<title>This is bad HTML</title>


<body>
<h1>Bad HTML
<p>This is a paragraph
</body>
Today's market consists of different browser technologies. Some browsers run on
computers, and some browsers run on mobile phones or other small devices.
Smaller devices often lack the resources or power to interpret "bad" markup.
XML is a markup language where documents must be marked up correctly (be
"well-formed").
If you want to study XML, please read our XML tutorial.
By combining the strengths of HTML and XML, XHTML was developed.
XHTML is HTML redesigned as XML.

The Most Important Differences from HTML:


Document Structure

XHTML DOCTYPE is mandatory


The xmlns attribute in <html> is mandatory
<html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> are mandatory

XHTML Elements

XHTML
XHTML
XHTML
XHTML

elements must be properly nested


elements must always be closed
elements must be in lowercase
documents must have one root element

XHTML Attributes

Attribute names must be in lower case


Attribute values must be quoted

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Attribute minimization is forbidden

<!DOCTYPE ....> Is Mandatory

An XHTML document must have an XHTML DOCTYPE declaration.


A complete list of all the XHTML Doctypes is found in our HTML Tags Reference.
The <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> elements must also be present, and the
xmlns attribute in <html> must specify the xml namespace for the document.
This example shows an XHTML document with a minimum of required tags:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"


"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Title of document</title>
</head>
<body>
some content
</body>
</html>

XHTML Elements Must Be Properly Nested

In HTML, some elements can be improperly nested within each other, like this:

<b><i>This text is bold and italic</b></i>

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In XHTML, all elements must be properly nested within each other, like this:

<b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b>

XHTML Elements Must Always Be Closed


This is wrong:

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph
This is correct:

<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

Empty Elements Must Also Be Closed


This is wrong:

A break: <br>
A horizontal rule: <hr>
An image: <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face">
This is correct:

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A break: <br />


A horizontal rule: <hr />
An image: <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face" />

XHTML Elements Must Be In Lower Case


This is wrong:

<BODY>
<P>This is a paragraph</P>
</BODY>
This is correct:

<body>
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
</body>

XHTML Attribute Names Must Be In Lower Case


This is wrong:

<table WIDTH="100%">
This is correct:

<table width="100%">

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Attribute Values Must Be Quoted


This is wrong:

<table width=100%>
This is correct:

<table width="100%">

Attribute Minimization Is Forbidden


Wrong:

<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car" checked />


Correct:

<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car"


checked="checked" />
Wrong:

<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled />

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Correct:

<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled="disabled" />

How to Convert from HTML to XHTML


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Add an XHTML <!DOCTYPE> to the first line of every page


Add an xmlns attribute to the html element of every page
Change all element names to lowercase
Close all empty elements
Change all attribute names to lowercase
Quote all attribute values

Validate XHTML With The W3C Validator


Put your web address in the box below:

http://www.w3schools.com/html/demo_xhtml.asp
Validate the page

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Next Chapter

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COLOR PICKER

LEARN MORE

HTML Cards
Google Maps
Animated Buttons
Modal Boxes

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Modal Images
Tooltips
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Side Navigation
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HTML Includes

SHARE

CERTIFICATES

HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, jQuery, Bootstrap and XML.


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