GSCG Casebook (Oct 2015)

Georgetown McDonough School of Business
Consulting Case Interview Book
Fall 2015
Contents
Section
Page #
Introduction
Consulting Industry Guide

Industry Overview
Firm Overviews (by type)
Interview Preparation
Interview Overview
Theoretical Frameworks / Helpful Accounting Information
Sample Case Frameworks
Practice Cases
Case Certification Schedule
34 Practice Cases
27
Additional Resources
149
Introduction
Dear Consulting Club Member,
This casebook is meant to provide you with a brief overview of the consulting industry and more specifically,
to prepare you for the case interview process. This casebook is not meant to be your sole resource. You will
get the most from this casebook if you also attend the case certification lunch & learns, consulting club
workshops, consult outside resources (suggestions in a later section), schedule regular career center
appointments, and practice firm-specific cases prior to your interviews.
Every company looks for slightly different qualities from its candidates. This casebook is meant to give you a
strong foundation in how to do a case interview, not to prepare you for a specific firm. For best results, wait
until youve finished this book before practicing firm-specific cases. This will allow you to spend those firmspecific case prep sessions focusing on what that company wants to see, instead of trying to learn how to do
a case while also worrying about what an individual company is looking for.
Good luck!
-2015 GSCG Co-Directors of Career Development
Contents
Section
Page #
Introduction

Industry Overview
Interview Overview
Practice Cases
34 Practice Cases
27
149
Industry Overview
What is management consulting?
Consultants provide advice or expertise with regard to a business problem. Consultants may engage with
multiple industries, clients, and functions or take on a specific expertise within a given industry.
What will I do as a management consultant?
Client service
Interviewing clients and staff
Conducting analyses, both quantitative and qualitative
Producing client deliverables
Making sound, actionable recommendations
Managing client relationships
Business development
Identifying add-on work
Developing white papers
Presenting engagement pitches to clients
Responding to requests for proposals/information (RFP/I)
Other
Training/learning & development
Recruiting
Periodic feedback
Affinity groups
CSR/volunteer work
Three Main Firm Categories
Big 3 Strategy
Boston Consulting Group
(BCG)
McKinsey & Co.
Bain & Co.
Big 4 Accounting
Deloitte
PricewaterhouseCoopers
(PwC) + Strategy& (formerly
Booz & Co.)
KPMG
Ernst & Young (EY)
Other Strategy & Boutique

Accenture
Oliver Wyman
A.T. Kearney
L.E.K.
Cognizant
Capgemini
Censeo
Charles River Associates +
Marakon
Gallup
IBM (IT)
Booz Allen Hamilton (public
sector)
Towers Watson (human
capital)
Cornerstone Research (law)
BDO (finance & accounting)
Consulting Functions
Each consultant aligns with one or more
functions (or horizontals) within the firm.
Upon joining the firm, consultants are aligned with
a function. Strategy firms tend to interact with one
or more of these functions. Boutique firms may
specialize in a particular function. Gauging your
interest and ability to jump between functions and
industries for each case/client or embarking on a
deep expertise in a given function is a great way
to determine which firm(s) are best for you.
Human Capital
General
Management
Strategy &
Operations
What is the difference between a horizontal &

a vertical?
A horizontal is a function that can be applied
across industries (e.g. finance and accounting
consultants can serve banking, CPG, and public
sector clients seeking this type of service).
Verticals are the industries served (e.g. alignment
with the technology vertical will allow you to serve
IT clients but provide consulting across multiple
functions, like strategy, human capital, and
organizational effectiveness).
Finance &
Accounting
Marketing &
Brand
Management
IT & Analytics
HR &
Organizational
Effectiveness
Contents
Section
Page #
Introduction

Industry Overview
Interview Overview
Practice Cases
34 Practice Cases
27
149
The Interview
Initial
Meeting
Fit
Wrapup
Case
The Process
Wait in lobby with

other candidates
and recruiters/
practitioners
Walk to interview
area and small
talk with your
interviewer
Your Job
Try to relax and
get comfortable
Appear friendly
and professional
Opening
discussion with
interviewer
Questions about
resume /
background
Interviewer may
give personal
background
Show that youre

a good fit for the
firm
Pass airport test
Interviewer will
start case
Your opportunity
to ask questions
Keep track of
time so that you
can get to your
risks and
recommendation
Walk back to
lobby with
interviewer or
recruiter
Remain confident
no matter what,
display structure
logic and
creativity
Ask good
questions, learn
more about
interviewers
personal
experiences
Most Frequent Fit Questions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Why consulting?
Why our firm?
Tell me about yourself
What is your industry / function preference?
Tell me a time where you used strategic thinking to solve a problem / tell me about a time when you set a
strategic direction for a team, project or organization
Tell me about a time when you designed or updated an existing system to improve efficiencies
Provide an example of a time when you demonstrated innovation
Tell me a time when you managed a decision, for which there were no previous guidelines
Tell me a time when you led a diverse team
Tell me a time when you demonstrated initiative by taking the lead without being told to do so
Tell me a time when you motivated a group of people in a changing environment
Tell me about a time when you successfully reprioritized the tasks of a team project
Tell me about a time when you anticipated potential problems and developed a proactive solution
Give me an example of a time when you convinced your manager about an idea or concept
Describe a time when you got people who didnt like each other to work well together
Tell me about a time when you recommended a change and were able to successfully implement that
change
Tell me about a time when you successfully initiated a new program that effected many people
Tell me about a time when you had to collect and/or analyze a large amount of information and present it
in an easy to understand manner to a key stakeholder
Tell me about a time when you demonstrated expertise in a core business function and were recognized
positively for that knowledge
Tell me about a time when you saw potential in a colleague and helped them to develop a
skill/competency
The Case: How It Will Flow

Structure
your
thoughts
Get the
question
Take Notes
Ask clarifying
questions
Ask if client has
additional objectives
Ask for a few

minutes to write
down your thoughts
Write out your initial
framework with
areas to explore in
each
Write down your
initial hypothesis
Recommendations
After youve exhausted the

dialogue of the case move
into brainstorming
recommendations
Try to aim for 3-5
possibilities
Also, consider possible
adjacencies
Share your
thoughts
Turn your page to

the interviewer
State your initial
hypothesis
Explain how your
buckets will
prove/disprove your
hypothesis
Systematically guide
the discussion
through these
buckets
Risks
After youve brainstormed

recommendations / adjacencies
discuss any risks associated
with them Porters five
forces is useful here
Use risks to rule out some of
your recommendations
Discussion
As you talk through

the case the
interviewer will give
you additional
information or
exhibits
Do whatever
calculations are
necessary and
continue to update
your hypothesis with
new information
Conclusion
Answer the clients question

and propose your solution, e.g.
the clients issue was caused
by X, so I recommend the client
do Y for these 3 reasons.
Briefly mention associated risks
and ways to mitigate
Interview Dos
Do:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Know that as soon as you walk in the lobby your interview has begun. Every interaction counts.
Always ensure your stories somehow illustrate some quality you want the interviewer to remember you for.
Ask good questions.
Follow interviewer cues. Have fun on the outside even if you feel miserable on the inside.
Use common sense if you dont have direct industry experience (i.e. draw on personal experience as a
consumer).
6) Maintain a dialog with the interviewer throughout the entire case except for when you are structuring at the
beginning. Minimize long, silent pauses while you are doing math calculations.
7) Spend adequate time understanding the objectives and build a structure around meeting them. Provide the
answer first.
8) Develop a hypothesis and use your MECE structure to either prove or disprove it. If it is wrong that is ok as long
as your structure proves it.
9) Consider Porters Five Forces, the markets attractiveness, and the companys position. Are they attractive?
10) Always follow the value and consider the impact on the bottom line.
11) Be organized in doing math. Use a separate sheet of paper and carry key numbers or findings over to the main
sheet.
12) Highlight crucial numbers or findings with a different color pen.
13) Consider adjacencies when making recommendations on how to drive additional value
14) Balance being coachable with standing your ground when probed or challenged by the interviewer.
15) Highlight risks associated with a recommendation but do not equivocate based on a desire for more data or
information.
Interview Donts
Dont:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Be late.
Try to interview with two different firms on the same day.
Ask how the interview is going.
Get flustered. If you make a mistake just keep doing your best and remember, no one has a perfect interview,
you might still get it.
Speak about previous experiences or organizations in a negative light.
List accomplishments when describing yourself. Instead of regurgitating your resume, use your behavioral
answers to illustrate qualities.
Ask about compensation.
Ask personal / political / religious questions of your interviewer.
Show up to an interview without having done significant research about that firm.
Theoretical Frameworks: Porters Five Forces

Barriers to Entry: How difficult is it to
enter a market? Consider:
Economies of scale
Differentiation
Capital requirements
Switching costs (barriers to exit)
Access to distribution channels
Necessity for proprietary technology /

knowledge (learning curve)
Favorable access to raw materials,

locations, distribution channels
Government policies / subsidies
Substitute Products: How easily can

other products be substituted for this
industrys? Consider:
Does industry compete with

substitutes based on price?
Are substitutes a high-margin

industry?
How powerful are the companies

producing substitutes?
Supplier Bargaining Power: What is the

balance of power between the industry
and its suppliers? Consider:
Substitutability of supplies
Importance of industry to supplier
Importance of supplier to industry
Differentiation amongst suppliers
Can suppliers forward integrate?
Can industry backwards integrate?

Rivalry: How intense is competition?
Consider:
Structure of industry (closer to

oligopoly or perfect competition)?
High fixed costs?
Lack of differentiation or switching

costs?
Economies of scale?
Growth in industry?
Buyer Bargaining Power: What is the

balance of power between the industry
and its customers? Consider:
Do buyers purchase large percentage

of sellers sales?
Are the buyers purchasing

differentiated or undifferentiated
products?
Can buyers backwards integrate?
Can industry forward integrate?
Does buyer have full information?
How important is sellers product to

buyers products / services?
Do buyers face switching costs?
Theoretical Frameworks: Porters Diamond
Chance: Events
beyond the firms
control.
Firm Strategy, Structure and

Rivalry: how are companies
created, goals set and
managed? Intense rivalry is
desired to increase innovation.
Note: this model attempts to explain the

competitive advantage that nations may have as
a result of the listed factors. This is useful for
analyzing the competitive atmosphere in those
locations, and why a company may wish to
operate there. For instance, a company may
enter an unprofitable market if doing so will help
the company innovate or improve its
competitiveness elsewhere. These are called
Strategic Markets.(Think high-end fashion
designers co-located in Milan).
Demand Conditions: does

home market have
sophisticated demand which
requires companies to
innovate faster?
Factor Conditions: human

resources, physical resources,
knowledge resources, capital
resources and infrastructure.
Related/Supporting
Industries: can produce
inputs that are important for
innovation and
internationalization. Are they
cost effective and do they help
companies innovate?
Government: How does it

interact with these industries?
How does it effect demand
and prices? How does it
help/stifle innovation?
Theoretical Frameworks: 4 Cs
Customers:
Define the market: what needs are we aiming to

serve?
What is the situation of purchase and how is product

used? How frequent are purchases and how much do
they purchase?
Who uses the product (consumer) and who purchases

the product (customer)? How are their needs
different? What influences them to buy?
What is the companys relationship with its

customers?
What could get the customer to consider purchasing a

substitute good?
Company:
How is their value chain organized? What is the

companys level of integration?
Operation Factors: product mix, inventory turnover,

sales force, cost structure
Competitive Standing: size of company, brand equity,

customer loyalty, trend-setter? Economies of
scale/scope?
Organizational Structure: presence of skilled labor /

tacit knowledge? Properly aligned incentives?
Financial situation?
Are the companys resources/competencies aligned

with its goals?
Competitors:
How is their value chain organized? What is the

companys level of integration?
What are the companys goals?
How does the company view itself?
What is the competitor doing and what can it do?
Strengths and weaknesses?
Recent actions? Have they sent any signals to the

market?
Collaborators:
Are you working with a buyer or a supplier?
What is the buyer/suppliers bargaining power with the

company?
Buyers
Quality determined by: purchasing potential, growth

potential, intrinsic bargaining power / propensity to use
it, and cost of servicing.
Has company built up switching costs and eliminated

high-cost buyers?
Suppliers
Key issues: stability and competitiveness of suppliers,

optimal degree of vertical integration, allocation among
suppliers, leverage with suppliers.
Theoretical Frameworks: 4 Ps
Promotion:
What is the goal of

promotion?
What are the obstacles

to achieving this goal?
How is this different

than what competitors
are doing?
Is this a pull or push

strategy?
How much money is

being allocated?
What kind of ROI does

the company want to
see? What conversion
rate and customer
lifetime value is required
to achieve that ROI?
Product:
How is it positioned in the market?
Is the product a: branded commodity? Premium

product? Commodity? Or under-priced product?
How is the market segmented and which segment

does the product target?
Is the product differentiated?
What kind of brand equity does the product uphold?
Is it consistent with the companys image and

competencies?
How does the product fit within the companys goals?
How does the product look?
Place/Distribution:
Where is product being sold?
Which channels are most closely aligned with

companys strategy?
What functions does company want channel to serve
Can/should company go direct to consumer?
What are economics of channel? Who is capturing what

margin? How does this effect selling price?
How much control does company want over

distribution?
How much volatility is company willing to accept in

channel?
Price:
What is perceived value

of product?
What is elasticity of
demand?
How much does it cost

to produce?
How much do substitute

goods cost?
How much did previous

versions of this product
cost?
What is the expected

profit margin and
expected consumer
surplus?
Theoretical Frameworks
Adjacency Map
BCG Matrix
Product Life Cycle
Helpful Accounting Info: Definitions

Definitions:
Cost: sacrifice of economic resources
Expense: cost charged against revenue in an accounting period
Opportunity cost: foregone benefit from taking an alternative action
Product cost: traced or assigned to products [Cost to Provide in CLV]
Direct costs: costs that can be traced to products (i.e., direct materials, direct labor)
Indirect costs: product costs that are assigned to products (i.e., indirect materials, indirect labor)
Period costs: non-product costs, expensed in period incurred
Marketing expenses: advertising, sales commissions, direct sales activities, proposal/bid development
Admin expenses: shared services (accounting, finance, legal, IT, HRM, customer service, billing)
Period costs include the Cost to Acquire, Cost to Serve, and Cost to Retain customers.
Traditional
Income Statement
Revenues
Less: Cost of goods sold
(including variable and fixed
manufacturing costs)
Gross margin
Less: Marketing and administrative costs
(including variable and fixed marketing
and administrative costs)
Operating profit
Contribution margin
Income Statement
Revenues
Less: Variable costs
(including variable manufacturing,
marketing and administrative costs)
Contribution margin
Less: Fixed costs
(including fixed manufacturing,
marketing and administrative costs)
Operating profit
Helpful Accounting Info: Contribution Analysis

Step
Measure
Example
1. Calculate the
contribution that each unit
provides to cover
fixed/overhead costs
Unit Contribution:
Unit Selling Price
- Variable Cost
=Unit Contribution
$100
-$30
$70
2. Determine the number

of units that need to be
sold to break-even
Break-even Volume:
Fixed Costs
Unit Contribution
$70,000
$70
=1,000 units
3. Assess the percentage

of market share that
needs to be captured
Break-even Market Share:

Break-even Volume
Total Market Share
1,000 units
10,000 units
=10% Share
4. Estimate the total

contribution margin
Total Contribution:
Unit Contribution
x # of units sold for period
=Total Contribution to Fixed Costs & Profit
$70
x 1,500 units
=$105,000
5. Calculate net profit
Net Profit:
Total Contribution to Fixed Costs & Profit
-Total Fixed Costs
=Net Profit
$105,000
- $70,000
=$35,000
Sample Case Frameworks: Profitability

How Should the Client
Handle An Issue About
Profitability?
Market:
What are trends

in the market?
What are other

firms
experiencing?
Has there been

a recent shock
to the market?
How fierce is
rivalry?
What is the
power
relationship
between firms,
suppliers, and
buyers?
Have there been

any new
entrants?
Revenues
Price:
What is the
price?
How is it
determined?
Has this price

changed?
Are there any

other pricing
options?
What
contribution
margin does
each product
have?
Quantity:
What is our
product mix?
How has that

mix changed?
Are quantities
increasing or
decreasing?
How are
products
segmented?
Regionally? By
customer
type? By
distribution
channel?
Costs
Fixed Costs:
Has anything
changed?
What are the

largest costs?
Are there any

ways to reduce
these costs?
How are these

costs trending?
What does the

value chain
look like?
Variable Costs:
What are the

main cost
drivers?
How have
these
changed?
Are these the

same as
others in the
industry?
Are there any

ways to reduce
these
changes?
What is clients
relationship
with suppliers?
Sample Case Frameworks: Business Decision

How Should The
Client Address a
Business Situation?
REVENUES
REVENUES
Company
What is our core

competency?
Any previous
experience with
this kind of
decision?
What is the goal?
What is the
financial situation?
Brand equity /
competitive
advantage?
Distribution
channels / existing
partnerships?
Cost of decision?
How will decision
improve strategic
standing?
REVENUES
Customer
Who are they?

What do they
want?
How many are
there? How much
will they pay?
How can they be
segmented?
What distribution
channels can be
used to reach
them?
What is their
bargaining power?
Any trends or
shifts?
REVENUES
Competition
Competitor
concentration /
industry structure?
Recent activities /
industry trends?
Barriers to entry?
Relationships with
suppliers?
Regulatory
environment?
Any best practices
we can copy?
Product
What is the nature

of the product?
Commodity or
differentiated?
What is products
lifecycle?
What are its
compliments /
substitutes?
Overlap with other
products / potential
bundles?
Sample Case Frameworks: Market Entry

Should The Client
Enter a New
Market?
REVENUES
REVENUES
Company
What is our core

competency?
Any previous
market entry
experience?
What is the goal?
What is the
financial situation?
Brand equity /
competitive
advantage?
Distribution
channels / existing
partnerships?
Cost of entry?
How will entry
improve strategic
standing?
REVENUES
Customer
Who are they?

What do they
want?
How many are
there? How much
will they pay?
How can they be
segmented?
What distribution
channels can be
used to reach
them?
What is their
bargaining power?
Any trends or
shifts?
REVENUES
Competition
Competitor
concentration /
industry structure?
Recent activities /
industry trends?
Barriers to entry?
Relationships with
suppliers?
Regulatory
environment?
Any best practices
we can copy?
Product
What is the nature

of the product?
Commodity or
differentiated?
What is products
lifecycle?
What are its
compliments /
substitutes?
Overlap with other
products / potential
bundles?
REVENUES
Method
Joint Venture:
Licensing, nonequity alliance,

equity alliance?
Least control, best

suited for more
stable and less
competitive
environments
Acquisition:
Costly, but fast.

Must consider
integration
costs/difficulty
Organic:
Highest level of
control, longest
process, requires
knowledge to grow
capability
Sample Case Frameworks: M&A

Should the
Client Conduct
a Merger or
Acquisition?
REVENUES
REVENUES
REVENUES
Strategic Fit
Economics
Risks
Should we do it?:
How attractive is the

market?
How attractive is the

partner?
What are the industry

trends?
What is the goal?
Is this deal strategically

important enough to
justify a negative NPV? If
so, why?
Method:
Vertical integration
Horizontal integration
Equity Alliance
Non-Equity Alliance
Value of deal:
Revenues & Costs
Required CAPEX
Tax Rate?
Cost of capital?
Value = {[Revenue (Cost +

CAPEX + Working Capital)]*(1
Tax)} / Cost of Capital
Synergies:
How much are they worth?
What kind?
Deal Price:
If the deal price is less than

the combination of the value
of the deal + synergies then
it makes economic sense.
Capability:
Has the company done this

before? More experienced
company = higher chance of
success.
Is it a good fit?
Cultural distance?
Administrative distance?
Geographic distance?
Economic distance?
Will overlaps in value chain

allow for savings?
Post-Merger Integration:
How difficult will it be to

integrate the two
companies?
Developing an Overarching Framework

Some people find it helpful to take multiple frameworks and boil them down to 6-8 common buckets, then use 3-4 of those buckets
for any given case. Below is an example of how one student developed his overarching framework:
Contents
Section
Page #
Introduction

Industry Overview
Interview Overview
Practice Cases
34 Practice Cases
27
149
2015 Case Certification Schedule

Week
General Type
Date Range
Cases
Profitability
October 6th October 13th
1-6
Profitability / Business
October 14th - October 27th
Decision
Business Decision
October 28th November 1st
11 - 15
Market Entry
November 2nd 8th

*Super Weekend 1*
16 - 21
M&A / Interviewer Led November 9th 15th
22 - 28
Hard Cases
November 16th 22nd

*Super Weekend 2*
7 - 10
29-34
Case 1: Flying High

Prompt: In the United States, how many people are in the air right now?
Notes for Interviewer: This is about the candidates thought process, not getting the right number. At the onset, this
case involves careful organization of ideas; and, at the end, offers an opportunity for creativity. First, the interviewee
should create categories/buckets of people in the air. The majority of people in the air are in airplanes, so consider
both cargo and passenger flights, private planes, military/emergency planes/helicopters, etc. Notice that the prompt
asks in the air, so the interviewee can include any other reasons why people are not on the ground, such as
paragliding, bungee jumping, jumping on a trampoline, or other recreational activities.
Data
Assumption (Example)
Calculation
# of Commercial
(Passenger and
Cargo) Planes in the
Air
On average, 3,500 passenger planes and 5,000

cargo planes fly each day.
Flights are evenly distributed across 24 hours (i.e. a
flight takes off every hour)
3,500 planes / 24 hrs = 145 can estimate/round

up to 150
5,000 planes / 24 hrs = 208 can estimate/round
to 200
Total planes in air at a given time = 150 + 200 =
350
# of People on Planes
in the Air
Average number of seats in a passenger plane =

300
Average occupancy rate =75%
Average number of staff members on a passenger
plane = 6
Average number of staff members on a cargo plane
= 10
Other People in the

Air
Approx. 500 people in the air doing other activities
300 passengers x 75% = 225 x 150 = 33,750

6 staff x 150 = 900
10 staff x 200 = 2000
Total # of people = 33,750+900+2000 = 36,650
Total = 36,650 + 500 = 37,150
Case 2: Count the Fries?

Prompt: How many individual French fries does McDonalds sell in the US each year?
Notes for interviewer: This is about the candidates thought process, not getting the right number. The main thing is
ensuring that the interviewee has a well laid out thought structure based off reasonable assumptions. Also, if the
interviewee is going to round his/her numbers its a good practice to ask if that is ok before doing so. Below is one
way of thinking through this problem. After the interviewee arrives at his/her answer always ask the interviewee If I
told you that your estimate is too high/low, which assumption(s) would you look at first? This question is a typical
way to show flexibility and a realistic perspective about which assumptions may be off.
Data
Assumption
Calculation
# of McDonalds Locations
320M people in US. Each store serves 32,000

people.
10,000 stores
Avg fries per pack
3 sizes: small (15 fries), medium (25 fries), large

(50 fries). Each sells w/ same frequency.
(15+25+50)/3 = 30 fries per

pack
Customer frequency
1 customer per minute
60 customers per hour
Fries sold per hour per store
50% of customers buy fries
30 x 60 x 50% = 900 fries per

hour
Fries sold per day per store
Store open 6 AM to 11 PM, sells fries 11 AM to

11 PM
12 hours x 900 fries per hour =

10,800 fries per day
Fries sold per day
10,000 stores / 10,800 fries per day
10,000 x 10,800 = 108M fries

per day
Fries sold per year
Fries sold 365 days per year
108M x 365 = 39.42B fries per

year
Case 3: Firearms
Prompt: Our customer, Houston Firearms, is the 300 year-old national market leader of firearms manufacturing
and sales. Recently, they have seen a decrease in sales. What are the reasons of this drop and what can we do to
proliferate sales?
Interviewer Information: provide this additional information ONLY if asked by the interviewee
Market share: In 2009 was 45%; in 2007 was 55%
Industry growth: 3% annually in the last two years
Product mix: The most popular Houston Rocker constitutes 70% of our sales.
Costs: Costs of production, distribution, and marketing have not changed
Price: Prices have increased at the rate of inflation
Competition:
Austin based Wal-Arms was established in 2005 and has since been growing rapidly. They outsource
their production to China and thus offer a cheaper alternative: the FireEasy
Besides a few small local companies, no new company has entered the industry
Notes for Interviewer: The point of this case is to get the interviewee to explore possible reasons for a decrease
in sales and then brainstorm solutions and risks. Sales have dropped because Houston Firearms generates most
of its revenue from the Houston Rocker and a new Austin-based gun manufacturer has entered the market and
gained market share rapidly by offering a cheaper version. A good interviewee will be able to identify that Houston
firearms has several opportunities. Houston firearms could position itself as a premium product against WalArms. Going through the 6 adjacencies (new geographies, new channels, new customer segments, new products,
new businesses, changes in value chain steps) should also result in numerous options for Houston Firearms.
Finally, a good candidate should identify the risks associated with whichever recommendations he/she makes and
explain any necessary mitigation. After the interviewee has identified several solutions and risks ask the
interviewee to summarize with a 30-second recommendation to the CEO of Houston Firearms.
Case 3: Firearms (Example Framework)

Main questions
Key areas to
explore
Why are sales declining? How can we reverse this trend?
Analysis
Client
Product Mix?
Quality
Marketing?
Operational issues?
Client
Product Mix?
Quality
Marketing?
Operational issues?
Market share in 2009 was 45%; in 2007 was

55%
The industry has grown by 3% annually
Houston Rocker constitutes 70% of sales
COGS, distribution, and marketing
unchanged
Customers
Changes in
Preferences?
Customers
Changes in
Preferences?
Industry grown 3% annually

Prices increased at the rate of inflation
Wal-Arms new entrant growing rapidly, outsource
competes on price
Recommendation
Current Position: Strengthen by focusing on offering a premium product, buy American campaign, if
brand equity is strong enough increase price
Adjacencies: Offer a new product (like a cheaper gun), sell in new geographies, explore new distribution
channels, add/reduce/outsource value chain steps, target new customer segments, look at complimentary
gun products
Other factors
(risks)
Break-even point for any new products

New government regulations
Possible price war
Case 4: Drug Store Profitability

Prompt: Our client is a drug store chain, similar to CVS. The client has been losing profits in the last few years. Can
you help the client identify the reasons for this loss and means to improve profits?
Interviewer Information: Stores are typical to CVS, located in several areas. They have 3 sections pharmacy,
health and beauty, and general merchandise. 60% of the stores are located around hospitals, with heavy competition
and in some crime infested areas these stores make 10% loss, the remaining stores make 25% profit.
Notes for Interviewer: There is no 100% correct answer to this case the client has several potential problems,
with several potential solutions. A good candidate will identify those problems and recommend solutions, i.e. solve
the case.
Issues/causes: 1) store locations 60% make 10% loss, remaining 40% make 25% profit. 2) product mix
clients main business is its pharmacy, pharmacies occupy the most space and provide the smallest margin.
Potential solutions: 1) relocate away from hospitals lots of competition, some dangerous neighborhoods, and
lower margins. 2) Find a way to adjust product mix maybe move pharmacy to back of store so consumers have
to walk through beauty section to get there, or rearrange the store to devote more space to beauty products.
A good candidates response will look something like what is above. However, a great candidate will turn this into a
real conversation. Consider this from the clients perspective. If the client is similar to CVS, then they are best known
for being a pharmacy. As a pharmacy, they need to be located near hospitals since hospitals are where people get
prescriptions. Additionally, as a drug store, they need to have a good pharmacy section. It is tempting to look at this
case and just say: move away from hospitals, decrease pharmacy size, and increase health and beauty section,
but the issue you then run into is that youre essentially telling a CVS that their best strategy is to become Sephora.
Instead you have to look at ways to increase profitability without harming their core business. One idea would be
expanding the beauty section and marketing that aspect of the store further. Another possibility would be
reorganizing the store to encourage pharmacy customers to make impulse purchases in other sections. These
solutions are by no means exhaustive, but a great candidate will turn the case into a discussion like this and
generate many solutions.
Case 4: Drug Store Profitability (Example Framework)

Main questions
Key areas to
explore
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Why is profitability declining? How can we reverse this trend?

Market
Increase in
competition?
Industry
trends?
Costs
Revenue
Price
How
have
prices
changed?
Quantity
How have
sales
quantities
changed?
Product Mix
Changes in
product mix?
Selling less
profitable
products?
Fixed
Changed to
more
expensive
locations?
Variable
Utilities costs
changes?
Product cost
changes?
60% of stores are in locations with a 10% loss. Other 40% generate a 25% profit.
Client is a drug store, and their pharmacy generates the smallest margin despite occupying the largest
portion of the store. Other sections of the store generate higher margins.
Decision: Expand stores sizes to increase Health & Beauty and General Merchandise sections. Open
more stores away from hospitals. Rearrange stores to encourage pharmacy customers to make impulse
purchases in other sections.
Adjacency Examples: Offer new, higher-margin products in stores; move more of business online to
reduce costs, expand into new geographies.
Client needs to maintain core business

Dangers of expanding store sizes in competitive areas
Case 4: Drug Store Profitability (Contd)

Exhibit 1
Product Type
Sales/Sq. Ft
Contribution Margin
Pharmacy
$20,000/ sq. ft.
5%
Health & Beauty
$10,000/ sq. ft.
20%
General Merchandise
$5,000/ sq. ft.
10%
Case 5: McNews
Prompt: McNews is a global newspaper firm, producing and distributing newspapers globally. Recently executives
realized a decrease in profits and have hired you to investigate the issue. What kind of suggestions can you
provide?
Interviewer Information:
Assume costs have remained constant
Similar/major competitors have seen a similar decline
The decline is mainly in 4 cities: New York, London, Chicago and Frankfurt
Prices have not changed
Notes for Interviewer:
This is a very typical profit and loss case. When examining the exhibits the candidate should notice a several things.
First, print is more profitable than electronic. Second, non-daily is more profitable than daily. Third, the largest
segment (print daily) has seen a sharp decline, but was the only segment to decline. Fourth, overall electronic is
increasing while print is decreasing. Fifth, print non-daily increased. Finally, North America and Europe are largest
markets, but Asia is also substantial. At this point the candidate should look at adjacencies and ways for the client to
shift away from the rest of the declining market. Some potentials include: moving to a new geography (Asia is very
appealing), selling a new product mix, finding new products (maybe TV), acquiring new businesses, divesting less
profitable/promising businesses, merging with key competitors, finding ways to cut costs, etc. The candidate should
then discuss the risks associated with whatever recommendations he/she made. The biggest risk in a scenario
involving product mix is that the products are complimentary in some way and thus, a shift may not work. For
instance, if the non-daily print business was successful because of the popularity of the daily print business, then
shifting away from daily print would hurt non-daily print. A great candidate will be able to list multiple adjacencies,
discuss the risks associated with each, and make a clear recommendation without too much guidance.
Case 5: McNews (Example Framework)

Main questions
Key areas to
explore

Market
Increase in
competition?
Industry
trends?
Price
How
have
prices
changed?
Quantity
How have
sales
quantities
changed?
Product Mix
Changes in
product mix?
Selling less
profitable
products?
Fixed
Changed to
more
expensive
locations?
New
Investments?
Variable
Utilities costs
changes?
Product cost
changes?
Electronic daily - $.10, electronic non-daily - $1.40, print daily - $.40, print non-daily - $9.20 print is
more profitable than electronic and non-daily is more profitable than daily. Non-daily segment is increasing,
while print segment is decreasing and electronic segment is increasing. Clients largest geographies are
North America and Europe, where profit is declining. Asia is also substantial market with no decline.
Decision: This is an industry-wide problem so McNews needs to find a way to make itself different than
its competitors. That could mean just focusing on non-daily publications, focusing on its online presence,
divesting its print business, an increased marketing spend, looking to expand into Asia since thats a
growing market, look for ways to cut costs, etc.
Staying in a declining industry is always risky. What is the connection between daily/non-daily, what is the
connection between print and electronic? If theyre complimentary then cutting one hurts the other. What
are competitors doing?
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Costs
Revenue
Case 5: McNews (Contd)

Exhibit 2: Revenue by Product Line
Sales in $mm
Exhibit 1: Revenue by Geography
2008
2009
Avg. selling price

per unit ($)
Electronic daily
41
41
0.4
Electronic non-daily
33
39
2.5
Print daily
223
188
2.5
Print non daily
98
103
12.0
Exhibit 3: Cost Per Unit by Product Line

Cost in $
Production
Distribution
Electronic daily
0.20
0.10
Electronic non-daily
0.30
0.80
Print daily
2.00
0.10
Print non daily
2.00
0.80
Case 6: Playing with the Law

Prompt: A reputed law firm has retained you to inspect the companys finances. The company sells to several
industries mainly in its local region: New York City. The CEO just reviewed the companys performance and
projections and is not happyhe wants your ideas in helping boost profits. What do you recommend?
Business Model: Law firms earn revenue by paying employees a fixed wage per hour (plus a discretionary yearend bonus), then billing clients at a higher rate.
Revenue = $46 million. The companys lawyers bill $300 per hour on average
Profits = $4.5 million
Number of employees: 78
Industry focuses: healthcare, energy, financial services, and telecommunication
Headquartered in New York City and sells almost entirely to that region
This case seems challenging because it is not a traditional business case, but like others it is really just about profit
and loss. Since billable hours are the main driver of revenue and profit, the interviewee should focus on increasing
billable hours in order to increase profitability. After examining the exhibits the interviewee should note that things
are stable across all industries, except financial services which has seen a decline in billable hours in recent years.
This means that the decline in this firms financial services practice is the cause of its overall profitability decrease.
Following this conclusion the candidate should identify several ways to increase the number of billable hours or to
decrease the companys cost structure.
Case 6: Playing with the Law (Exhibit Explanation)

Exhibit 1: New York is a hub of Financial Services, yet the client has one of the lowest share of revenue from that
industry. The interviewee should indicate that she/he wants to know why this is such.
Exhibit 2: Operating costs are rising dramatically: a 25% increase this year, and a projected 43% increase next year
Main cost increase from personnel (30% increase); sales and marketing (10% increase), and SG&A (5%)
Exhibit 3: Does not provide too much insight, but does highlight that most of the employees are getting their year end
bonuses. This could be the reason why personnel cost has been increasing.
Total revenue/total employees: $46 Million/78 = ~ 600K is the revenue per employee
600K/ hourly rate = ~ 2,000 hrs per year
Spread evenly over 52 weeks, this results in 38 hrs/week Lawyers are being underutilized.
Exhibit 4:
Financial services hours dropping dramatically
Industry mix not changing, except financial services
Case 6: Playing with the Law (Example Framework)

Main questions

Costs
Revenue
Key areas to explore
Price
How have
rates
changed?
Product Mix
Do certain kinds of
lawyers bill more hours
or at a different rate?
Is there some industry
shift occurring?
Fixed
Any
costs
besides
rent?
Variable
Hours billed,
do we pay too
much / charge
too little?
Other
expenses?
Billable hours are stagnant across all segments, except financial services. Financial services billable
hours are actually declining. Increasing personnel costs mean that client is paying employees more,
despite a lack of increasing revenue.
Decision: In order to boost profits the client either needs to increase the number of hours billed or cut
costs. There are several ways the client can accomplish this: For boosting revenue the client could
market its financial services better being in NYC this should be the clients largest sector.
Alternately the client could divest of its financial services division and try to become a leader in
healthcare or energy. With respect to costs, the client could look at its bonus structure to ensure that
it is not giving out unwarranted bonuses. Also, the client could assess whether its employees working
less than 40 hours/week actually qualify for healthcare or other ancillary benefits.
There may be risks with trying to change what the law firm is known for and risks with changing
employee benefits if employees have signed certain contracts.
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors (risks)
Quantity
Has the
quantity of
hours billed
changed?
Case 6: Playing with the Law (Contd)

Exhibit 1: Revenue Breakdown (This
Year)
Telecomm,
3,598,520
Financial
Services,
7,501,926
Healthcare,
22,141,931
Energy,
12,826,521
Exhibit 2: Operating Costs

Last
This Year
Next Year
Sales and Marketing
439,311
461,277
484,341
Rent
153,509
153,509
153,509
General &
Administrative
68,672
72,106
75,711
Research &
Development
3,600
3,600
3,600
Personnel
3,151,385
4,096,801
6,145,202
Depreciation &
Amortization
58,182
58,182
58,182
Interest
22,500
22,500
22,500
Taxes
269,697
336,881
480,483
Total Operating Costs
$4,166,856
$5,204,856
$7,423,528

Exhibit 3: Employees by Industry

Exhibit 4: Billable Hours per Employee
Last
This Year
Next Year
Billable Hours
Year
End
Projected
Healthcare
2,101
2,150
2,123
Energy
2,077
2,032
2,049
Financial Services
1,800
1,676
1,372
Telecommunications
2,140
2,142
2,147
Case 7: Gardening Retailer

Prompt: You have been approached by the COO of a $2B Midwest Industrial Company that makes fertilizers,
pesticides, etc. for lawns and gardens. They have recently acquired a $100M retail chain selling patio furniture,
garden tools, clothing, dcor, ornaments, etc. The retail chain has both retail stores and direct order business. The
retail chain has a gross margin of 50%, but is still losing money. Why are they losing money? What should they do?
Locations: 50 retail stores in the U.S, stores are upscale and located in expensive places, goods sold by salaried
sales people
Customers: Most of the customers are in warm locations (CA, AZ, FL), 40% of customers in California.
Procurement: Purchased from China
Transportation: Shipped in large containers to Long Beach, CA. Shipping costs included in COGS (50%)
Warehousing: Goods transported by trucks to the warehouse in Kentucky, stored in warehouse and redistributed
according to demand
Distribution: Transported by trucks to different retail stores
The important part of this case is to not get stuck down in answering why are they losing money? and to instead
quickly shift to ways to increase profitability. It should be obvious that the clients method of shipping to Kentucky and
distributing from there is causing a significant portion of its losses. The client also has numerous options to expand
to grow revenue and profit. One method of depicting those options is a 2x2 matrix:
Same Products
New Products
Same Customers
No Change
Sell flowers, plants, etc.
New Customers
Expand in NV, TX, GA, etc.
Combination
Case 7: Gardening Retailer (Example Framework)

Main questions

Costs
Revenue
Key areas to explore
Price
Have prices
changed?
Quantity
How have
sales quantity
changed?
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors (risks)
Product Mix
Any changes in
product mix
sold/offered?
Selling less profitable
products?
Fixed
Ways to
reduce
distribution
costs?
Variable
How do COGS
compare to
industry?
Ways to lower
COGS?
Distribution: China CA KY CA/AZ/FL. 40% of sales in CA.

COGS = 50%.
Segmentation: High end customers in high end, warm-weather locations
Decision: Move to distribution centers on East and West Coast should save 40% on costs of
shipping CA KY CA. Then look at ways to expand sales.
Adjacency Examples: Offer new, higher-margin products in stores. Sell online or explore other
distribution channels. Explore selling in new locations or begin targeting lower-end customers like
Walmart and Target.
Moving distribution center: CAPEX of building new distribution center could outweigh savings.
Expansion: CAPEX could outweigh new revenue if margins still too low. Expansion could tarnish
brand if not done properly.
Case 7: Gardening Retailer (Contd)
Exhibit 1: Income Statement

Income Statement
Revenue
$100M
COGS
$50M
Transportation/Distribution
$15M
Marketing
$11M
Fulfillment
$11M
Labor + Store Rent
$11M
SG&A
$6M
Direct Order Costs

Designing
Printing
Distribution/Shipping
Case 8: Choco Bars

Prompt: You are consulting for a company that produces and distributes chocolate bars (ChocoBar). They are
the second largest of two major global players and compete largely in the United States. Last year, they had
net revenue of $800 million. They have noticed a profit margin gap relative to their competitors and so they
have asked you to identify what the cause of the margin gap is and how to improve it, if possible.
Market
Major competitor, CompoBar, has $1 billion in revenue, and the market is growing at 3%.
Product
CompoBar sells its chocolate bars just about everywhere that ChocoBar does, both have a similar
U.S./International mix and differentiation is minimal. They sell each bar for $2.00, but ChocoBars
sales people have been adding a $0.50 discount. CompoBar has not been giving this discount.
ChocoBar sell 5 different types of bar, but CompoBar also sells products 3, 4, and 5, and NOT 1 or 2.
Company
Big, branded company that sells only confectionary products
After the interviewee does his/her initial framework give exhibits one at a time and ask the candidate what it
means and how it affects his/her initial hypothesis. From exhibit 1 the candidate should notice similar cost
structures, but $200M of discounts for the client. From exhibit 2 the candidate should notice that the client
will not see a tremendous drop in sales from removing the discount. Over 60% of the companys sales
come from bars 1 and 2, which will only see a 5-10% volume drop when price is increased by 33%. Exhibit
3 should confirm the candidates predictions from exhibit 2. Have the candidate fill out his/her copy of exhibit
3. After exhibit 3 ask the candidate for some alternate ideas and any risks/challenges associated with those
suggestions.
Case 8: Choco Bars (Example Framework)

Main questions
Key areas to
explore

Market
Increase in
competition?
Industry
trends?
Other factors
(risks)
Price
How
have
prices
changed?
Quantity
How have
sales
quantities
changed?
Product Mix
Changes in
product mix?
Selling less
profitable
products?
Fixed
Changed to
more
expensive
locations?
New
Investments?
Variable
Utilities costs
changes?
Product cost
changes?
Cost structure is similar to competitor, but $200M of discounts is hurting company. ChocoBar can remove
discounts (effectively increasing price by 33%), and see a 57% increase in gross profit. All five lines of
chocolate bars are profitable and profit will not decrease for any of the five with removal of discount.
Decision: Stop allowing sales people to offer discount on products. This should increase gross margin by
57%
Adjacency Examples: Offer a new/higher margin bar, try to differentiate products, explore new
distribution channels or new locations. Diversify beyond chocolate bars. Do some kind of M&A to enter a
new market.
Analysis
Recommendation
Costs
Revenue
Biggest risk with recommendation is alienating sales people. Right now theyre probably incentivized
based off volume sold, so they lower prices to sell more. Realigning their incentives may be the best way
forward, possibly changing incentives to be based off the margins of their sales instead of volume.
Case 8: Choco Bars (Contd)

Exhibit 1: Comparable Income Statement
ChocoBar
Total Revenue
Less: Discounts
Net Revenue
% of Total Rev
CompoBar
% of Total Rev
$800
$1,000
200
$600
75%
$1,000
100%
COGS
400
50%
500
50%
Gross Profit
$200
25%
$500
50%
S&M
51
6%
60
6%
G&A
40
5%
45
5%
R&D
31
4%
43
4%
Total Op. Exp.
122
15%
148
15%
EBITDA
$78
10%
$352
35%
10
1%
14
1%
$68
9%
$338
34%
D&A + Int. + Taxes

Net Income
Case 8: Choco Bars (Contd)

Exhibit 2: Pricing by Product
Product 1
Product 2
Product 3
Product 5
Product 4
5%
10%
% of customer base
30%
40%
45%
50%
35%
Customers
who dont care
about price
Customers
who will still
pay $2
10%
5%
5%
10%
55%
65%
160
50%
40%
250
275
Volume Sales (millions of bars)
Customers
who will stop
buying at $2
50%
340
400
Case 8: Choco Bars (Interviewer Copy)

Exhibit 3: Gross Profit
Existing Gross Profit

Product 1
Existing Volume
Product 2
Product 3
Product 4
Product 5
Total
160
90
25
65
60
Total Revenue
$320
$180
$50
$130
$120
$800
(Less): $0.50
Discount per Bar
$(80)
$(45)
$(12.5)
$(32.5)
$(30)
$(200)
Net Revenue
$240
$135
$37.5
$97.5
$90
$600
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
$80
$45
$12.5
$32.5
$30
$200
Price per Bar
GOGS per Bar

Gross Profit
400
New Gross Profit

Product 1
Product 2
Product 3
Product 4
Product 5
Total
New Volume
144
85.5
12.5
36
36
Price per Bar
$2
$2
$2
$2
$2
Total Revenue
$288
$171
$25
$72
$72
$628
GOGS per Bar
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
$144
$85.5
$12.5
$36
$36
$314
Gross Profit
314
Case 8: Choco Bars (Interviewee Copy)

Exhibit 3: Gross Profit
Existing Gross Profit

Product 1
Existing Volume
Product 2
Product 3
Product 4
Product 5
Total
160
90
25
65
60
Total Revenue
$320
$180
$50
$130
$120
$800
(Less): $0.50
Discount per Bar
$(80)
$(45)
$(12.5)
$(32.5)
$(30)
$(200)
Net Revenue
$240
$135
$37.5
$97.5
$90
$600
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
$80
$45
$12.5
$32.5
$30
$200
Price per Bar
GOGS per Bar

Gross Profit
400
New Gross Profit

Product 1
Product 2
Product 3
Product 4
Product 5
New Volume
Price per Bar
Total
314
$2
$2
$2
$2
$2
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
Total Revenue
GOGS per Bar
Gross Profit
Interviewee should fill out blank spots on New Gross Profit table
$1
Case 9: Energy Drinks

Prompt: Our client is a large, well-known beverage company that produces a popular energy drink. Last month they
ran a distinct trade promotion in three separate stores, and they have hired you to tell them whether or not the
promotions were successful. How would you go about helping them figure this out?
Interviewer Information: The interviewee must think through what constitutes a successful promotion, and then
synthesize data to provide a recommendation to the client. For this case, a successful promotion is one that
generates more profit than would be attained without running any promotion at all. However, the interviewer should
ask the interviewee to define how success might be measured, and encourage the interviewee to brainstorm several
other barometers of success, besides profits. This information should be provided ONLY if asked for by the
interviewee.
Promotions run: Store 1 was given a 10% discount; Store 2 was given a buy 4, get 1 free deal; Store 3 was
given $10,000 to promote the product however they wanted
Volume purchased by each store during promotion: Store 1 purchased 12,000 cans; Store 2 purchased 15,000;
Store 3 purchased 14,000
Volume base case (non-promotion environment): In a non-promotion month, each store typically buys 10,000
cans
Price: Each can is sold for $5
COGS: The cost to produce a can is $2.50. This figure includes all relevant costs (i.e. raw materials,
manufacturing, distribution, etc.)
Notes for Interviewer: Interviewee should identify there is a base case (status quo) profitability and promotion-based
profitability for each store. They should calculate profits for the non-promotion environment (applies to all 3 stores)
and the promotion environment for each of the 3 stores (will be different for each store) to compare which promotions,
if any, were successful.
Case 9: Energy Drinks (Example Framework)

Main questions
Key areas to
explore
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Are the promotions successful? Specifically, are they generating higher profits than the status quo?
Profit
More revenue brought in via increased volume?
Marketing?
Do the discounts, bundles, and marketing
money adequately offset status quo/base case?
Base Case Profit Calculation

Normal, or baseline sales: (10,000
cans * $5.0 revenue per can)
(10,000 cans * $2.5 cost per can) =
$25,000 profit
Other Factors
Repeat customers (stores and individuals)?
Market share?
Profit Calculations for Promotions

Store 1: (90% * 12,000 cans * $5.0 revenue per can) (12,000
cans * $2.5 per can) = $24,000 profit
Store 2: (80% * 15,000 cans * $5.0 revenue per can) (15,000
cans * $2.5 per can) = $22,500 profit
Store 3: (14,000 cans * $5.0 revenue per can) (14,000 cans *
$2.5 per can) - $10,000 = $25,000 profit
Promotions 1 and 2 lead to lower profits, so not useful

Promotion 3 yields the same profits as non-promotion operations
Does this mean that none of the strategies are worthwhile? Not necessarily. See Other Factors (Risks)
below
Moving forward with the 3rd strategy should be based on things such as:
Market trends: perhaps the competitors are heavily promoting their products
Long term effects of promotion: market share, brand loyalty, affecting customer buying habits
Case 10: Cloudy Days Ahead

Prompt: Our client is an Atlanta base healthcare company that specializes in childrens diseases. They have been
among the highest revenue-earning players in the 10 southern states. Their IT department realized that their data
storage capacity is not large enough to meet the increasing needs. They are interested in using cloud computing for
additional storage need. Should they do so? If so, how long until our client take to break even (compare to the
current system)? If not, what strategic alternatives can you offer?
Interviewer Information.
Our client needs 1 server for each $300 million in new revenue in each location. For example, a location
with$200 million in new revenue requires 1 server, $400 million in new revenue requires 2 servers, and $700
million in new revenue requires 3 servers.
Servers run 24 hours per day, 365 days per year
The company is also considering self implementation of cloud computing: purchase and implement the
equipment itself, rather than pay a service provider.
Vendors being considered: ORak Corp and Mell Computers
Notes for Interviewer: This is a fairly straight forward case. The interviewee should talk about comparing the
current costs and the cost in the future with the various cloud computing options before making the final decision.
Also, the interviewee should talk about the cost driver, which in this case is new revenue. Finally, the interviewee
should discuss the dangers of working with a new partner.
Annual costs:
Self implementation: ((50kW/hr * 24 hrs)* 12 servers)* 365 * $0.05 / kW) + (10 * $100,000) = $1,262,800
ORak: ($2.5/server * 365 days * 12 servers) + (2 * $100,000) + $700,000 = $910,950
Mell: ($2.0/server * 365 days * 12 servers) + (3 * $100,000) + $600,000 = $908,760
Case 10: Cloudy Days Ahead (Example Framework)

Main questions
Which option should the company use? How much money will it save them?
Key areas to
explore
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Analysis
Cost Savings
How much money
will we save by
switching?
Cost of Change
Implementation
cost of each
option?
Annual cost of each
option?
Options
Are there other
vendors?
Could client do this
themselves?
Strategic Fit
Do any of these
options fit better
with our strategy?
Do we have any
non-financial
concerns about
options?
Self Implementation: Annual savings are $230,000. So the client will take 5M/ $230,000 = 21 years to
break even.
Orak Corp: Annual savings: $580,000. So to break even, the client will take 2.1M/$580,000 = 3.6 years.
Mell Computers: Annual Savings: $590,000. So to break even, the clients will take $2.7/$590,000 = 4.5
years
Decision: Use Orak Corp fastest payback period and there seems to be no quality difference between
options.
Other Ideas: Try to get companies to bid lower (compete bids with each other). Look for ways to cut
costs in contracts (like finding cheaper engineers). Search for other storage options besides current
system and cloud.
Working with a new partner always poses some risks, especially if there is not any history of working
together
Case 10: Cloudy Days Ahead (Contd)

Exhibit 1: Revenue and Local Market Share
2009 Expected
Local Market
Revenue Growth $mm
Share (%)
Florida
300
30
Kentucky
80
33
Georgia
550
66
Alabama
400
55
Texas
180
21
North Carolina
120
27
South Carolina
40
29
Louisiana
50
35
Oklahoma
60
42
Virginia
40
22

Exhibit 2: Vendors
Cloud Computing
Market Share (%)
Public Stock:
Year-over-Year
Change
Relations
with Us
Recent News
Orak Corp.
12
2.1%
Medium
Acquired Southern U.S. Sunny

Systems, a major data storage
company
Mell Computers
(12.3)%
Medium
Entered 4 different emerging

markets in last 3 months
Exhibit 3: Costs
Cloud Options
Installation
Cost*
Daily Fees
($)
Energy
Consumption**
Full-Time
Engineers
Annual Fee ($)
Self Implementation
$5.0 million
50 kW per hour per

server
10
Orak Corp.
$2.1 million
$2.50 / day
per server
700,000
Mell Computers
$2.7 million
$2.00 / day
per server
600,000
This is the cost to install all 12 servers

** The cost per kW is $0.05

Exhibit 4: IT Costs for Continuing with Current Storage System ($ Ten Thousands)
Case 11: Shipping

Prompt: Our client is in the business of delivering time sensitive shipments all over the United States. Currently,
when a customer sends a package, he or she must call the clients call center and provide a tracking ID in order to
find out where the shipment is and when it is expected to be delivered. Our client has asked you to advise whether or
not to implement an online tracking system for their customers to be able to track shipments.
Data (given to candidate when asked):
Calculation
1 Million customers / yr
None - given
10 shipments / cust.
10 Million shipments per year
80% call, w/ 1 call per shipment,
8 Million calls per year
Cost per call: $1.50 (Assume this is 100% variable)
Annual VC of call center: $12M
Cost of implementing online system: $1.5M
None - given
Break-even # of calls saved:
$1.5M/$1.5 = 1M calls saved
Required customer conversion rate:
1M / 8M = 12.5%
Estimated conversion rate: 90%
90% > 12.5% GO
Notes for Interviewer: This is a straight forward cost-benefit analysis. Candidates should be able to setup a
framework (almost like market sizing) to determine the break-even # of phone calls saved. However, a great
candidate will also inquire about payback period and the companys WACC. A great candidate will also lay out a
basic framework like on the next slide to put this decision into a greater context. Finally a great candidate will attack
the numbers and give the payback period and annual savings with 90% conversion rate.
Case 11: Shipping (Example Framework)

Main questions
Key areas to
explore
Analysis
Should client implement online tracking system?
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Client
Cost of implementation?
Potential cost savings?
Impact on organization
Financial expectations
(WACC / payback)
Competition
Do competitors offer similar
service?
Customers
Would they want this?
Can they use new system?
Economically sound decision, only 12.5% conversion required to break-even in year 1.

If companys 90% estimate is correct 90% x 8M calls = 7.2M calls saved $10.8M annual savings,
$9.3M savings in year one, payback occurs within 2 months.
Potential competitive advantage if competitors do not offer a similar service.
Decision: Make the investment, required conversion rate is far below companys projections and the
decision could give the client a competitive advantage.
How to Raise Awareness / Increase Conversion: Automated phone call to customers, direct mail to
current customers, sales people at shipping points, labels on boxes, etc.
If the system doesnt work
If clients dont convert
Downside of reducing call center employees
Maybe this is a company in a developing location and many customers dont have access to internet
Case 12: Groceries

Prompt: Our client is a local organic/natural foods grocery store. They have seen the success national chains
have had with prepared food offerings and are looking to duplicate that success. They are looking to us to help
them decide which of the three options to pursue:
Option 1: Pre-made Food Our client will buy a custom cooler and have employees produce and wrap a
number of sandwiches every morning before the store opens
Option 2: Full Service Counter Our client will build a full-size deli counter and staff it throughout the day
with employees who will make sandwiches to order
Option 3: Partnership Our client will partner with an outside chain (e.g. Subway, Quiznos, etc.) and install
a mini-restaurant in front of the store
Company has a payback period of 2 years
Company stats:
Customers served per store = 2000/day
Average purchase per customer = $100
Groceries have a 50% margin
Notes for Interviewer: This is a typical entering a new market case: the P = R C framework will be a useful
element. The challenge is to maintain a clear and consistent framework throughout multiple calculations. Once
the interviewee lays out his/her framework ask what kind of information the candidate would need to calculate
the attractiveness of each of the options. Then give the candidate exhibit 1 and encourage him/her to attack
the numbers to come up with a daily profit. After the candidate identifies an option (either 1 or 2 can be argued
for), encourage the candidate to think of the ramifications. For instance, how will the competition respond, what
kind of marketing can you do, can you save money operationally by using safe, but unsightly store produce,
are there other ways to partner with outside stores?
Case 12: Groceries (Example Framework)

Main questions
Which option should the company go with?

Option 1
Key areas to
explore
Analysis
Option 3
Expected Revenue
# of customers? Avg $ per customer?
Expected Costs
Variable costs? Fixed Costs? Installation Costs?
Other considerations
Increase in # of customers overall? Effect on customer grocery purchases?
Option 1: $307 profit per day, but not additional grocery revenue. Payback period 33 days.
Option 2: $170 profit per day, but drives an additional $5,000 of grocery profits. Payback period 97 days.
Option 3: -$2,683 profit per day plus $10,000 of grocery profits. Payback period of 35 days.
Decision: Option 3. While the option on its own is a loss, the additional grocery profits from bringing in
more customers significantly outweighs the total profitability of Options 1 and 2. Additionally, the payback
period is modest at 35 days.
Other options: Do options 1 and 3, use soon-to-expire groceries in foods to reduce spoilage, payback
period is approx. the same time period for both options.
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Option 2
How will the competition respond?

If demand increases or decreases rapidly how will this effect options?
What if margin from groceries declines to 10%, does that change which option?
Case 12: Groceries (Contd)

Exhibit 1: Revenue and Cost Breakdown
Revenues
Customer effect
Meals bought
Client share
Price of meal
Options 1: PreMade/Cooler
Option 2: Full Service

Counter

Partnership
0% change
5% increase
10% increase
5% of customers
10% of customers
10% of customers
100%
100%
20%
$5
$10
$8
$10,000
$500,000
$250,000
$3/day
10% of meal revenue
10% of meal revenue
30% of meal
20% of meal
$0
$40
$300
$0
0 (small cooler)
$1000
$3000
Costs
Initial outlay
Overhead
(power/maintenance/etc)
Materials
(food/utensils/etc)
Labor
Opportunity cost (lost
grocery revenue from
space reduction)
Case 12: Groceries (Solution)

Counter

Partnership
5% * 2,000 * $5 *
100% = $500
10% * 2,100 * $10 * 100%

= $2,100
10% * 2,200 * $8 * 20% =

$352
$3
$2,100 * 10% = $210
$352 * 10% = $35.20
30% * $500 = $150
20% * $2,100 = $420
$0
$0
$1,000
$3,000
$40
$300
$0
Total Costs/Day
$193
$1,930
$3,035
Profit/Day
$307
$170
-$2,683
Consumer effect revenue

(consumer effect * avg.
total purchase
$0
5% * 2,000 * $100 =
$10,000
10% * 2,000 * $100 =

$20,000
Daily Margin (50%)
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$307
$5,170
$7,317
10,000/307 = 33 days
500,000/5,170 = 97 days
250,000/7,317 = 35 days
Revenue
Meal revenue (% buying
meals * total customers *
meal price * client share)
Options 1: PreMade/Cooler
Cost
Variable overhead
Variable materials/food
Fixed opportunity
Fixed labor
Total Daily Profit from

Option
Payback Period
Case 13: Pet Food Co.

Prompt: Our client, Pet Food Co., competes in the $16 billion United States pet food market. They have four
segments: dry food for dogs, wet food for dogs, dry food for cats, and wet food for cats. They are considering a
$10 million marketing campaign for one of their segments. Which segment do you recommend?
Market: There are more dog owners, but cat owners tend to own many more cats. So, the total number of
each animal is approximately the same. On average, a dog weighs twice as much as a cat.
Product: Foods have the same inputs: general processed meats. Each can sells for the same price.
The goal is to have the candidates lay out a good framework with minimal information and then have to adjust
based off more refined data from the exhibit. Candidates should, at minimum, identify # of pets, # of meals per
day, and size of each meal as drivers of demand. A good candidate will also ask about the effectiveness of a
$10M spend in each segment and the clients contribution margin from each type of food. Tell the candidate to
assume they are the same at this point.
Once the candidate is given the exhibit they should do the calculations to determine the profitability
of each option. Probe the candidate about possibilities after they adjust their running hypothesis. For instance,
what happens if the market share increase lasts for two years? What happens if the Dog Food market
increases by 10%? What other things could the client do with $10M to increase profitability?
Dry Dog
Wet Dog
Dry Cat
Wet Cat
Calculations New market share
31%
42%
14%
10%
For
New total revenue
$2,325M
$1,050M
$560M
$200M
Interviewers
Marginal revenue
$75M
$50M
$160M
$100M
Only:
Marginal profit
$9M
$9M
$8M
$10M
Case 13: Pet Food Co. (Example Framework)

Which segment should the client market to?
Main questions
Dogs
Wet Food
Key areas to
explore
Recommendation
Dry Food
Profitability of
marketing to Dry
Dog Food
Profitability of
marketing to Wet
Cat Food
Profitability of
marketing to Dry Cat
Food
Client much stronger in dog food than cat food. More room to expand in cat food.
Increases in profit: Wet/Dry dog food - $9M, dry cat food - $8M, wet cat food - $10M. Wet cat food is only
option with a 1 year payback period.
Decision: Invest in marketing for wet cat food. Smallest overall market, but produces highest expected
return in year one, and its the market where our client has the most potential market share to gain.
Alternative Option Examples: New organic pet food product line, start selling in other countries,
investigate new distribution channels, segment customers differently (what about people who buy multiple
kinds of products?), could spending $5M in two segments have greater impact? Spending $10M on
decreasing costs?
Other factors
(risks)
Wet Food
Demand? Client market share? Expected Increase in Market Share? COGS?

Profitability of
marketing to Wet
Dog Food
Analysis
Dry Food
Cats
How reliable is anticipated market share gain data? What if marketing spend costs more? How long do
gains last for? What is clients payback period? How will competitors respond? Is it better to try to
completely dominate dog food market or is it better to increase presence in cat food market? What about
the growth rates for each market segment?
Case 13: Pet Food Co. (Contd)
Exhibit 1: Campaign Estimates by Segment

Dry Dog
Market size
Wet Dog
Dry Cat
Wet Cat
$7.5B
$2.5B
$4.0B
$2.0B
Pet Food Co.

market share
30%
40%
10%
5%
Competitors
market share
30%
10%
30%
40%
Pet Food Co. profit

margin
12%
18%
5%
10%
Market share
increase from
$10M campaign
+1%
+2%
+4%
+5%
Case 14: Airplane De-Icing

Problem Statement Narrative: Your client is AirCo, a U.S. airline that has significant operations at one of the
Chicago airports. Due to the cold weather, the clients planes often have to be de-iced. The need to de-ice
planes is very unpredictable, so the client decided to outsource the de-icing to IceCo last year. However,
IceCos performance has not been satisfactory. The client is considering in-sourcing airplane de-icing, but
currently does not have enough resources to do the de-icing in-house. The client requires a 4-year payback on
investments and wants to know if they should in-source or outsource the de-icing.
If the client in-sources the de-icing, they will need to hire an average of 30 workers per month.
Each worker costs $4,000/month
There are 5 months in the icy season
The performance problems result from IceCo taking too long to de-ice the planes, leading to delays. We
cannot quantify the impact of this.
This case has a good case of quantitative and qualitative aspects. When you give the client their exhibit and
the information above, instruct them to complete the exhibit. This should lead the candidate to see that the
investment does not meet the payback period that the client requires. However, there is a lot more to this case
than the numbers. The candidate should notice that the cost of delays is not included in any of the
calculations. The candidate should also talk about some of the risks (labor costs or weather changing) and
generate some alternative suggestions.
Case 14: Airplane De-Icing (Example Framework)

Main questions
Should the client invest?
Key areas to
explore
Strategic Fit
Does this fit with clients
other activities?
Are there any potential
synergies?
Are there any benefits on
service?
Economics
Valuation of deal?
Costs of new deal?
Is valuation > costs?
Will it meet the payback
period?
Customers
Cost overruns?
What if winters stop being so
bad?
Learning curve?
Analysis
Benefits: Will save $140 per snow storm, will prevent delays resulting from current contract.
Considerations: Demand is unpredictable, which means airline could invest in capacity that goes unused
for long periods of time. Payback period is 7 years, but companys goal is 4. Cost of delays uncertain.
Recommendation
Decision: Payback period is 3 years too long, do not invest.

Other Options: Re-negotiate contract with IceCo to have strict performance standards, tie IceCos fees
to meeting those standards. Re-examine payback period add in cost of delays, explore more flexible
labor options, explore leasing equipment instead of purchasing
Labor costs can change, weather is unpredictable a year with a lot of snow decreases payback period,
while a winter with no snow would increase it. What if there are some tacit knowledge requirements the
client lacks.
Other factors
(risks)
Case 14: Airplane De-Icing (Interviewer Exhibit)

Exhibit 1: Cost Comparison
IceCo
Client
Number of Events
3,000
3,000
Fee per Event
$300
N/A
Labor Costs
N/A
$200
Cost per Gallon of

Chemicals
$5
$4
# of Gallons of Chemical
per Event
40
40
Cost per Event
$500
Savings per Event
$360
$140
Annual Savings
$420,000
Investment Cost
$3,000,000
Payback Period
~7 years
Case 14: Airplane De-Icing (Interviewee Exhibit)

Exhibit 1: Cost Comparison
IceCo
Client
Number of Events
3,000
3,000
Fee per Event
$300
N/A
Labor Costs
N/A
__________
Cost per Gallon of

Chemicals
$5
$4
# of Gallons of Chemical
per Event
40
40
Cost per Event
_________
Savings per Event

Annual Savings
Investment Cost
Payback Period
________
Case 14: Airplane De-Icing (Contd)

Exhibit 2: De-Icing Investment Costs
Investment Cost ($M)
$3M
Case 15: Gas Branding

Prompt: You have been approached by the CEO of a convenience store chain. His convenience stores all have gas
stations where he sells branded gas. He has been using the same supplier of gas for the past 20 years. The contract
with this supplier is coming up for renewal and the CEO is considering his options to either renew the contract, sign a
contract with a different gas supplier, or start his own new brand of gas. What do you recommend and why?
Competition: Assume there are 2 levels of branded competitors - high and low
Product Mix: Assume there are 2 types of gas in the market - premium and regular. For high branded competitors,
20% of their volume sales are premium, 80% are regular. For low branded competitors, 10% of their volume sales
are premium, 90% are regular
Sales: High branded competitors sell 90,000 gallons per month on average, while low branded ones sell 110,000
gallons per month on average
Gas Type Used: Currently using mid-premium supplier (right in the middle of premium and regular) implies that
clients prices / profits are in the middle of high and low brands
Gas Quality: Gas quality is the same as different suppliers. There is a perceived difference, but for our purposes,
consider it negligible. For example, premium unleaded from Shell is of the same quality as premium unleaded from
Exxon Mobil
Customer Behavior/Preferences: 70% prioritize convenience (location), 20% prioritize price, 8% prioritize quality
(brand), and 2% prioritize other services (car wash, convenience store, etc.)
Price:
There is a $0.30 difference between premium and regular gas prices at high branded gas stations; while this
difference is $0.20 at low branded gas stations
Low branded competitors sell regular gas for $1.67 and high branded sell it for $1.70
Profit: The profit margin on premium and regular gas at a low brand gas station is $0.15/gallon and $0.10/gallon,
respectively
COGS: Relative to low branded gas, for high branded gas, the cost per gallon of regular gas is $0.30 higher and
cost of premium gas is $0.05 higher
Case 15: Gas Branding (Example Framework)

Main questions
Should the client renew the contract, sign a contract with a different gas supplier, or start his own new brand
of gas?
Key areas to
explore
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Product
Is one type of
product more
profitable than
the other?
Is this product a
commodity or
differentiable?
Consumer
How do
consumers buy
gas?
Preferences?
Patterns?
What would be
required to
change
behavior?
Company
What risk would the company
face if change suppliers?
What are the set up costs
assoc. w/ changing suppliers?
What marketing/ advertising
would need to occur to
maintain/ grow sales?
Competition
Competitive
response?
Does anyone
offer something
similar?
Is overall market
growing?
Industry trends?
Calculate premium and low quality gas profitability (see next slide); approx. same profit
Gas consumers are generally sticky (based on 70% preferring convenience) so changing suppliers would
not impact market share unless targeting other preference-based customers
High set up cost associated with new suppliers
Maintain current supplier/renew contract

Potential Alternatives: Interviewee could argue that new customers or changing market dynamics lend
themselves to changing suppliers or offering their own brand of gas (e.g. customer loyalty, more control
over value chain, customer indifference to low and premium quality)
Price volatility could change the profitability dynamic; less control over value chain
Consumer/industry trends for less dependence on traditional energy sources
Economic conditions decreasing the use/need for gasoline
Case 15: Gas Branding (Contd)

Total Volume of Gas (B)
Breakdown of Gas Volume (A)

Premium
Regular
High-brand
20%
80%
High-brand
90K gallons
Low-brand
10%
90%
Low-brand
110K gallons
Profit Margin of Gas per Gallon (C)

Premium
Regular
High-brand
Price: $2.00
Cost: $1.77
Profit: $0.23
Price: $1.70
Cost: $1.60
Profit: $0.10
Low-brand
Price: $1.87
Cost: $1.72
Profit: $0.15
Price: $1.67
Cost: $1.57
Profit: $0.10
Tell interviewee: assume

difference is negligible:
#s are close enough to
be exactly the same
Total Profits (A*B*C)

Premium
Regular
Total
High-brand
Rev: $36.00K
COGS: $31.86K
Profit: $4.14K (18K gallons * $0.23)
Rev: $122.40K
COGS: $115.20K
$4.14 +
$7.20 =
$11.34K
Low-brand
Rev: $20.57K
COGS: $18.92K
Rev: $165.33K
COGS: $155.43K
$1.65 +
$9.90 =
$11.55K
Case 16: German Luxury Car Maker

Prompt: A German luxury car maker wants to grow its business and is looking to sell cars in Bangladesh. The GDP
growth in Bangladesh is 5% per year. Currently, the only luxury car sold in Bangladesh is Mercedes-Benz and has
been in the market for the past 10 years. The CEO wants to find out if the company enters the market, can they break
even in three years?
Mercedes-Benz imported and sold 10,000 cars in this market over the past 10 years, and has its own dealership
in Bangladesh. Existing owners replace their car every 10 years.
There are 1000 new buyers each year and this is expected to continue for at least 5 more years.
The client already entered the Vietnamese and other similar markets and gained on an average 30% of the
market share. We can, therefore, safely assume that the client will gain a 30% market share. Assume the market
share will be gained in the very first year and will remain at the same level; no increase or decrease expected.
The price Mercedes-Benz charges is $100,000 per car
Cost structure:
Initial investment: $7 million
Variable Cost (per car):
Manufacturing: $20,000
Transportation: 120% of manufacturing cost = $24,000
Customs/taxes: 95% of (manufacturing + transportation costs ) = $41,800
SG&A: 12% of all the above costs combined = $10,296
Notes for Interviewer: This is a straight-forward market entry case. The candidate should do the calculation to
determine that the investment meets the clients criteria for proceeding and should be able to speak at length about the
various risks associated with the decision.
Case 16: German Luxury Car Maker (Example

Framework)
Should the company enter the Bangladeshi market?
Main questions
Key areas to
explore
Other factors
(risks)
Competition
Mercedes-Benz
How have they
fared in
Bangladesh?
How difficult to
displace?
Customer
How much demand?
Does 5% GDP growth
mean 5% demand growth?
What do they value?
Economics
Initial investment
required?
Estimated
volume and
margin?
Payback period?
Company expects to get 30% market share. Market is 2000 new cars sold per year in year 1, that means
600 cars. Margin per car is $4000 if client charges same as Mercedes, meaning $2.4M margin and
payback achieved within 3 years.
Decision: Invest. Enter at same price as Mercedes. Payback within three years.
Other considerations: look at other markets, explore three methods of entry: organic, JV, or organic.
Company is probably considering only organic, but a JV with a local player could yield higher margins. Is
this a strategic market (ie, are there for entry besides profit, like innovation or access to resources)?
Political instability in Bangladesh, new entrants into the market, Mercedes-Benz responds aggressively,
what if the client doesnt achieve 30% market share (what is the break-even market share), what if the
economy reverses?
Analysis
Recommendation
Company
Point of
differentiation?
Financial
Resources?
Experience
entering new
markets?
Case 17: Small Flying

Prompt: The CEO of an airline has approached you and said that he would like to expand into a small California
town called Scottsdale. You have 5 days to do preliminary research and get back to him. In your short time, what
should you research? What options does the airline have? What will you recommend?
Company:
Major airline, operates out of many airports of various sizes.
Part of larger effort to increase presence in smaller airports
Wants to be profitable in first year
Can devote either 0, 1, or 2 planes to airport.
Competition:
Most flights operated by smaller local airline, other major airlines already offer 1 or 2 flights per day.
Customer:
Typical small airport clientele. Travelling for a variety of reasons.
Product:
Regular small airport flights. Small planes going to major hubs or other small local airports.
This is a typical market entry case. A good candidate should go through the process of determining whether this is
an attractive airport to expand into. The profitability in year 1 with the two plane option, as well as the growing
customer base make this an attractive option. A good candidate will bring up a variety of issues, including: airline
may be looking to expand service to please airlines frequent fliers, risks of costs being incorrect or economy
slowing down, airlines typical razor thin margins, risk of competitive response, etc. After conquering the math, a
good candidate will be able to turn this into a conversation about factors airlines should consider when expanding
into smaller airports.
Case 17: Small Flying (Example Framework)

Should the company operate at this airport?
Main questions
Key areas to
explore
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Company
Typical clientele?
Why here?
Expansion
options?
Size of presence?
Competition
How many other
airlines?
How will they
respond?
Customer
Who are they?
What are their
preferences?
What matters to them?
Trends/growth?
Product
What kinds of
flights are we
offering?
Is that normal for
this airport?
Company: Were a big airline that operates out of all size airports. Can enter with 1 or 2 planes. Only
profitable to enter with 2 planes.
Competition: AVG of 50 flights per day from airport. Mostly one local airline, a few of the other big
airlines offer 1 to 2 flights per day
Customers: Customers per year growing at strong rate.
Product: Local flights.
Decision: Use 2 planes: provides estimated 180k profit in year 1.
Other considerations: Airlines make most of their profit from business travelers and frequent fliers. A
key to their success with those segments is ensuring that they can provide a flight to customers to/from
anywhere. Expanding into local markets accomplishes this objective.
Other options: Contract with local airline, 3 planes, nearby airports.
What if airport fees increase, or airline unions request pay raise? How stable are the variable costs? How
will other big airlines respond? Will they cut prices to drive you out? How easy will it be to get a gate at the
airport? What if there are no available gates?
Case 17: Small Flying (Interviewer Exhibit)

Exhibit 1 (interviewer copy)
1 Plane
2 Planes
Revenue
1,800,000
3,060,000
Variable Costs
720,000
1,440,000
Crew
360,000
720,000
Airport Fee
720,000
720,000
Profit
180,000
(1) Revenue would be double that of 1 plane option, but assume a 15% drop
in capacity utilization for both planes
(2) 40% of revenue
(3) Multiply VC of 1 plane by two
(4) Crew fees double
Case 17: Small Flying (Interviewee Exhibit)

Exhibit 1: Option Comparison
1 Plane
2 Planes
Revenue
1,800,000
(1)
Variable Costs
(2)
(3)
Crew
360,000
(4)
Airport Fee
720,000
720,000
Profit
(5)
(6)
(1) Revenue would be double that of 1 plane option, but assume a 15% drop
in capacity utilization for both planes
(2) 40% of revenue
(3) Multiply VC of 1 plane by two
(4) Crew fees double
(5) Calculate profit for 1 plane option
(6) Calculate profit for 2 plane option
Case 18: Home Garden Chemicals

Prompt: Our client is a home garden chemicals manufacturer with annual revenues of $1B. Its product lines include
herbicides and manures. The client primarily targets the consumer market. Product are sold through big-box
retailers, such as Home Depot and Lowe's. The client has recently come up with a new technology that enables it to
manufacture a new type of genetically modified grass. The client is considering selling this genetically modified grass
directly to golf courses. Is this a good strategy?
Herbicides used to kill weeds damage traditional grass, but new grass will not be affected by herbicides
Water and herbicides can be delivered together through pipes/sprinkler systems
Assume the total grass market is $100 million, and the golf course grass market is 10% of that with no growth
Replanting the grass on a golf course costs $20,000
Cost of developing the technology: $3 million per year for the first three years with no sales; 50% profit margin
from the 4th year onwards
Revenue projection: 30% of the golf course market for the first 3 years (i.e. starting from 4th year); 70% market
share after that each year
Clients policy presses on a 5 year payback period
Only if asked: Client is hoping to use this market as a testing ground before eventually marketing it to the rest of
grass market.
Notes for Interviewer: An important question to ask when a client wants to enter a market is why? There are many
reasons to enter an unprofitable market (to create innovation, gain access to resources or customers, potential
growth, etc.). Some of the reasons can make an unprofitable market strategic for a client. This case seems fairly
straight forward its a drop in the bucket amount of revenue that doesnt meet the clients payback period. However,
by asking the right questions the candidate can find out a much more important thing the client is actually looking to
target the entire grass market, which represents 10% of their current revenue.
Case 18: Home Garden Chemicals (Example Framework)

Main questions
Key areas to
explore
Should the client sell genetically modified grass to golf courses?
Market
How big is the opportunity?
What are the margins?
Are there any competitors?
Customer KBFs?
Is the market growing?
Is this a strategic market for
the client?
Product
Investment required?
Potential Market Share?
Expected revenues and
costs?
Company: $1B company looking trying to target customers worth $10M of revenue. Real reason to enter
market is to test product before targeting entire grass market. Based off information given client will lose
$3M annually in yrs 1-3, profit $1.5M annually in yrs 4-6, and profit $3.5M annually in year 7+ and beyond.
Payback occurs in yr 8 with 0% discount rate.
Decision: Enter market. Clients payback period is 5 yrs and this project has an 8 yr payback, but there
are strategic reasons for entering this market. Clients ultimate goal is to enter $100M grass market, so a
short-term loss is worth perfecting product prior to entry. Other Options: Consider just going straight to
consumer market, find ways to speed up R&D to bring product to market sooner.
How long will the patent on this technology last?

Will consumers want the same thing as golf courses?
Will they be willing to pay the same price?
Are golf courses really a good test market?
Will the client still care about its payback period?
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Company
Why are they doing this?
Do they have the capability?
Do they have the capacity?
How will it fit in with their
other businesses?
Case 19: Paper Labels

Prompt: Our client is a $100 million manufacturer of public signs. These consist mostly of public and traffic
street signs, but are also used in some businesses, construction sites, and universities. The company is
considering entering the paper label industry next year (2016). Paper labels have a wide variety of uses and so
our client wants to know if there is any particular segment to enter, how to enter, and whether you recommend
entry at all.
Interviewer Information: Industry growth is expected to be approximately 2% in next few years. Management
believers it can capture 10% of current market.
Customer Segments: healthcare (pharmaceutical labels), business (cards), manufacturing, food, and
apparel. Major players exist equally in all these markets. However, some markets are more
quality/premium driven, others are more cost driven
Product: Can use a razor-blade model where the printer only works with same companys labels. Premium
labels are mostly razor-blade model. Cheap segment is never razor-blade.
Competition: A few dominant players may make entry difficult: perhaps they are already employing razorblade model. They currently focus on premium; its the small players who are focused on the cheap
segment
Notes for Interviewer: The market opportunity is very large, but growth is slow and there are several large
players who dominate the industry and make entry difficult. High market capture may be difficult; however,
managements estimate of 10% means revenue of $210 million, over twice the size of the existing company!
Also, the different industry segments present interesting options for entering the market as a premium or cheap
player. Importantly, with printers and labels, the client can use a razor-blade model where the printer only
works with same companys labels, thus retaining customers (offering both labels and printers is wise). The
candidate should identify which market he/she thinks is more appealing and be able to explain selected entry
method accordingly. The goal of this case is to create a good discussion about the pros/cons of various entry
methods.
Case 19: Paper Labels (Example Framework)

Should the client enter the paper label industry?
Main questions
Key areas to
explore
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Company
Current customers?
Size of Co.?
Entry options?
Related
competencies?
Competition
How will they
respond?
Barriers to entry?
How do they
segment?
Customer
Different segments?
What are their
preferences?
Trends/growth?
Product
What kinds
of paper
labels?
Adjacent
products?
Company: Good reputation, some in-roads with current clients, entry into $2.1B market represents a big
opportunity.
Competition: Very strong, but even getting 1/3 of other market share would double size of client.
Customers: Significant overlap with current customers.
Product: Premium and cheap segments. Cheap segment growing quickly.
Decision: Enter the market via a Joint-Venture and produce cheap paper labels. The cheap paper label
market is growing quickly so the client should try to enter immediately. With no industry knowledge the
client should look to partner with another firm. Premium label market is shrinking so client may be able to
use its current customer base to make in-roads.
Other options: Use an acquisition or organic entry to target the premium market. Its a shrinking market,
but should provide higher margins.
What will be the effect on the clients core business? What if they make a big investment and the big firms
decide to force them out of the market? If they choose to make cheap paper labels will it hurt their
reputation?
Case 19: Paper Labels (Contd)

Exhibit 1: Sales
Quantity
(millions)
Price per unit
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
(Average)
Case 19: Paper Labels (Contd)

Exhibit 2: Competitors
Papers R Us
Paper4Ever
PaperCut
Paper4U
Others
Case 20: Fore Golf

Prompt: Our client, Fore Golf, is a high-end golf club and apparel manufacturer. Fore Golf is recognized as a
technology leader in the golf industry. Fore golf is considering whether or not to launch a golf ball division in the
United States. Fore Golf has hired you to determine the following: is there an opportunity in the market, and if so,
should the company invest in the new division? Fore Golf requires a 3 year payback on investments and
estimates that the cost of entering will be $16 million.
Market dynamics: Market is broken into 3 segments Premium, Mid, and Low (see Exhibit 1)
Sales (in dozens) per year: 35,000,000
Average industry sale price (per dozen): $30 approx. $1B in overall sales
Market share (in sales) / Competition: See Exhibit 2 Interviewee should note the 25% Other which consists
of 7 other companies
Reputation of Fore Golf: Fore Golf brand is stronger than High Flite and comparable to Ballaway, Rike, and
Title Interviewee should conclude that Fore Golf brand is strong enough to enter this market and eventually
take market share from all segment
Notes for Interviewer: The case focuses on both a qualitative market analysis and quantitative profitability
analysis. Both suggest that the investment is a good idea, but a strong case will involve the strategic
considerations that may or may not support Fore Golfs US golf ball division.
Case 20: Fore Golf (Example Framework)

Main questions
Key areas to
explore
Should client implement online tracking system?

Revenue
Price?
Volume?
Product mix
between premium,
mid, low?
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Costs
Investment of
$16M
Other costs?
Relevant?
Other factors
Competition? Competitor response?
Marketing?
Seasonality?
Ties with overall economic performance?
Other opportunities for $16M investment?
Number of rounds of golf played?
Distribution networks?
Promotions with clubs?
Outsource, partner, purchase other golf ball
manufacturer?
Determine profitability based on price per product mix and project sales volume over the next 3 years.
Does it exceed the investment made? (Use Exhibits 3 & 4)
Other alternatives for the investments and/or overall strategy decisions?
Yes, invest in US golf ball division because profitable and meets 3 year breakeven criteria (see solution
on next slide)
Potential Alternatives: Invest in outsource/partner/production already in place, adjust price,
market/advertise
Golf is closely tied to economic performance so should adjust price/strategic decision based on the state
of the economy
Competition may lower price to gain market share or make other strategic positioning plays
Case 20: Fore Golf (Solution)

Solution: The interviewer should understand that Fore Golfs profit is the wholesaler mark up because Fore
Golf will be not be selling directly to retail, but rather that next step in the distribution chain. First, calculate the
profit per item from Exhibit 3. Answers shown below. Then multiply the profit per item by the forecast of sales
volume (Exhibit 4) to arrive at profit per year and total profit in the first three years. Notice that the expected
$18 million earned is greater than the $16 million investment. Therefore, it is within the 3 year payback period.
Profit per Item (Calculated from Exhibit 3)
MCF Cost
Wholesale
Store
Mark-Up
Mark-Up
Profit
Premium
$25
$15
$5
$15
Mid
$15
$10
$5
$10
Low
$10
$5
$5
$5
Forecast of Sales Volume (Exhibit 4) * Profit per Item = Total Profit

Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Total
Premium
$2,250,000
$3,000,000
$4,500,000
$9,750,000
Mid
$1,000,000
$1,500,000
$2,000,000
$4,500,000
Low
$1,000,000
$1,250,000
$1,500,000
$3,750,000
$4,250,000
$5,750,000
$8,000,000
$18,000,000
Case 20: Fore Golf (Contd)

Exhibit 1: Segment Information
Segments
Store Sale Price
Dozens Sold per Year
Premium
$45
8,000,000
Mid
$30
8,000,000
Low
$20
19,000,000
35,000,000

Exhibit 2: Competitors

Exhibit 3: Percentage Mark-Up Calculated from Final Price
$45
$30
$20
Exhibit 4: Forecast of Sales Volume

Segments
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Premium
150,000
200,000
300,000
Mid
100,000
150,000
200,000
Low
200,000
250,000
300,000
Case 21: Diabetes Testing Meter

Problem Statement Narrative: Our client is a laboratory that provides diabetes testing services to hospitals in
England. They have developed a self-diagnosis meter that patients can use to do testing on their own. They
have hired us to determine if we should take this product to the market.
Demand Information: Englands population is ~50M, 3% of people younger than 65 have diabetes, 5% of
people older than 65 have diabetes, 20% of population is over 65, assume no population growth.
Competition: There are 4 other competitors, with market shares of 25%, 25%, 15%, 15%. Client has a 20%
share. Growth was over 20% until 2 years ago and has been stagnant since.
Revenues and Costs: Fixed cost of investment is $2.5M. Per unit revenue is $25 and per unit cost is $20.
Additional points: Patients could opt to use both methods (e.g. self test and also the hospital testing),
Product could be promoted as a prevention device, assume 1 device per patient.
Candidates should set out to determine the clients # of customers (potential demand), and use the financial
information to determine if the client would break even. Candidates should determine that client would lose
$800k on investment. Getting to the investment decision is straight-forward, but this case allows a lot of follow
on discussion. For instance, how much would this cannibalize the clients current business? Would consumers
want this, and if so, could the client use this to steal market share? How much market share would the client
need gain in order to break-even? What are some of the clients other options with this device? After the
candidate has laid out his/her framework and developed a solution, ask these questions along with any others
you think of before asking the candidate for his/her final recommendation.
# of people with diabetes:
# of customers:
Marginal Revenue:
Total Cost (Investment + VC):
1.7M
340K
$8.5M
$9.3M
Case 21: Diabetes Testing Meter (Example Framework)

Main questions
Should client take this product to market?
Key areas to
explore
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Company
Is the client in a
position to market
this device?
Per unit
contribution
margin?
Initial investment?
Cannibalization
concerns?
Competition
Is the client in a position to
market this device?
Per unit contribution
margin?
Initial investment?
Cannibalization concerns?
Consumer
Would people
want this?
Would hospitals
want this?
What would the
demand be?
Product
What does it do?
What services
does it replace?
Client has 340K customers, $5 CM per device mean $1.7M CM for device, $2.5M investment means loss
of $800k dont invest.
Stagnant market, high potential for cannibalization dont invest.
Break-even volume = 500k new customers (~30% market share gain) dont invest
Dont invest. Break-even volume is 500k customers. If some of these are coming from cannibalization,
then that number increases. The only way this makes sense is if the device will allow the client to gain
significant market share, or if this is a precursor/test before launching in larger markets like the US.
Potential Alternatives: Sell devices to hospitals instead of consumers, look at other markets which are
larger or offer higher growth, find ways to market as a prevention device
What is the contribution margin from clients current customers? determines how much cannibalization
would hurt.
Is a competitor going to coming out with something similar and gain market share as a result?
Case 22: Deposit Slips

Prompt: Your client manufactures and sells deposit slips to banks at a price of $1/slip. The client is the leading firm in
this $100M industry with 60% market share. There is one other competitor in the market. Federal regulations will
cause the industry size to shrink by 10% next year. Your client wants to maintain profits to fund other projects. Should
it go ahead with a price war?
This is an interviewer led case so do not let the candidate start writing a framework. Instead follow the steps listed
below and turn this into a conversation with the candidate.
1) Should the client go ahead with a price war?
An important stipulation here is that this is a commodity market with no differentiation. The candidate should talk
about how in a price war competitors will drop their price to marginal cost and if price drops below a competitors
marginal cost, then that competitor will exit the market. After a theoretical discussion supply the candidate with the
following info:
Competitor outsources manufacturing for a total cost of $0.90 per slip
Total cost for client is $0.70 per slip
Under these conditions the client should drop its price to $0.89.
2) Ask the candidate to calculate profitability after the government regulation:
Q = 60% x 90mm = 54mm
TR = Q x $1/slip = $54mm
TC = Q x $0.70/slip = $42mm
Profit = TR TC = $12mm
Case 22: Deposit Slips (Contd)

3) Ask the candidate to determine profitability if there is a price war
With the price war, price will be brought down to $.89
Q = 90mm (client has 100% of market now, but market has shrunk by 10% due to federal regulation)
TR = Q x $0.89/slip = 80.1mm
TC = Q x $0.70/slip = 63mm
Profit = $16.1m profits increase Go ahead with price war
4) Ask the interviewee for potential risks
Capacity constraints: Q is increasing by significant amount (50%), so plant expansion may be necessary or the
client may have to make its employees work longer hours, start something like a shift system.
Competitor may act irrationally and further lower the price.
Federal regulation may be a sign of future trends lower industry profitability in future years
What about threat of new entrants? How much longer will companies continue to use paper slips?
5) We know that the competitor has another business division that manufactures specialty chemicals sold to
banks for fraud detection. Does this change your analysis?
The competitors other division comprises 75% of its revenues
This division is highly dependent on bank relationships build through the deposit slip business
The competitor is more likely to sell deposit slips below cost because its other division is so dependent on it
Price war may not be a good idea
Case 23: Gassy Trips

Prompt: Your client is a private equity group considering the acquisition of a company that produces ground
transportation gas tankers. Imagine the sort of trailers that hold big containers of gas and deliver them to gas
stations. How large is the market for these trailers in the United States? Should the client go ahead with the
acquisition?
If asked, provide the following information before candidate does market sizing.
Market drivers
Volume: total gas needed for delivery/year
Distance: how far gas needs to be transported
This is an interviewer-led market sizing case. Follow the format below:
(1) Estimate the market size based on drivers that govern demand for gas
(2) Once market size is estimated, challenge the final number and see the interviewees reaction to pushing on
different assumptions.
(3) After there is a market size, say: In due diligence, the private equity group has been told by the company that
demand has been surging recently, but your client is suspicious about this sudden growth. What might cause a
change in demand for gas trailers? Let the interviewee brainstorm.
(4) After brainstorming, provide this information. A legal regulation 9 years ago required upgrades, and so at the
time, there was a sudden spike in purchases. Now that we are approaching the 10-year average replacement
time, purchases are spiking again. How does this affect your recommendation to the private equity group?
(5) Wrap up the case with a summary and recommendation about whether to acquire.
Case 23: Gassy Trips (Solution)

Step 1/2: Market Size: To calculate the market size for these gas trailers, we could start of by estimating the total
demand for gas in the US:
Demand: 200B gallons of gas/ year
75% of the demand needs transportation, 20% of that is transported in ways besides trailers
Each trailer holds 7,500 gallons on average
Replacement is every 10 years
Total number of trailers required: 120B/7,500 = 16M
Step 3: What could cause change in demand for gas trailers
Increased production in the U.S.
Greater rate of gas consumption
Gas is travelling further, say to nearby nations, Mexico
Average size of tankers is declining
Legal regulations that may affect the quality of trailers, such that the replacement time decreases
Bad maintenance of roads, causing replacement time to decrease
Shippers switch from other forms of transportation to trailers
Step 4: Provide the piece of information from the Notes section and ask for recommendations
In the next 1 year, there will be a huge demand for these trailers, because of the regulation, however, the demand
will drastically drop once the replacement cycle is complete
The company stands a good chance to make a lot of money over the next 1 year, however, competitors, prices
they charge and the cost of acquisition are factors that need to be looked into before making the final decision.
Case 24: ATVs

Prompt: We are doing private equity work for an ATV manufacturer. The manufacturer want to understand the cyclicality
of the ATV business. He has some information about the industry wide sales of ATVs from 1980 until today (2007). Please
see Exhibit 1. The client wants to know the reasons for the cyclicality of the business. So, tell me the following: Why did the
sales fall in 1980? Why did sales then flatten out around the 2000s? Why did they rise in the 2000s? What will happen
after 2007?
ATV (All Terrain Vehicle) is primarily an off-road vehicle used for recreational purposes. It has 4 wheels, is typically
smaller than a motorcycle and people ride it like motorcycle
Users: it is very popular among kids and adults from ages 15-50
Demographics: the use population remained about the same
ATV prices grew with inflation
Notes for Interviewer: Dont allow the interviewee to open with a framework. Instead dive straight into the case. This
presents a more uncommon challenge: having to think on ones feet constantly. There are hundreds of reasons why
annual ATV sales have fluctuated so much. The interviewee should be able to brainstorm ideas and conduct conversation
with the interviewer to identify which reasons make the most sense and which one do not. The interviewer should allow the
conversation to float to different areas, challenging the interviewee as he/she analyzes different factors. This is largely a
discussion case, but the interviewer should keep the discussion focused and should press the interviewee constantly.
Solution:
1980s: ATVs were classified as 3 wheeled vehicles and the public had many safety concerns after a number of
accidents. In response, the government essentially banned them. That explains the drastic fall.
1990s: 4 wheeled ATVs became popular as they were safer. People wore helmets ATVs were restricted to off-road
trails. This caused the stabilization.
2000-2007: The economy was going through a housing market bubble. People had a lot credit available. They used
the money to buy ATVs (and other luxury/discretional goods), explaining the rise.
Future: sales will fall and stabilize somewhere in the half-way mark by 2011.
Case 24: ATVs (Contd)

Exhibit 1: Rough Representation of #ATV Sales/Year
Case 25: Cowboy Game Theory

Prompt: There are three cowboys Cowboy A, Cowboy B, and Cowboy C. They are standing in an equilateral
triangle. Each cowboy has one gun and one bullet and they all must shoot each other at the same time.
Whoever Cowboy A shoots has a 100% chance of dying. Whoever Cowboy B shoots has a 60% chance of
dying. Whoever Cowboy C shoots has a 40% chance of dying. Which cowboy is most likely to walk out alive?
Notes for Interviewer: This is not a traditional framework based case. This is a game theory conversation
with interviewee. Dont allow the interviewee to make a framework for this one. Jump straight into the case and
present the questions successively as the interviewee answers each one. Try to throw the interviewee off pace
by not allowing a framework and changing the scenarios. It should feel different for the interviewee, but a wellpracticed one will roll with the punches and take ahold and drive the case.
Ask the candidate the following italicized questions and challenge their line of thinking so that the candidate
must defend their solution even if the candidate has the correct answer. Proper logic and answers are
provided for the interviewee beneath the questions. If the candidate has sound logic, but does not come up
with the given answer, just begin the next question with, assume you had determined ____ for the previous
question.. Then ask the question as written
Question 1: Which cowboy is most likely to walk out alive?
Probability of each cowboy dying:
Cowboy A: (60% + 40%) / 2 = 50%
Cowboy B: (100% + 40%) / 2 = 70%
Cowboy C: (100% + 60%) / 2 = 80%
Answer: Cowboy A is the most likely to walk out alive
Case 25: Cowboy Game Theory (Contd)

Question 2: In the previous situation, the cowboys didnt know each others probabilities. Now assume that the
cowboys know everyones probabilities; then who is the most likely to walk out of there alive?
Cowboy A will shoot Cowboy B
Cowboy B will shoot Cowboy A
Cowboy C will shoot Cowboy A
Answer: Cowboy C is the most likely to walk out alive (each cowboy will shoot their most deadly foe)
Question 3: What is the relationship between parts 1 and 2? What exactly caused the change in the most likely
to survive?
Answer: There is an inverse relationship between the probability of survival and the amount of
information known. Being a better shooter makes the cowboy a more likely target, and thus hurts
his probability of survival. The key driver is the availability of information
Question 4: Can you provide a business example of when having asymmetric information can lead to different
outcomes?
Answer: There are almost countless examples. The interviewee should brainstorm several and
describe the relation to each. Some examples: mergers and acquisitions, insider trading, contract
bargaining, government negotiations, new market entry, etc.
Case 26: Tobacco Leaf Processor

Prompt:
Our client is a tobacco leaf processor. Tobacco is a commodity and revenues in the tobacco industry are flat. The #2
and #3 tobacco leaf processors are considering a merger. The new merged company will be 75% of the #1 company.
Over the past five years, #2 has had flat revenues and slight profitability. #3 has had declining revenues and
profitability. Both are global organizations with operations, plants, and distribution at a global level. They overlap in
most, but not all, markets. Should the client go through with the merger?
Market: Only one product and segment. There are 4-5 end consumers that purchase processed tobacco leaf.
Competition: #1 has a total market share of 35-40%. Besides the top three players, there are 5-6 smaller firms.
Innovation: There has been no innovation in tobacco leaf processing for many years.
Organizations: #2 is highly centralized with a bureaucratic structure. #3 is decentralized and entrepreneurial.
Value Chain: Tobacco Farmers Tobacco Leaf Processors (our client) End buyer (e.g. Phillip Morris)
Mergers & acquisitions are one of the most important types of cases. This case does not have a quantitative aspect,
though M&A cases lend themselves to an NPV analysis of the deal coupled with a qualitative evaluation. This case is
purely qualitative. This case is a good test of a candidates M&A framework as much of this case is simply applying
ones framework to a merger in the tobacco leaf processing industry. Beyond having a good framework a good
candidate will be able to speak about the effects of: being in a commoditized industry, the competitive response of the
#1 company, and merging companies with very different cultures in addition to other considerations.
Case 26: Tobacco Leaf Processor (Example Framework)

Main questions
Should the companies conduct merger?
Key areas to
explore
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Strategic Fit
Clients competitive
strategy?
Reason for merger?
Areas of potential synergies?
Will it foster innovation?
Economics
Valuation of deal?
Costs of new deal?
Is valuation > costs
Risks
Culture differences?
Frequency of mergers in
industry / companys history?
Challenges of post-merger
integration?
Benefits: market overlap means theyll have redundancies and can cut costs. Merged company will have
greater market share greater bargaining power. Possible innovation benefits.
Considerations: #2 company is larger than #3 and will have greater standing in relationship. #3s culture
is unique wont want to change. With such different cultures retention could be issue.
Decision: Go through with merger. Merged company will be much stronger than individual companies
could be individually.
Implementation: Pre-merger forums to manage expectations. Develop ways to implement aspects of
both companys cultures. Identify areas of overlap to eliminate redundancies.
Regulatory issues in some countries where merged company will have greatest market share. #1
company may respond by conducting its own mergers.
Case 27: Chemical Brothers

Prompt: Your client, Chemical Brothers International (CHEMBRO), is a major chemical producer, has retained
your firms services to evaluate the feasibility of acquiring another major player in the industry, Plastics of
America (POA). Both companies are bulk commodity chemical producers. Your task is to analyze the future
prospects of POAs major product line, a chemical used in the production of plastics. Should Chembro acquire
POA?
There are four main motives for a merger or an acquisition:
1) The overcapacity M&As goal is to increase market share, conduct more efficient operations (economy of
scale), or to take capacity out of the industry.
2) The geographic roll-up M&As typical of early stage industry life cycle, acquirer lowers operating cost and
brings value to the customer base (hotels and banking in some countries). This also includes acquiring another
company in order to access a new georgraphy.
3) Product of market expansion M&As relative size matters and M&A helps new company to innovate or
diversify its products.
4) M&A as R&D useful to shorten product life-cycle. This is more typical in the tech/pharmaceutical
industries. For instance, a small company will begin development of a drug and then be acquired by a larger
company which wants access to that R&D.
The main point of this case is to eventually get into a discussion of why CHEMBRO would consider entering an
unattractive market. The information in the case paints the industry in a very negative light, and a good will
discuss why this should lead CHEMBRO away from this industry. However, a great interviewee will be able to
discuss some of the reasons why CHEMBRO would consider entering anyways. Ultimately the case does not
suggest this so the interviewees recommendation should still be to not acquire POA, but the interviewee
should discuss some of the other potential reasons anyways.
Case 27: Chemical Brothers (Contd)

Market Analysis:
End-users come primarily from the automotive industry, market size has been slowly declining over
the last five years, within the last couple of years, prices have also declined rapidly
Competition / Industry Analysis:
There are 10 major producers; the largest one with a 35% share, number two has 25%, and POA has
20%; the remaining share is divided among others, the two largest competitors earn a small return;
POA is slightly above break-even; the rest are operating at break-even or at a loss
Relative capacity utilization in the industry is 60% to 70% and has been so for the last three years;
POA is currently working at 75% capacity
The two largest competitors are highly diversified with this particular product line representing no
more than 20% of their revenues
Highly regulated industry with expensive pollution control equipment
High barriers to entry because of the low profits and high investments required
Product Value Proposition / Brand Portfolio:
The price has been driven by self-destructive cuts from the leaders to gain temporary share points
We do not foresee the development of any significant by-products, no other possible uses
Complementary assets: 50% of POAs sales are to the automotive industry
Finance and Operations:
Cost is based on size/efficiency/age of plant, etc. POA is in an above average position
There are several operational improvements that could be implemented, and management has not
been aggressive in its pursuit of quality and cost controls
Great economies of scale exist in marketing and transportation (not quantifiable)
Operational synergies could represent an additional $30 million in profits
Case 27: Chemical Brothers (Example Framework)

Should the client take this device to market?
Main questions
Key areas to
explore
Competition
Trends?
Main
competitors?
Clients position?
Barriers to
entry?
Product
Price changes?
Product mix?
Different uses?
Room for
innovation?
Economics
NPV?
Value of synergies
Economies of scale
Economies of scope
NPV is $1B (c/(r-g)) = ($90M/(.12-.03)). Industry is not attractive margins are shrinking, price is
dropping, no alternate uses (no economies of scope synergies), highly dependent upon auto industry
quickly becoming a commodity product. POA has room for additional cost cuts and cost is dependent
upon size.
Dont invest. Overall this does not look like an attractive industry to enter. This is an industry towards the
end of its life cycle when profits decrease and the product becomes commoditized.
There are some circumstances when it is beneficial to enter an unattractive market. It is mentioned in the
interviewer information that cost is related to size. If CHEMBROs acquisition of POA allows CHEMBRO
to improve its cost structure through scale that could be beneficial. Also, if this is a highly competitive
industry, CHEMBRO may be able to learn from entering, so innovation could be a reason. CHEMBRO
may want access to POAs customer, or the offer price for POA might be significantly undervalued.
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Market
Trends?
Price changes?
Quantity
changes?
Margin changes?
Case 27: Chemical Brothers (Contd)
Exhibit 1
Purchase Price
$950M
Annual Operating
Income Before Tax
$90M
Cash
$30M
No. of Employees
2,000
Return of Capital
12%
Market Risk Premium
7%
Growth Rate
3%
Tax Rate
40%
Case 28: Retirement Plan

Prompt: Our client is a full service asset management firm, Georgetown Securities Co. (GSC). GSC is
looking to enter the market for Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) or Defined Contribution Plans (DCPs).
In case you are not aware, an IRA is a retirement account with certain tax advantages while a DCP is a
retirement account where the individual makes contributions on a regular basis. Today, both the IRA and DCP
markets are the same size, which is around $3 trillion, and both are expected to generate the same fees for
GSC. GSC is interested in knowing the five year growth outlook for each of these markets. What information
would we need to estimate this growth and how should we advise GSC to best position itself?
Interviewer Information: Provide this additional information ONLY if asked by the interviewee
Customers: Provide Exhibit 1 and Exhibit 2.
Note that Exhibit 1 helps us understand our potential customer base.
Note that population growth in Exhibit 2 relates to total percent growth over the five year period and
not the compounded annual growth rate.
Revenues: Provide Exhibit 3. Note that fees charged by asset management firms are a function of the
average balances held in the customers retirement account.
Competition: Provide Exhibit 4. Note that this could potentially help us understand why our competitors
would enter the IRA market.
Discount brokers are primarily in the DCP market, but could enter the IRA market. These firms are
characterized by a low price / low touch model.
IRAs tend to be provided such as full-service brokers as they are more costly to manage.
Notes for Interviewer: The main purpose of this case is for the candidate to work through the numbers
provided in the exhibits and estimate the market size and value for the customer segments in each market.
The information on competition is to facilitate a discussion on what strategy GSC should employ when entering
either the IRA or DCP market.
Case 28: Retirement Plan (Example Framework)

Main questions
Key areas to
explore
How can we estimate the potential growth for the IRA and DCP market?
Revenue
What is our current fee
structure?
How can we incentivize
customers to invest with us?
Age
Analysis
%
Growth
2014 Pop.
Competition
What are the points of
differentiation?
Major players?
Est. DCP Acct. Balance
Est. IRA Acct. Balance
35-54
70M
-5%
66.5M
$30K * 66.5M ~ $2.0T
$34K * 65M ~ $2.21T
55-74
50M
+20%
60M
$20K * 60M ~ $1.2T
$26K * 60M ~ $1.56T
75+
20M
+5%
21M
$0 * 21M = $0
$0 * 21M = $0
Est. Market
$3.2T
$3.77T
Solution: IRAs seem to be the best opportunity for GSC in terms of potential market. The IRA market is
also good since it protects GSC from discount brokers considering the high costs of competing in the IRA
market versus the DCP market. To best position GSC, it should focus on improving the professional
competencies of their financial advisors to enhance their capabilities in providing personalized service.
Macro-economic issues?
Enhance regulation?
Competitive reaction?
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
2010 Pop.
Customers
What are our customers
financial goals?
Is there an underserved
portion of our market?
Case 28: Retirement Plan (Contd)

Exhibit 1: Current Population of Different Age Groups in the U.S. as of 2010

Exhibit 2: Age Group Growth, U.S. 2010-2014

Exhibit 3: Average Balances in Retirement Accounts per Person

Exhibit 4: Reasons for Choosing an IRA Provider
Case 29: Cali Burger

Prompt: Cali Burger is a family-owned hamburger chain, with roots in Los Angeles county, and a cult following
due to its commitment to quality, freshness, and dedication to hamburgers. Cali Burger currently has more
than 210 locations in four states, California, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah. It is estimated that Cali generates
approximately $500 million in annual revenues. For about $20, a family of four can each enjoy a meal of a
burger, French fries, and a milkshake.
Thus far, Cali Burgers expansion has been characterized by locations within a one-day drive from Los
Angeles. The majority of the locations are within a 6 hour drive from Los Angeles. Company policy dictates
that locations cannot be more than 500 miles from its suburban Los Angeles distribution center so that the
meat and produce do not have to be frozen. Indeed, much of the companys marketing revolves around the
theme of never freezing its ingredients. The expansion has also been characterized by locations among major
interstate highway routes, for example, along Interstate 5, which runs North-South through California and all
the way North to the U.S.-Canada border and Interstate 15, which runs from Los Angeles to Las Vegas,
Nevada - Cali Burgers first out-of-state location. Cali Burger is considering expanding to the Pacific Northwest
so that it will be poised for expansion into Canada. The company has hired you to recommend whether or not
to proceed.
Notes for Interviewer: Interviewee should note that the key barrier to expansion is the distribution center and
the policy that the stores cannot be located more than 500 miles from a distribution center. Options to explore
are building another distribution center (Interviewee should discuss various locations near Canadian border),
freezing meat and produce, or any other creative recommendations interviewee can come up with. Margins are
slim in the fast food / quick service restaurant industry (2-3%), market is saturated and industry is very mature.
So, this is something that the company will have to consider eventually. Other things that could be
mentionedgoing public to finance a new distribution center, aggressive marketing campaign to increase
volume, not pursuing the expansion strategy. Also ask: given the numbers provided, should Cali Burger build a
2nd distribution center? What kind of margin will Cali Burger maintain?
Case 29: Cali Burger (Contd)

Industry
Major competitors are McDonalds (12.7% market share), Yum! Brands (Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, KFC)
(9.7%), and Wendys/Arbys Group, Inc. (6.6%), as well as mom and pop shops
Industry is mature and saturated. Margins in this industry are slim (usually 2-3% of total sales)
The Companys current expansion strategy is to add 10-18 stores per year
Company
Company is family-owned and has a very strong brand in California. The company does not want to go
public (but that option should still be discussed). The company is known for high quality, fresh fast food.
The menu items are priced slightly higher than its competitors, due to its higher quality
2008: $450 million in annual revenues; 2009: $500 million
Profit before taxes: $25 million
Claims of per store sales are $ 2 million
2nd Distribution Center Option
Distribution center will cost $12.5 million dollars. Cali Burger will put down 20% and take out a loan on the
remainder at an interest rate of 6.5%. This includes the cost of opening 25 new stores.
Corporate tax rate is 30%.
COGS + Operating Expense constitute 90% of gross revenue.
Depreciation + Amortization is 5% of gross revenue
Case 29: Cali Burger (Example Framework)

Should the company expand into Pacific NW
Main questions
Key areas to
explore
Competition
Market
saturation?
Typical margins?
Customer
Who are they?
What are their
preferences?
Trends/growth?
Product
What is unique about
Cali Burger?
Will this appeal to
people outside
California?
Point of differentiation is freshness, so in order to expand, Company will need to open a new distribution
center. Company charges a premium for fresh products so freezing is not a viable option. Debt is only
method to pay for option. With the opening of 25 new stores Cali Burger will see positive profits in NW.
There are no similarly priced competitors.
Decision: Open new distribution center and expand into the Pacific NW. Use debt financing.
Other options: Consider expanding into other markets. Market is mature so growth is typically related to
population growth - how does NW compare to other areas? Cali Burger could focus on trying to increase
market share in current area, or could try diversifying with other complimentary food services (coffee,
cupcakes, frozen yogurt, etc.). Cali Burger could also add pricier, higher-margin foods to their menus.
What kind of marketing spend will be required? Is the Pacific NW market growing? How big is it? What
kind of market share can Cali Burger hope to get in next 5 years? Market is mature so why isnt someone
else occupying this space in the NW?
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Company
Strategy?
Expansion
options?
Differentiation?
Case 29: Cali Burger (Interviewee Copy)
Net Income
Revenue (from new stores)
Total COGS + Operating Expenses
EBITDA
Depreciation and Amortization
EBIT
Interest
EBT
Tax (30%)
Net Income
Case 29: Cali Burger (Interviewer Copy)

Additional Information (if asked) (Cont.):
Interviewees calculations should be close to the following:
Net Income
Revenue
Total COGS + Operating Expenses
EBITDA
Depreciation and Amortization
$50,000,000
($45,000,000)
25 new stores
X
$2M revenue per
store
$5,000,000
($2,500,000)
EBIT
$2,500,000
Interest
($650,000)
EBT
$1,850,000
Tax (30%)
($555,000)
Net Income
$1,295,000
(20% down on
12.5 million loan
$10 million loan at
6.5%)
Case 30: Cha-Ching

Prompt: Your friend owns a gas station on I-15 right outside of Las Vegas. He is thinking about installing a slot
machine in the gas station. He asked you if he should do it.
He is looking to install 1 slot machine, which costs $5,000 (one time cost)
There is annual licensing fee of $1,000
The average Vegas hotel casino slot machine brings in $200/day in revenue
Additional assumptions to be made by interviewer (provide if asked):
Since the slot will be located in a gas station, assume it would bring in 50% of a hotel slot machine
Variable costs: electricity = $1/day
The gas station is open every day
The payout rate: 80%
Lifespan of a slot machine is 10 years
Taxes are 30%
This is a typical introductory business decision case. A good interviewee should be able to attack the
numbers and quickly determine that this is a profitable decision for the gas station. A great interviewee will
turn this into a discussion about the possible pros and cons of the decision. For instance, will this increase
traffic to this gas station, or will it cause cannibalization. Will the presence of a slot machine drive some
customers away? Could this $5000 be better spent? How does the structure of the $5000 payment effect
this decision? How can the gas station best promote the new slot machine? What options should the slot
machine include is it going to be a penny machine or will it cost a dollar? Even though this case appears
fairly simple an interviewee should always be looking for ways to demonstrate his/her creative thinking and
this case provides ample opportunity to do just that.
Case 30: Cha-Ching (Example Framework)

Should gas station introduce a slot machine?
Main questions
Key areas to
explore
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Company
Does this fit with
companys
business?
What is clients
goal?
Competition
Any other gas
stations do this?
Competing with local
hotels?
Does this give client
advantage?
Customer
Will customer want
this?
Will this bring new
customers?
Cannibalization?
Product
Expected
revenue?
Expected costs?
Lifetime profit = $41,545 $5000 = $36,545

Revenue
365*100 = $36,500
Licensing Fee
$1000
Payouts
36,500 * .8 = $29,200
Annual Profit
$5935
Variable Cost
365 * 1 = $365
Annual Profit after Taxes
$4,154.50
Decision: Install the slot machine, expected lifetime profit (ignoring time value of money) is $36,545.
Alternative Options: How could the $5000 be better spent? Maybe making the gas station nicer, or
larger would provide a higher return, maybe allowing Subway or McDonalds to operate there would
provide higher ROI.
How will other gas stations or places with slot machines react? Will this cannibalize food business (people
spend spare change on slot machine instead of food), or will this increase the number of patrons?
Case 31: Bottle Shifters

Prompt: Bottle Shifters operates in the food/drink sector. It designs and distributes customized and
standardized bottles and is the dominant player within this space. Bottle Shifters customers are small/medium
sized liquor manufacturers. Our client, a private equity firm, has acquired Bottle Shifters and believes it should
improve its profitability. Our client also believes that Bottle Shifters has already optimized their cost structure.
Interviewer information: Provide this additional information ONLY if asked by the interviewee.
Market Size: Provide Exhibit 1. Note about calculating potential market size.
Value Chain: Provide Exhibit 2. Note that Bottle Shifters is involved in Design and Distribution but not
Manufacturing.
Products: Provide Exhibit 3.
Customers: Provide Exhibit 3.
Competition: There is another player with half of the revenues of Bottle Shifters. The rest of the market is
fragmented.
Price: Steer the candidate away from exploring Price. This should send a signal to the candidate to focus
more so on Quantity.
Store Mix/Customer Mix/Channel Mix: No information is available.
Notes for Interviewer: The interviewee should realize the low-hanging fruit provided in the prompt regarding
Cost and realize that this is all about improving Revenue. If the candidate tries to go down the Cost path,
remind the interviewee that our client believes that Bottle Shifters costs are already optimized. As noted
above, the point of this question is all about examining Quantity. When thinking about improving Quantity, we
want to consider ideas around whether a good market exists, who are our competitors and what is the
willingness of our customers to buy the product.
Case 31: Bottle Shifters (Example Framework)

How can we improve profitability considering costs have been optimized?
Main questions
Key areas to
explore
Market
Market size?
Current trends?
Growth and
future?
Analysis
Market size calculation: 1.43B liters/0.75 liter ~

2B bottles sold. Standardized = 2B * 0.8 = 1.6B
bottles. Customized = 2B * 0.2 = 0.4B bottles.
Market value: Standardized = 1.6B * $0.3 =
$480M; Customized = .4B * $0.7 = $280M.
Customers
Changes in preferences?
Purchase frequency?
Other Factors
How is
distribution
handled?
Macroeconomy?
Limited number of Standardized Liquor

accounts.
Customized liquor is the most profitable, but
comprises the smallest portion of Bottle Shifters
product mix.
Current Position: Strengthen by focusing on standard and customized liquor. For standard liquor,
consider incentivizing sales managers to better relationships with their clients by enhancing outreach
efforts. For customized liquor, leverage Bottle Shifters competitive advantage in Design and
Manufacturing as a means of differentiation.
Adjacencies: Stronger marketing materials. Contract negotiations with clients.
Financial investment of expanding customized product line?

Alienating current customer base?
Competitive reaction? How do we best position Bottle Shifters in this regard?
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Revenues
Change our
price?
Improve our
quantity sold?
Product Mix?
Case 31: Bottle Shifters (Contd)

Exhibit 1: Market Data
Total volume of liquor sold in the U.S. annually: 1.43B liters

Average size of a bottle: 0.75 liters
Standardized: 80% (price: $0.30)
Customized: 20% (price: $0.70)
Exhibit 2: Value Chain
Designing
(Customized/Standard)
Manufacturing
(Outsourced)
Distribution (Supply
Chain Management,
Inventory)
Customers
Case 31: Bottle Shifters (Contd)

Exhibit 3: Product Mix and Customers
Average
Profitability
Standard Wine
Standard Liquor
Customized Liquor
# of Accounts
698
Revenues
1.4M
8.6M
0.7M
Case 32: Death by Math

Prompt: Your client is the Minister of Public Health and Safety of a developing nation. He has asked you to
determine the best way to allocate the Ministrys funds. The Health Ministry has sufficient funds to reduce
death from any one of the three following causes by 5% (each costs the same):
1. Infant mortality due to malaria (malaria kills 10% of children under the age of 5)
2. Adult mortality due to injuries (half of all citizens who make it to age 5 die before reaching their 60th
birthday at an average of 30 years; of those, 10% die from injuries)
3. Senior mortality due to infections (of those who survive to age 60, 40% die from infections and 60% die of
natural causes)
For the sake of this case, assume that malaria affects only infants, injuries affect only adults between 5 and
60, and infections affect only seniors. What are a citizens chances of dying from each of these three causes?
What are the life years lost from each cause? What cause of death do you recommend the Minister address?
Notes for Interviewer: Ask the candidate to setup a a framework of how to address this problem. Dont let
the candidate begin doing math during their framework. The point of their framework is to see how theyd
answer the question if all the math is given. Once candidates have discussed their framework, begin by giving
candidates their sheets one at a time to sequentially determine: 1) death rates, 2) average life expectancy, 3)
effect of malaria on life expectancy, 4) effect of injuries on life expectancy, 5) effect of infections on life
expectancy. Have the candidates fill out the blank-underlined portions.
These sheets should test the candidates math in public abilities. Before giving candidates the subsequent
sheets try to get the candidate to discuss the so what of what theyve discovered, if theyre not doing so unprompted. Once candidates have completed all of their sheets, encourage them to return to their framework
and make a recommendation.
Case 32: Death by Math (Example Framework)

Which option should the government invest in?
Main questions
Key areas to
explore
Quantitative
Which option saves the
most lives?
Which option has the
greatest effect on life
expectancy
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Qualitative
What are the moral implications of each option?
Is it better to increase the odds of an infant living, to increase the odds
of someone who may have a family making it to a later life, or
increase the life expectancy of someone who has paid their debt to
society?
Which option would have the greatest economic effect on society?
Malaria has the greatest impact on life expectancy, so a 5% change to that will have the greatest effect.
Treating infections can have the greatest number of lives saved.
Fighting injures has a low effect on both lives saved and life expectancy.
Invest in fighting malaria, has greatest effect on average life expectancy and Saved population has the
most productivity left to offer the country.
Potential Alternatives: Possibly allocate less than $5M to multiple options. Look at other health
measures beyond 3 mentioned which will have greater than 5% impact.
Political ramifications: in America senior citizens are one of the most significant voting blocks, the political
influence of that voting demographic could play a role.
What are the costs of not doing an option? How much does it cost the country when a 30 year old parent
dies from injury vs. other options?
What are the hidden costs of an option? Does country have capacity to support increased life
expectancy?
Case 32: Death by Math (Contd)

Exhibit 1: Life Expectancies and Ages
Life expectancy at birth is 47.9 years

Malaria:
The average victim of malaria is 2 years old
10% younger than 5 die
Injuries:
The average victim of injuries is 30 years old
10% of those who die between ages 5-60, die from injuries
Infections:
The average victim of infections is 70 years old
40% of those who live past 60 die of infections
Natural Causes:
The average victim of natural causes is 80 years old
Case 32: Death by Math (For Interviewer)

Step 1: Diagram Death Rates
This diagram shows the death rates from the three causes of death in the prompt: childhood malaria, adult
injuries, and senior infections.
10% injuries:
4.5 people
10% malaria:
10 people
100% born:
100 People
90% live:
90 People
Average age: 5
50% die:
45 people
Average age: 30
50% live:
45 People
Average age: 60
90% other:
40.5 people
40% infections:
18 people
Cause of death from:
Malaria in childhood: 10%

Injuries between 5 and 60 = 4.5%
Infections after age 60 = 18%
60% natural causes:

27 people

Step 2: Calculate Life Expectancy
Now the interviewee can calculate the total life expectancy. But, ask the interviewee which cause of death
leads to the greatest loss of life years
10% injuries:
4.5 people
Average age: 30
10% malaria:
10 people
Average age: 2
50% die:
100% born:
90% other:
45 people
100 People
40.5 people
Average age: 30
Average age: 30
90% live:
90 People
Average age: 5
50% live:
45 People
Average age: 60
40% infections:
Age
Percent
Weighted Average
10%
.2
30
45%
13.5
70
18%
12.6
80
27%
21.6
Weighted average: 48
100%
47.9
18 people
Average age: 70
60% natural causes:

27 people
Average age: 80

Step 3: Calculate Life Years Lost from Malaria
Calculate the number of life years lost by each cause of death. To do this, calculate the life expectancy by
removing one cause of death to see its effect on the life expectancy. Then, combine the original life
expectancy with the new life expectancy, weighting each by the number of lives.
10% injuries:
5 people
Average age: 30
0% malaria:
0 people
Average age: 2
50% die:
100% born:
90% other:
50 people
100 People
45 people
Average age: 30
Average age: 30
100% live:
100 People
50% live:
50 People
Average age: 60
Age
Percent
Weighted Average
0%
30
50%
15
70
20%
14
80
30%
24
Weighted average:
100%
53 years
Answer: (53 years

47.9 years) = 5.1
years x 100 people =
510 years
40% infections:
20 people
Average age: 70
60% natural causes:

30 people
Average age: 80

Step 4: Calculate Life Years Lost from Injuries
Do the same step as was done for malaria, but now for injuries. Previously, 4.5 people died from injuries, but
now they live, and must be distributed among remaining options (40.5 people die of other, 18 people die of
infections, 27 die from natural causes, which results in probabilities of 47.3%, 21%, and 31.7%). Thus the
expected distribution is 4.5 times those probabilities, which rounds to 2, 1 and 1.5.
0% injuries:
0 people
Average age: 30
10% malaria:
10 people
Average age: 2
45% die:
100% born:
100% other:
42.5 people
100 People
42.5 people
Average age: 30
Average age: 30
90% live:
90 People
Average age: 5
55% live:
47.5 People
Average age: 60
40% infections:
Age
Percent
19 people
Average age: 70
Weighted Average
10%
.2
30
42.5%
12.75
70
19%
13.3
80
28.5%
22.8
Weighted average:
100%
49.05 years
Answer: (49.05
years 47.9 years) =
1.25 years x 100
people = 115 years
60% natural causes:

28.5 people
Average age: 80

Step 5: Calculate Life Years Lost from Infections
This is the easiest step; do the same logic as before. The 17 People who died of infections now die of natural
causes.
10% injuries:
4.5 people
Average age: 30
10% malaria:
10 people
Average age: 2
100% born:
100 People
50% die:
45 people
Average age: 30
90% live:
90 People
Average age: 5
Age
Percent
50% live:
45 People
Average age: 60
Weighted Average
10%
.2
30
45%
13.5
70
0%
80
45%
36
Weighted average:
100%
49.7 years
Answer: (49.7 years

47.9 years) = 1.8
years x 100 people =
180 years
90% other:
40.5 people
Average age: 30
0% infections:
0 people
Average age: 70
100% natural causes:

45 people
Average age: 80
Case 32: Death by Math (For Interviewee)

Step 1: Diagram Death Rates
__% injuries:
__ people
__% malaria:
__ people
100% born:
100 People
__% live:
__ People
Average age: 5
__% die:
__ people
Average age: 30
__% live:
__ People
Average age: 60
__% other:
___ people
__% infections:
__ people
Cause of death from:
Malaria in childhood: ___%

Injuries between 5 and 60 = ___%
Infections after age 60 = ___%
__% natural causes:

__ people

Step 2: Calculate Life Expectancy
100% born:
100 People
10% injuries:
____ people
Average age: 30
10% malaria:
___ people
Average age: 2
50% die:
__ people
Average age: 30
90% live:
___ People
Average age: 5
Age
Percent Who Die At That Age
50% live:
___ People
Average age: 60
Weighted Average
___%
_____
30
___%
_____
70
___%
_____
80
___%
_____
100%
_____ yrs
90% other:
___ people
Average age: 30
40% infections:
___ people
Average age: 70
60% natural causes:

___ people
Average age: 80

Step 3: Calculate Life Years Lost from Malaria
0% malaria:
0 people
Average age: 2
100% born:
100 People
50% die:
__ people
Average age: 30
100% live:
100 People
Original Average
47.9 years
New Average
____ years
X 100 People =
____ years
Age
Percent
10% injuries:
___ people
Average age: 30
50% live:
___ People
Average age: 60
Weighted Average
0%
___
30
___%
___
70
___%
___
80
___%
___
Weighted average:
100%
___ years
90% other:
___ people
Average age: 30
40% infections:
___ people
Average age: 70
60% natural causes:

___ people
Average age: 80

Step 4: Calculate Life Years Lost from Injuries
10% malaria:
10 people
Average age: 2
100% born:
100 People
90% live:
90 People
Average age: 5
Original Average
47.9 years
New Average
____ years
X 100 People =
____ years
Age
Percent
Weighted Average
___%
____
30
___%
____
70
___%
____
80
___%
____
Weighted average:
100%
____ years
0% injuries:
0 people
Average age: 30
___% die:
___ people
Average age: 30
___% live:
___ People
Average age: 60
Hint: to determine how to

distribute 4.5 people who dont
die from injuries, look at the
probability of dying from other,
infections and natural
causes for people who dont
die from malaria or injuries.
100% other:
___ people
Average age: 30
40% infections:
___ people
Average age: 70
60% natural causes:

___ people
Average age: 80

Step 5: Calculate Life Years Lost from Infections
10% malaria:
10 people
Average age: 2
100% born:
100 People
50% die:
45 people
Average age: 30
90% live:
90 People
Average age: 5
Original Average
47.9 years
New Average
____ years
X 100 People =
____ years
Age
Percent
10% injuries:
4.5 people
Average age: 30
50% live:
45 People
Average age: 60
Weighted Average
___%
____
30
___%
____
70
0%
____
80
___%
____
Weighted average:
100%
____ years
90% other:
40.5 people
Average age: 30
0% infections:
0 people
Average age: 70
___% natural causes:

___ people
Average age: 80
Case 33: Olympic Trials

Prompt: Los Angeles is considering placing a bid to host the upcoming Summer Olympic Games. Our client,
the L.A. bidding committee, approached us to ask for our opinion as to what the important considerations
should be. Of major concern is how to convince the state and federal governments that this would be
beneficial for the city. How would you recommend they go about doing this?
The Olympics are to be held over 15 days
Revenues
Sponsorship: $75 per seat (occupied)
IOC will give $1.1B
TV Rights will give $4B
Merchandise: $2B
Costs (give all at once)

$2.6 billion for the operation of the games
$2.6 billion for freeway upgrades
$6.0 billion for new and upgraded venues
$2.5 billion for new airport terminal
$1.1 billion for athlete facilities
Notes for Interviewer: This case is designed to test the interviewees ability to generate a framework outside
of what they might be accustomed to; there is no market, no competition, a very unusual product. The case is
designed to initially revolve around profitability, which will show a great deficit. At this point, the interviewer
should ask if hosting the games is a bad idea. If the interviewee says that it is, then the case can turn into a
brainstorming session on how the committee might convince the government that it is a good idea after all. Let
the interviewee float around with some questions, before hinting that we should be looking at this from a
profitability angle.
Once the interviewee starts looking at this from a profitability angle they will quickly discover that
this is an unprofitable venture. However, Olympic cities rarely make money, so why do so many cities wish to
host the Olympics? The answer is that it helps in a lot of other manners: it allows for large infrastructure
investments, it creates a tourism boom both before and after the games, and it increases the citys reputation.
The question then becomes: are these indirect impacts worth the investment for the city of LA?
Case 33: Olympic Trials (Example Framework)

Should LA host the Olympics?
Main questions
Key areas to
explore
Revenues
Ticket sales?
Merchandise?
TV?
Indirect Costs
Cost of increased
traffic/construction?
Increased security?
Indirect Benefits
Benefits of
infrastructure
upgrade?
Tourism benefits?
Reputation benefits?
Explicit Costs: $14.8B. Explicit Revenues: $9B Explicit Profit: -$5.8B. Unknown benefits include the
long term benefits from improving LAs infrastructure, and any increases in tourism during/after the
games. Unknown costs include the downside to productivity in LA from construction before the games
and any increased costs for security upgrades.
Decision: Do not host the games. The games are expected to cost the city of LA $5.8B, and unlike lesser
known cities in underdeveloped countries, LA will not likely see enough of an increase in tourism to justify
the almost $6B loss. Additionally, LA already suffers from significant traffic issues and adding pre-Olympic
construction to the mix could have a detrimental effect on traffic/productivity in LA.
What is the political situation in LA? Do the local people and politicians support LA hosting the games?
What is the security situation? Has security in LA improved or is LA an easy potential target?
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Costs
Construction:
Olympic village?
Infrastructure?
Airport?
Temporary
venues?
Case 33: Olympic Trials (Interviewer Exhibit)
Interviewee Sheet
Interviewer Answers
Seating Type
Price per
Ticket
Total Number
of Seats per
Day
Expected
Capacity
Total Occupied
Seating (15
Days)
Total Revenue
(15 Days @ $75
per seat)
$200
420,000
95%
5,985,000
$1.197B
$120
700,000
60%
6,300,000
$0.756B
Exact Totals
12,285,000
$1.953B
Case 33: Olympic Trials (Interviewee Exhibit)
Exhibit 1: Seating
Price per Ticket
Total Number of
Seats per Day
Expected
Capacity
$200
420,000
95%
$120
700,00
60%
Seating Type
Case 34: Nabiscos Market Share

Prompt: The salted food division at Nabisco has been steadily losing market share over the past two years,
from a high of 20% to the current level of 18%. Profits as a percentage of sales, however, have been growing.
What could be causing this?
Market is growing at a steady rate.
Competition: mainly two multinational consumer product companies that have a similar product mix to
Nabisco. The two companies have ~50% combined market share.
Differentiation from Competitors: Nabiscos sales reps are regarded as the best in the industry
Change in Product Line: Nabisco has not introduced any new product lines.
Information about exhibit (to be provided only if asked):
Reasons for Sales Cut: Sales force cut to reduce costs, but number of outlets unchanged
Cause of Change in the Marketing Budget: The changes come from reduced trade promotions
Sales Channels: Products primarily sold in large grocery store chains and convenience stores
Sales Force/Customer Interaction: Sales force visits each customer at least once per quarter
Timing of Promotions: Promotions usually occur at the end of each quarter
Impact of Promotions: Promotions required for end of aisle displays and advertising space
Notes for Interviewer: The data show a large decrease in sales force and marketing expenditure. Most of the
marketing reduction was in trade promotions. Product is sold through grocery chains and convenience stores,
which are traditionally driven by periodic trade promotions. The reduction in trade promotions brought about a
loss of shelf space, which led to a decrease in market share. Also, the product line did not change in a product
category where new products and line extensions are routine. The market has been growing, indicating a
missed opportunity for new products in the market. Lastly, profitability increased due to lower costs, but it may
not be sustainable.
Case 34: Nabiscos Market Share (Example Framework)

Main questions
Why is market share declining while profitability is increasing? Is this sustainable?
Key areas to
explore
Analysis
Recommendation
Other factors
(risks)
Internal
Market share changes
Where is profit increase
coming from?
Any new products or
changes to companys
product offering?
External
Competition
Changes in market share for
competitors
Possible new entrants
Market
Steady growth?
Market is growing and largest competitors have seen market share growth
Profit increase has come from a reduction in spending on marketing and sales personnel, specifically a
lack of promotional spending less shelf space = less sales
No new product lines, despite frequency of new products in packaged food market
Operational: Increase promotional spending. At a minimum return sales force and marketing budgets to
earlier levels. Investigate changing cycle of sales force visits and promotions to allow Nabisco products to
stand out more easily.
Potential Adjacencies: Offer a new snack products, sell in new geographies, explore new distribution
channels, explore others ways to reach customers beyond shelf-space.
What gain in market share would be required for this to make sense?
What is the cost of doing nothing?
How will competitors respond?
Case 34: Nabiscos Market Share (Contd)

Exhibit 1: Company Cost Structure
Cost
Current
Two Years Ago
Raw Ingredients
28%
26%
Conversion Costs
24%
24%
Distribution
8%
9%
Marketing
16%
18%
Sales Force
7%
9%
Pre-Tax Profit
17%
14%
Contents
Section
Page #
Introduction

Industry Overview
Interview Overview
Practice Cases
34 Practice Cases
27
149
Below are some of the best resources you can use to help prepare for your case interviews:
Resume / Cover Letter Guidance:
Career Center Orgsync Page
GSCG Orgsync Page
Career Coaches
Peer Advisors
Case Interview References:
David Ohrvalls website - http://www.mbacase.com/
Marc Cosentinos website http://casequestions.com/
Victor Chengs website - http://www.caseinterview.com/
GSCG Orgsync Page
http://www.consultingcase101.com/
https://www.caseinterview.com/math/home.php
http://www.mbacase.com/books-courses/crack-the-case-fastmath/
Case Interview Practice:
Peers
Career Coaches schedule through MCV
Peer Advisors schedule through MCV
Corrections?
We are constantly in the process of revising and improving our casebook. If you spot any changes
that you think should be made, please use this google form to let us know:
https://docs.google.com/a/georgetown.edu/forms/d/1ixm0bQv8Mnq0_biMwCDPQzCabaitr94PZRhvJj
FFCT4/viewform

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What is management consulting and what roles do consultants play?

What is management consulting and what roles do consultants play?

What are the three main categories of management consulting firms?

What are the three main categories of management consulting firms?

Georgetown McDonough School of Business

Consulting Case Interview Book

Consulting Industry Guide

-2015 GSCG Co-Directors of Career Development

Consulting Industry Guide

Three Main Firm Categories

Other Strategy & Boutique

What is the difference between a horizontal &

Consulting Industry Guide

Wait in lobby with

Show that youre

Pass airport test

Most Frequent Fit Questions

The Case: How It Will Flow

Ask for a few

After youve exhausted the

Turn your page to

After youve brainstormed

As you talk through

Answer the clients question

Theoretical Frameworks: Porters Five Forces

Switching costs (barriers to exit)

Access to distribution channels

Necessity for proprietary technology /

Favorable access to raw materials,

Government policies / subsidies

Substitute Products: How easily can

Does industry compete with

Are substitutes a high-margin

How powerful are the companies

Supplier Bargaining Power: What is the

Importance of industry to supplier

Importance of supplier to industry

Differentiation amongst suppliers

Can suppliers forward integrate?

Can industry backwards integrate?

Structure of industry (closer to

High fixed costs?

Lack of differentiation or switching

Buyer Bargaining Power: What is the

Do buyers purchase large percentage

Are the buyers purchasing

Can buyers backwards integrate?

Can industry forward integrate?

Does buyer have full information?

How important is sellers product to

Do buyers face switching costs?

Theoretical Frameworks: Porters Diamond

Firm Strategy, Structure and

Note: this model attempts to explain the

Demand Conditions: does

Factor Conditions: human

Government: How does it

Define the market: what needs are we aiming to

What is the situation of purchase and how is product